宁夏引黄灌区春小麦氮磷钾需求及化肥减施潜力

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.014

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify fertilization and requirement of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in spring wheat production in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia (NYRIA), so as to provide a theoretical guide for rational fertilizer reduction and application. 【Method】Based on the investigation of farmers’ fertilizer application and field fertilization experiments, farmers’ yield levels and N, P, K fertilizer application of spring wheat were analyzed, and the grain yield, yield components, and N, P, K nutrient requirement were investigated. 【Result】The average spring wheat yield of farmers was (6 985±867) kg·hm ^-2 in NYRIA, and the percentage of high yield farmers was 82.7%. With the increase of yield, the excessive amount of N and P was decreased, and the application rates of K was insufficient. On average, the application rates of N, P and K were 294, 162 and 49 kg·hm ^-2, respectively, with 97.1% of farmers over applied N by 69-114 kg·hm ^-2, and 20.5% of farmers over applied P by 18-42 kg·hm ^-2, while K inputs were generally insufficient with an amount of 30-51 kg·hm ^-2. The N fertilization experiment showed that shoot biomass, grain yield, harvest index and grain number per ear all increased significantly at N rates of 120-240 kg·hm ^-2, and all reached the highest at the application of N 180 kg·hm ^-2. At the same time, the amount of N, P, and K absorbed by the grain also reached to the maximum value of 168.2, 23.9, and 23.2 kg·hm ^-2, respectively. Nitrogen application showed no significant effect on N harvest index, the average of which was 56.5%, and tended to increase P harvest index but decrease K harvest index. Nitrogen requirement reached to 45.8 kg·Mg ^-1 at N rate of 180 kg·hm ^-2, being 19.6% higher than that of no N application. P requirement decreased from 6.0 kg·Mg ^-1 at no N application to 5.3 kg·Mg ^-1 at N rate of 240 kg·hm ^-2, while K requirement increased from 42.6 to 49.7 kg·Mg ^-1. The P experiment showed that shoot biomass and grain number per ear decreased significantly with the increase of P rates, while 1 000 grain weight and harvest index increased significantly, so there was no significant difference in grain yield over P rates. Moreover, P application improved N uptake and harvest index, being 28.6% and 27.9% higher respectively than that of no P application. Also, P fertilizer could promote P to transfer to grain because that P uptake and P harvest index were increased by 15.9% and 15.2%, respectively. However, it showed no significant effect on N and P requirement, but decreased K requirement from 68.1 kg·Mg ^-1 at no P application to 49.7 kg·Mg ^-1 at P₂O₅ rate of 120 kg·hm ^-2. The K experiment showed that the application of K had no significant effects on biomass, grain yield, harvest index, ears per hectare, and the content of N, P and K in grain. While the high K fertilizer application of 75 kg·hm ^-2 significantly reduced the number of grains per ear, but increased 1 000 grain weight and harvest index of N, P and K. Grain number per ear decreased by 9.1%, 1 000 grain weight increased by 7.6%, and harvest indexes of N, P and K were 57.2%, 73.5% and 7.3%, respectively. When applying 60 kg·hm ^-2 of K₂O, the demand for N, P and K reached the highest, which was 55.3, 5.5 and 57.6 kg·Mg ^-1, respectively, while the demand for N and K were both significantly reduced by 20.6% and 13.7% at K₂O rate of 75 kg·hm ^-2. It was concluded that proper application of K could increase the demand of N and K, while over application of K could reduce the demand of N and K. 【Conclusion】Reducing N fertilizer, regulating P fertilizer and properly adding K fertilizer input were still the key for spring wheat fertilization in NYRIA. The N requirement of spring wheat was ranged 38.3-57.2 kg·Mg ^-1, and could increase by applying the moderate amount of N, P and K fertilizer. The demand for P of spring wheat was 5.1-6.0 kg·Mg ^-1, which tends to increase with N rates and is not influenced by P and K amount. The K requirement of spring wheat was within 42.6-68.1 kg·Mg ^-1, which seems to increase with N rates and decrease with P rates, and also is reduced by high amount of K application. The suitable recommended application of N fertilizer was 120-180 kg·hm ^-2, which was 25%-60% lower compared with N application of farmers. Application of P fertilizer at 48-96 kg·hm ^-2 was more conducive to stabilize the yield of spring wheat and promote the transfer of N and P to the grain, which was reduced by 40.7%-70.3% compared with the average application of farmers. When the application of K fertilizer was 0-30 kg·hm ^-2, it was more benefit to stabilize the yield and increase the grain quality.

Key words: spring wheat, N, P, K, harvest index, absorption, requirement, Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia

WANG XiNa,YU JinMing,TAN JunLi,ZHANG JiaQun,WEI ZhaoQing,WANG ZhaoHui. Requirement of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Potential of Reducing Fertilizer Application of Spring Wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4891-4903.

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References 31

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养分 Nutrient	施肥等级Fertilization grade (kg·hm^-2)
养分 Nutrient	很低Very low	偏低Low	适中Middle	偏高High	很高Very high
N	<90	90-180	180-225	225-375	>375
P₂O₅	<60	60-120	120-180	180-200	>200
K₂O	<60	60-80	80-100	100-120	>120

指标 Index		产量等级Yield grade (kg·hm^-2)					平均值 Average value
指标 Index		低 Very low <4500	偏低 Low 4500-5250	中 Middle 5250-6000	偏高 High 6000-7500	高 Very high >7500	平均值 Average value
产量 Grain yield	农户比例Farmers’ ratio (%)	2.06	6.17	9.05	57.61	25.10	/
产量 Grain yield	平均产量Average yield (kg·hm^-2)	4264±480	5156±184	5824±240	7116±382	7775±161	6985±867
施肥量 Fertilization amount (kg·hm^-2)	N	392±84	281±79	342±86	291±43	277±31	294±54
	P₂O₅	228±51	205±58	183±61	158±40	146±34	162±46
	K₂O	63±17	102±59	81±36	47±35	30±23	49±39
过量施肥量 Over fertilization amount (kg·hm^-2)	N	212-167	101-56	162-117	111-66	97-52	114-69
	P₂O₅	108-48	85-25	63-3	38--22	26--34	42--18
	K₂O	-17--38	23-2	2--19	-33--54	-49--70	-30--51
过量施肥农户占总农户比例 Proportion of farmers with over fertilization in total farmers (%)	N	100	73.3	95.5	99.4	98.4	97.1
	P₂O₅	100	60.0	40.9	14.4	4.9	20.2
	K₂O	0	40.0	22.7	9.4	1.6	11.5

处理代码Treatment	施氮量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest Index (%)	公顷穗数 Ears per hectare (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grains weight (g)	籽粒含氮量 N concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含磷量 P concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含钾量 K concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)
N0	0	14803±3620b	4375±1201b	29.4±0.01b	433±40a	26.4±4.0b	48.9±2.4a	21.61±1.0a	4.13±0.2a	3.67±0.3a
N1	60	15274±1661b	4537±478b	29.7±0.01b	443±34a	26.4±2.9b	50.4±2.8a	23.14±0.7a	3.97±0.2a	3.56±0.3a
N2	120	18735±3986a	5668±1055a	30.4±0.02ab	461±81a	31.1±3.6a	49.2±1.7a	21.99±2.1a	3.55±0.8a	3.67±0.2a
N3	180	20411±1879a	6331±955a	30.9±0.02a	483±37a	31.8±3.9a	48.9±1.8a	25.65±9.0a	3.78±0.1a	3.67±0.1a
N4	240	17712±3650ab	5474±957a	31.0±0.01a	469±87a	30.0±2.9a	50.9±3.3a	25.35±3.1a	3.93±0.3a	3.61±0.2a

处理代码Treatment	施氮量 N rates (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒吸氮量 N uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)	氮需求量 N demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸磷量 P uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)	磷需求量 P demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸钾量 K uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)	钾需求量 K demand (kg·Mg^-1)
N0	0	95.3±29.6b	56.8±4.0a	38.3±2.6b	17.9±4.3b	68.2±3.6ab	6.0±0.6a	16.0±4.0b	8.6±1.4a	42.6±7.6d
N1	60	105.1±13.3ab	55.2±7.8a	42.0±7.5ab	18.1±2.6b	68.3±1.7ab	5.8±0.2ab	16.3±3.0b	8.1±0.5ab	44.0±5.6cd
N2	120	126.1±33.7ab	55.2±7.8a	40.3±8.3ab	20.7±7.7ab	67.1±10.3b	5.4±0.7b	20.9±4.3a	7.8±1.1ab	47.2±6.2ab
N3	180	168.2±86.7a	57.9±9.0a	45.8±8.4a	23.9±3.7a	71.2±1.8ab	5.3±0.2b	23.2±3.7a	8.1±1.3ab	45.4±7.9bc
N4	240	137.6±18.0ab	57.2±10.4a	43.9±2.7ab	21.3±2.3ab	73.5±3.6a	5.3±0.6b	19.8±4.4ab	7.3±0.7b	49.7±7.2a

处理代码Treatment	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (kg·hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	公顷穗数Ears per hectare (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grains weight (g)	籽粒含氮 N concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含磷量 P concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含钾量 K concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)
P0	0	21452±3126a	5361±894a	25.2±0.04b	472±17a	32.4±1.0ab	47.4±2.5b	20.82±2.6b	3.46±0.9a	4.09±0.4a
P1	48	18870±2608ab	5746±967a	30.4±0.01a	456±31a	34.8±5.4a	45.8±1.0b	25.22±3.9a	3.84±0.1a	3.84±0.1ab
P2	96	18550±403ab	5203±498a	28.1±0.03ab	424±25a	35.0±0.9a	49.6±1.9a	27.40±6.1a	3.71±0.1a	3.65±0.1b
P3	120	17712±3650b	5474±957a	31.0±0.01a	469±87a	30.0±2.8b	50.9±3.3a	25.35±3.1a	3.93±0.3a	3.61±0.2b

Requirement of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Potential of Reducing Fertilizer Application of Spring Wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia

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试验名称 Experiment	处理名称 Treatment	施肥量Fertilization amount (kg·hm^-2)
试验名称 Experiment	处理名称 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
氮肥用量试验 N rate experiment	N0	0	120	75
	N1	60	120	75
	N2	120	120	75
	N3	180	120	75
	N4	240	120	75
磷肥用量试验 P₂O₅ rate experiment	P0	240	0	75
	P1	240	48	75
	P2	240	96	75
	P3	240	120	75
钾肥用量试验 K₂O rate experiment	K0	240	120	0
	K1	240	120	30
	K2	240	120	60
	K3	240	120	75

处理代码Treatment	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒吸氮量 N uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)	氮需求量 N demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸磷量 P uptake by grain ( kg·hm^-2)	磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)	磷需求量 P demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸钾量 K uptake by grain ( kg·hm^-2)	钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)	钾需求量 K demand (kg·Mg^-1)
P0	0	110.1±4.1b	42.6±8.1b	48.2±10.3a	18.0±2.3b	62.9±2.9b	5.3±1.3a	22.2±6.2a	6.1±2.2a	68.1±22.4a
P1	48	145.1±31.8a	54.2±7.4a	46.6±4.3a	22.0±2.9a	75.1±2.3a	5.1±0.3a	22.1±3.6a	7.6±0.9a	50.7±4.9b
P2	96	142.2±32.0ab	52.0±6.3a	52.5±11.0a	19.3±2.3ab	68.8±4.1ab	5.4±0.2a	19.0±2.4a	6.2±1.1a	58.9±9.6ab
P3	120	137.6±18.0ab	57.2±10.4a	43.9±2.7a	21.3±2.3a	73.5±3.6a	5.3±0.6a	19.8±4.4a	7.3±0.7a	49.7±7.2b

处理代码Treatment	施钾量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	公顷穗数Ears per hectare (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grains weight (g)	籽粒含氮量 N concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含磷量P concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含钾量 K concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)
K0	0	19820±145a	5900±253a	29.8±0.01a	465±74a	33.0±3.1a	47.3±1.2ab	23.73±1.7a	3.86±0.3a	3.80±0.0a
K1	30	19241±2220a	5600±753a	29.1±0.01a	465±70a	31.5±1.2ab	47.0±0.3ab	23.99±5.0a	3.84±0.2a	3.67±0.1a
K2	60	18416±5133a	5435±1425a	29.6±0.01a	451±81a	31.6±3.7ab	46.4±4.1b	24.37±1.5a	3.81±0.2a	3.69±0.2a
K3	75	17712±3650a	5474±957a	31.0±0.01a	469±87a	30.0±2.8b	50.9±3.3a	25.35±3.1a	3.93±0.3a	3.61±0.2a

处理代码Treatment	施钾量 K₂O rate (kg·hm^-2）	籽粒吸氮量 N uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2）	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)	氮需求量 N demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸磷量 P uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)	磷需求量 P demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸钾量 K uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)	钾需求量 K demand (kg·Mg^-1)
K0	0	139.8±5.9a	50.2±4.4ab	47.2±6.9ab	22.8±2.3a	72.1±2.9a	5.4±0.4a	22.4±1.1a	6.8±0.5ab	56.0±4.1a
K1	30	132.8±20.5a	49.0±9.4ab	48.4±3.3ab	21.4±1.8a	72.2±1.9a	5.3±0.2a	20.5±2.0a	6.6±0.4ab	55.7±4.3a
K2	60	131.6±31.4a	43.8±11.5b	55.3±13.3a	20.7±5.3a	69.5±3.4b	5.5±0.1a	20.1±5.5a	6.4±0.1b	57.6±3.6a
K3	75	137.6±18.0a	57.2±10.4a	43.9±2.7b	21.3±2.8a	73.5±3.6a	5.3±0.6a	19.8±4.4a	7.3±0.7a	49.7±7.2b

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