我国麦田有机肥替代化学氮肥的产量及经济环境效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.013

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Substituting fertilizer by manure is a key measure to reduce the amount of chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer while maintaining yield. However, the complex relationships among grain yield, environmental costs, and economic benefits of substituting fertilizer by manure were still not clear for wheat production. This study quantified the agronomic, environmental and economic benefits of substituting fertilizer by manure, aiming to provide a reference for the application of substituting fertilizer by manure for wheat production of China. 【Method】 In this study, the effects of substituting fertilizer by manure on the agronomic, environmental and economic benefits of wheat production in China were assessed through Meta-analysis. 【Result】Substituting fertilizer by manure did not reduce wheat yield under the condition that the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by an average of 43%. The replacement ratio of manure was less than 15% and 15%-30%, and the yield significantly increased by 8% and 5%, respectively; while the replacement ratio of manure was higher than 30%, the yield did not significantly increase. Net economic benefit of wheat production was influenced by the replacement ratio of manure and the type of substituted manure. The replacement ratio of manure was less than 30%, and the net economic benefit showed no significant diffidence; while the replacement ratio of manure was higher than 45%, net economic benefits decrease by 18%, 68% when using cow manure and commercial manure as substituting fertilizer. Substituting fertilizer by manure reduced NH₃ volatilization by 24% in whole wheat growing season, and decreased nitrate residue by 16% at wheat harvest stage, but increased N₂O emission by 32% in whole wheat growing season. Further analysis indicated that soil properties, manure types, climatic conditions, test duration, yield and fertilization level could regulate wheat yield of substituted manure. Compared with application of chemical fertilizer treatment, the grain yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 4% when soil organic matter>15 g·kg ^-1, while there was no difference when soil organic matter<15 g·kg ^-1. Yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 8% when soil pH<7, while there was no difference when soil pH>7. When chicken manure, pig manure and commercial organic manure was used as substituted manure, grain yield increased by 6%, 6% and 4%, respectively, while there was no difference when cow manure was considered as substituted manure. Substituting fertilizer by manure treatment significantly increased yield by 4% in the areas with annual precipitation >600 mm, but there was no difference in the areas with annual precipitation ≤600 mm. Substituting fertilizer by manure increased yield by 5% in areas with average annual air temperature>15℃, but there was no difference in the areas with average annual air temperature <15℃. The duration of the experiment, the different yield and fertilization levels could affect wheat yield of substituted manure. Compared with the application of chemical fertilizer treatment, the grain yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 6% when duration of the experiment more than a decade, while there was no difference when duration of the experiment less than a decade. Yield in substituting fertilizer by manure increased by 4% when under the condition of high nitrogen application rate, while there was no difference when low nitrogen application rate. The substitution of manure at low yields significantly increased wheat yield by 9%, while the substitution of manure at medium and high yields no difference. 【Conclusion】 Substituting fertilizer by manure did not reduce wheat yield under the condition that the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by an average of 43%. Substituting fertilizer by manure had the potential to substantially reduce the amount of chemical N fertilizer and N loss while maintaining wheat yield, but did not increase economic income. It was very important for increasing wheat yield, protecting ecological environment and increasing economic income to adopt suitable manure types and ratio of substituting fertilizer by manure. The use of reasonable amount of chemical N fertilizer substitution and manure types had the potential to increase the yield of substituting fertilizer by manure in the areas of sufficient precipitation and high air temperature.

Key words: replacement ratio of manure, soil properties, climatic conditions, N₂O emissions, NH₃ volatilization, nitrate leaching, yield, economic benefits

LI YongHua,WU XuePing,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui. Benefits of Yield, Environment and Economy from Substituting Fertilizer by Manure for Wheat Production of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4879-4890.

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References 45

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地区 Region	省（市）（试验点个数） Provinces and cities (number of test sites)
华北地区（15） North China	北京市Beijing（2）、河北省Hebei（3）、河南省Henan（5）、山西省Shanxi（4）、天津市Tianjin（1）
华东地区（38） East China	江苏省Jiangsu（18）、山东省Shandong（14）、安徽省Anhui（6）
西北地区（10） Northwest China	甘肃省Gansu（2）、宁夏Ningxia（1）、陕西省Shaanxi（7）
南方地区（15） Southern China	湖南省Hunan（5）、湖北省Hubei（2）、四川省Sichuan（6）、重庆市Chongqing（2）

替代比例 Substitution ratio（%）	处理 Treatment	肥料投入Fertilizer input (yuan/hm²)		总投入 Input (yuan/hm²)	肥料投入占总投入比例 Fertilizer input as percentage of input (%)	总产出 Output (yuan/hm²)	净经济效益 Economic benefit (yuan/hm²)
替代比例 Substitution ratio（%）	处理 Treatment	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	有机肥 Manure	总投入 Input (yuan/hm²)	肥料投入占总投入比例 Fertilizer input as percentage of input (%)	总产出 Output (yuan/hm²)	净经济效益 Economic benefit (yuan/hm²)
<15	CF	1812	—	6021	30	14856	8835a
	SNPM	1508	341	6058	31	15965	9907a
	SNCHM	1508	440	6157	32	15965	9808a
	SNCM	1508	486	6203	32	15965	9762a
	SNCOM	1508	1265	6982	40	15965	8983a
15-30	CF	1678	—	5887	29	15536	9649a
	SNPM	1292	729	6230	32	16237	10007a
	SNCHM	1292	940	6441	35	16237	9796a
	SNCM	1292	1038	6539	36	16237	9697a
	SNCOM	1292	2703	8204	49	16237	8033a
30-45	CF	1765	—	5974	30	15189	9215a
	SNPM	1218	1039	6466	35	15342	8877a
	SNCHM	1218	1340	6767	38	15342	8575ab
	SNCM	1218	1480	6907	39	15342	8435ab
	SNCOM	1218	3853	9280	55	15342	6063b
>45	CF	1922	—	6131	31	13558	7427a
	SNPM	1160	1628	6997	40	13785	6788ab
	SNCHM	1160	2100	7469	44	13785	6316ab
	SNCM	1160	2320	7689	45	13785	6096b
	SNCOM	1160	6038	11407	63	13785	2378c

Benefits of Yield, Environment and Economy from Substituting Fertilizer by Manure for Wheat Production of China

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[4]	WANG CaiXiang,YUAN WenMin,LIU JuanJuan,XIE XiaoYu,MA Qi,JU JiSheng,CHEN Da,WANG Ning,FENG KeYun,SU JunJi. Comprehensive Evaluation and Breeding Evolution of Early Maturing Upland Cotton Varieties in the Northwest Inland of China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(1): 1-16.
[5]	ZHAO ZhengXin,WANG XiaoYun,TIAN YaJie,WANG Rui,PENG Qing,CAI HuanJie. Effects of Straw Returning and Nitrogen Fertilizer Types on Summer Maize Yield and Soil Ammonia Volatilization Under Future Climate Change [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(1): 104-117.
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[7]	XIONG WeiYi,XU KaiWei,LIU MingPeng,XIAO Hua,PEI LiZhen,PENG DanDan,CHEN YuanXue. Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize in Sichuan Province [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1735-1748.
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[9]	GUO ShiBo,ZHANG FangLiang,ZHANG ZhenTao,ZHOU LiTao,ZHAO Jin,YANG XiaoGuang. The Possible Effects of Global Warming on Cropping Systems in China XIV. Distribution of High-Stable-Yield Zones and Agro-Meteorological Disasters of Soybean in Northeast China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1763-1780.
[10]	WANG HaoLin,MA Yue,LI YongHua,LI Chao,ZHAO MingQin,YUAN AiJing,QIU WeiHong,HE Gang,SHI Mei,WANG ZhaoHui. Optimal Management of Phosphorus Fertilization Based on the Yield and Grain Manganese Concentration of Wheat [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1800-1810.
[11]	GUI RunFei,WANG ZaiMan,PAN ShengGang,ZHANG MingHua,TANG XiangRu,MO ZhaoWen. Effects of Nitrogen-Reducing Side Deep Application of Liquid Fertilizer at Tillering Stage on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Fragrant Rice [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(8): 1529-1545.
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[14]	QIN YuQing,CHENG HongBo,CHAI YuWei,MA JianTao,LI Rui,LI YaWei,CHANG Lei,CHAI ShouXi. Increasing Effects of Wheat Yield Under Mulching Cultivation in Northern of China: A Meta-Analysis [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(6): 1095-1109.
[15]	TAN XianMing,ZHANG JiaWei,WANG ZhongLin,CHEN JunXu,YANG Feng,YANG WenYu. Prediction of Maize Yield in Relay Strip Intercropping Under Different Water and Nitrogen Conditions Based on PLS [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(6): 1127-1138.