陇中半干旱区不同覆盖种植方式对土壤水热效应和玉米产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.02.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This experiment explored the dynamic changes of soil water and thermal environment and spring maize yield and water use efficiency in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, which provided a theoretical basis for optimizing the soil water and heat environment and improving the crop yield of spring maize field in the dry farming area in central Gansu. 【Method】 The field positioning experiments were carried out in Yuzhong Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Gansu from 2017 to 2018, which were set up 6 planting methods, including non-contoured seedbed with film mulching (WM), non-contoured seedbed with half film mulching (HM), ridge-furrow with polyethylene film and straw mulching (MRM), ridge-furrow with full film mulching (WRF), ridge-furrow with straw mulching (SM) and non-contoured seedbed without mulching (CK). Based on the experiments, the water and heat conditions of soil layers profiles in different fertility period of spring maize, phenological characteristics, yield and water use efficiency during harvest period were measured and analyzed. 【Result】 In this study, the film mulching treatment had a warming effect compared with CK, the average soil temperature during the whole growth period was 2.42 °C, while the SM showed a cooling effect with an average temperature drop of 0.36 °C, and the adjustment of soil temperature by the planting method was mainly manifested in the seedling stage, the effect of temperature regulation gradually weakened with the progress of growth period. MRM, WRF, HM and SM had significant effect on the preservation of spring maize during the whole growth period, while WM was not conducive to precipitation collection. It only had the effect of preserving in the early stage of spring maize growth, while the water consumption in the middle and later stages increased with the crop growth, and the soil moisture content was lower than that under CK. The most water consumed of spring maize was in the middle growth stage (jointing to silking), followed by the later growth stage (silking to maturity), and the least was in the early growth stage (budding to jointing), in which the water consumption of plastic film mulching was greater than straw mulching, and full film mulching was greater than half film mulching. Plastic film mulching planting method could improve biomass water use efficiency of spring maize least and middle growth stage significantly. The improvement was highest (up to 250.68%) at early growth stage of HM and at the middle stage of WRF (up to 61.30%), compared with CK. Plastic film mulching planting method resulted in increased soil temperatures and improved soil water consumption, therefore, these treatments extended the growing period for spring maize and increased the dry matter weight per plant, the final performance was the improvement of yield and water use efficiency. The most significant effect on increasing yield and water use efficiency was WRF and MRM, increased yield by 171.40% and 155.05%, respectively, and increased water use efficiency by 142.80% and 125.44%, respectively, compared with CK. 【Conclusion】 The plastic film mulched ridge and sowing furrow planting changed the soil water and thermal environment and increased dry matter accumulation in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau. The yield and water use efficiency of the ridge-furrow with full film mulching planting method was the best under these treatments.

Key words: maize, yield, planting methods, ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting, soil temperature and moisture, Loess Plateau, semi-arid area

DENG HaoLiang,ZHANG HengJia,XIAO Rang,ZHANG YongLing,TIAN JianLiang,LI FuQiang,WANG YuCai,ZHOU Hong,LI Xuan. Effects of Different Covering Planting Patterns on Soil Moisture, Temperature Characteristics and Maize Yield in Semi-Arid Region of the Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(2): 273-287.

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Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1

Table 1

Experimental design"

处理 Treatment	代码 Code	方法 Method
平地全膜覆盖 Non-contoured seedbed with film mulching	WM	前茬作物收获后及时灭茬,待试验区土壤解冻之前（播前一个月左右）,翻耕30 cm,施入足够肥料,然后用120 cm宽的地膜覆盖,膜与膜之间不留空隙,相互重叠大约5 cm,相接处用土压实,采用等行间距穴播点种。 After the former plants harvest, they should be wiped out. Before the soil thawed in the test area (about a month before sowing), plowed 30 cm, applied enough fertilizer, and then covered with plastic film 120 cm wide. There was no space between films, and they overlapped with each other about 5 cm. Soil was compacted at the junction, and seeds were planted at the same row space.
平地半膜覆盖 Non-contoured seedbed with half film mulching	HM	覆膜前整地、施肥同WM处理,用120 cm宽的地膜覆盖,膜与膜之间间隔40 cm,地膜两侧用土压实,采用宽窄行（宽行70 cm,窄行40 cm）穴播点种。 Before mulching, soil preparation and fertilization were same as WM. Plastic film of 120 cm wide was used to cover the soil, with an interval of 40 cm between the film and soil compaction on both sides of the plastic film. The sowing were used of wide and narrow rows (70 cm wide and 40 cm narrow rows) .
隔沟覆膜垄播 Ridge-furrow with polyethylene film and straw mulching	MRM	覆膜前整地、施肥同WM处理,试验区土壤解冻之前起垄铺膜,每幅垄大小相等,垄幅宽均为35 cm,高15 cm,两垄相接处形成集雨沟,集雨沟宽20cm。选用120 cm宽的地膜,边起垄边覆膜,地膜与垄外侧紧贴,用土压住地膜。在垄上进行穴播点种。 Before mulching, soil preparation and fertilization were same as WM. Before thawing, the soil in the experimental area was furrowed and covered with film. Each ridge is equal in size, with a width of 35 cm and a height of 15 cm. Rain gutters are formed where two ridges meet. The ditch is 20 cm wide. A 120 cm wide mulch is selected, and the mulch is covered while the ridge is covered. The mulch is close to the outside of the ridge, and the soil is pressed by the soil. Spot-seeding on ridges.
全膜双垄沟播 Ridge-furrow with full film mulching	WRF	覆膜前整地、施肥同WM处理,试验区土壤解冻之前起垄铺膜,每幅垄分为大小两垄,垄幅宽110 cm。大垄宽70 cm、高10 cm,小垄宽40 cm、高15 cm。选用120 cm宽的地膜,膜与膜之间不留空隙,相接处用土压住地膜。在大小垄相接处沟内穴播点种。 Before mulching, soil preparation and fertilization were same as WM. Before thawing, the soil in the experimental area was furrowed and covered with film. Each ridge was divided into two ridges with a width of 110 cm. The large ridge was 70 cm wide and 10 cm high, and the small ridge was 40 cm wide and 15 cm high. Plastic film of 120 cm width was selected, no space was left between the film and the film, and soil was used to press the plastic film at the junction. Seeds were planted in the furrows where the ridges connect.
秸秆垄沟覆盖 Ridge-furrow with straw mulching	SM	覆盖前整地、施肥、起垄同WRF处理,用小麦秸秆进行全覆盖,按4 000kg·hm^-2 的比例均匀覆盖,在大小垄相接处沟内穴播点种。 Land preparation, fertilization and ridding before mulching were same as WRF, and wheat straw was used for full coverage. According to the proportion of 4 000kg·hm^-2, seeds were planted in the ditches where the ridges and ridges connect.
露地平播 Non-contoured seedbed without mulching	CK	采用等行间距穴播点种,无覆盖。 The seeds were seeded at the same row space, without covering.

Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Table 3

Effect of different covering planting patterns on soil water storage in 0-100 cm layer (mm)"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	耕作期 Plowing	播种 Sowing	苗期 Seedling	拔节期 Jointing	吐丝期 Silking	灌浆期 Grain filling	成熟期 Maturity	收获期 Harvesting	平均 Mean
2015	WM	203.13a	217.80a	245.49a	247.40a	195.58a	158.32ab	112.37b	110.41b	186.31a
	HM	179.44b	185.85c	229.33b	236.18b	197.68a	168.38a	123.79a	114.77ab	179.43a
	MRM	191.86ab	200.85b	238.81ab	234.98b	188.75ab	158.37ab	126.96a	120.85a	182.68a
	WRF	182.03b	190.73bc	244.31a	248.19a	194.80a	161.75a	121.09a	113.27ab	182.02a
	SM	160.51c	168.25d	198.15c	206.72c	176.32b	154.08b	122.84a	118.13a	163.13b
	CK	150.55c	152.40e	204.18c	205.70c	176.15b	157.11ab	119.67ab	116.22ab	160.25b
	平均 Mean	177.92	185.98	226.71	229.86	188.21	159.67	121.12	115.61	175.63
2016	WM	145.72bc	164.30ab	223.84a	234.63a	189.24b	157.67bc	113.15c	108.83c	167.17ab
	HM	136.29cd	140.63c	208.59b	231.80a	197.64ab	166.76b	127.93b	125.65b	166.91ab
	MRM	152.96a	167.13a	198.58bc	213.37bc	179.61c	154.68c	117.20bc	122.27b	163.23b
	WRF	149.31ab	154.88b	197.40bc	225.73a	187.25bc	148.69c	107.76c	119.81b	161.35b
	SM	144.28bc	154.89b	201.82b	222.40ab	208.50a	190.06a	152.46a	154.04a	178.56a
	CK	132.16d	136.85c	189.89c	210.70c	182.04bc	160.89bc	113.99c	109.44c	154.50b
	平均 Mean	143.45	153.11	203.35	223.10	190.71	163.12	122.08	123.34	165.28
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years	WM	174.43a	191.05a	234.66a	241.01a	192.41ab	157.99bc	112.76c	109.62c	176.74a
	HM	157.87b	163.24c	218.96b	233.99ab	197.66a	167.57ab	125.86b	120.21b	173.17a
	MRM	172.41a	183.99ab	218.69b	224.17bc	184.18bc	156.52bc	122.08b	121.56b	172.95a
	WRF	165.67ab	172.80bc	220.85b	236.96a	191.03ab	155.22c	114.43bc	116.54b	171.69a
	SM	152.40bc	160.35c	199.98c	214.56cd	192.41ab	172.07a	138.87a	136.09a	170.84ab
	CK	141.36c	144.62d	197.04c	208.20d	179.10c	159.00bc	116.83bc	112.83bc	157.37b
	平均 Mean	160.69	169.34	215.03	226.48	189.46	161.40	121.80	119.47	167.17

Table 3

Fig. 3

Table 4

Fig. 4

Table 5

Effects of different covering planting patterns on seasonal water consumption and seasonal water use efficiency of spring maize"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生育时期Growth stage									总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)	籽粒水分利用效率 Grain water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
		前期（出苗-拔节） Early stage (Budding-Jointing)			中期（拔节-吐丝） Middle stage (Jointing-Silking)			后期（吐丝-成熟） Later stage (Silking-Maturity)
		耗水量 WC (mm)	耗水模系数 WCC (%)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	耗水量 WC (mm)	耗水模系数 WCC (%)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	耗水量 WC (mm)	耗水模系数 WCC (%)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2015	WM	58.00a	17.94	44.55c	144.12a	44.59	91.65c	121.11a	37.47	57.83de	323.23a	17.44c
	HM	37.27d	13.32	65.29b	130.80bc	46.74	105.52b	111.79b	39.94	55.28e	279.86bc	18.18c
	MRM	53.47b	18.33	45.54c	138.53b	47.49	116.50a	99.69c	34.18	71.45c	291.69b	22.59b
	WRF	30.14e	10.49	70.77a	145.69a	50.69	105.72b	111.61b	38.83	61.17d	287.44b	24.50a
	SM	49.13c	18.67	10.31e	122.70c	46.62	55.37e	91.38d	34.72	100.75a	263.21cd	10.85d
	CK	34.30d	13.69	20.70d	121.85c	48.64	72.35d	94.38cd	37.67	88.48b	250.53d	10.40d
	平均 Mean	43.72	15.41	42.86	133.95	47.46	91.18	104.99	37.13	72.49	282.66	17.33
2016	WM	33.16e	10.93	70.84b	160.00a	52.76	69.75d	110.09ab	36.30	78.56d	303.25a	20.40c
	HM	24.74f	9.34	78.49a	136.35c	51.49	74.50cd	103.71b	39.17	102.05c	264.79bc	20.56c
	MRM	61.25a	20.28	37.74d	144.37b	47.80	80.57bc	96.41c	31.92	107.57c	302.03a	23.13b
	WRF	50.18b	16.77	46.11c	135.55c	45.30	93.52a	113.49a	37.93	77.65d	299.22a	24.74a
	SM	45.77c	17.98	13.20f	118.72d	46.64	40.12f	90.04c	35.38	151.92a	254.53c	13.22d
	CK	39.66d	14.42	20.29e	133.25c	48.46	51.17e	102.05bc	37.11	116.93b	274.96b	9.88e
	平均 Mean	42.46	14.96	44.45	138.04	48.74	68.27	102.63	36.30	105.78	283.13	18.66
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years	WM	45.58b	14.44	57.70b	152.06a	48.67	80.70c	115.60a	36.89	68.19e	313.24a	18.92c
	HM	31.01e	11.33	71.89a	133.58bc	49.11	90.01b	107.75ab	39.56	78.67d	272.33b	19.37c
	MRM	57.36a	19.31	41.64c	141.45ab	47.65	98.54ab	98.05b	33.05	89.51c	296.86a	22.86b
	WRF	40.16c	13.63	58.44b	140.62b	47.99	99.62a	112.55a	38.38	69.41e	293.33a	24.62a
	SM	47.45b	18.32	11.76e	120.71d	46.63	47.75e	90.71c	35.05	126.33a	258.87b	12.04d
	CK	36.98d	14.06	20.50d	127.55cd	48.55	61.76d	98.22b	37.39	102.71b	262.75b	10.14e
	平均 Mean	43.09	15.18	43.65	135.99	48.10	79.73	103.81	36.72	89.14	282.90	17.99

Table 5

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling	拔节期 Jointing	吐丝期 Silking	灌浆期 Grain filling	成熟期 Maturity	平均 Mean
2015	WM	22.50b	26.07ab	21.37ab	20.06ab	15.07ab	21.01ab
	HM	21.53b	25.17b	20.76bc	19.62bc	14.45b	20.31bc
	MRM	24.43a	27.29a	22.18a	20.79a	15.52a	22.04a
	WRF	22.02b	25.52b	21.33ab	20.53a	15.29a	20.94b
	SM	18.18c	23.09c	19.39d	18.48c	13.29c	18.48d
	CK	19.08c	23.74c	19.80cd	18.72c	13.50c	18.97cd
	平均 Mean	21.29	25.15	20.80	19.70	14.52
2016	WM	25.40b	25.61ab	22.94bc	19.22ab	14.83ab	21.60b
	HM	24.11b	24.61b	21.90c	18.44bc	13.97bc	20.61c
	MRM	27.31a	26.45a	24.19a	20.11a	15.72a	22.76a
	WRF	24.05b	25.35ab	22.97bc	19.58a	15.53a	21.50b
	SM	19.52c	22.47c	20.24d	17.88c	13.07c	18.64d
	CK	19.82c	22.57c	20.46d	17.93c	13.57c	18.87d
	平均 Mean	23.37	24.51	22.12	18.86	14.45
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years	WM	23.95b	25.84ab	22.16b	19.64ab	14.95ab	21.31b
	HM	22.82b	24.89b	21.33b	19.03bc	14.21bc	20.46c
	MRM	25.87a	26.87a	23.18a	20.45a	15.62a	22.40a
	WRF	23.03b	25.44b	22.15b	20.06a	15.41a	21.22b
	SM	18.85c	22.78c	19.81c	18.18c	13.18d	18.56d
	CK	19.45c	23.16c	20.13c	18.33c	13.54cd	18.92d
	平均 Mean	22.33	24.83	21.46	19.28	14.49

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	物候期 phenology (d)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种—出苗 PS-ES	出苗—拔节 ES-JS	拔节—吐丝 JS-SS	吐丝—灌浆 SS-GS	灌浆—成熟 GS-MS	播种—成熟 PS-MS
2015	WM	10c	30b	38b	16c	54b	148b
	HM	12c	30b	39b	17c	54b	152b
	MRM	10c	28b	33b	16c	59a	146b
	WRF	10c	29b	33b	16c	59a	147b
	SM	20a	40a	45a	22a	39d	166a
	CK	16b	35b	42ab	20b	45c	158ab
	平均 Mean	13.00	32.00	38.33	17.83	51.67	152.83
2016	WM	11b	28c	36c	15c	58b	148b
	HM	14b	26c	42bc	18b	55bc	155ab
	MRM	11b	26c	33d	17bc	65a	152ab
	WRF	11b	27c	34cd	17bc	63ab	152ab
	SM	19a	42a	50a	24a	28d	163a
	CK	15b	33b	43b	23ab	45c	159ab
	平均 Mean	13.50	30.33	39.67	19.00	52.33	154.83
2年平均 Average numerical values of 2 years	WM	10.5c	29.0c	37.0c	15.5c	56.0b	148.0b
	HM	13.0c	28.0c	40.5bc	17.5b	54.5bc	153.5ab
	MRM	10.5c	27.0c	33.0d	16.5bc	62.0a	149.0b
	WRF	10.5c	28.0c	33.5d	16.5bc	61.0ab	149.5b
	SM	19.5a	41.0a	47.5a	23.0a	33.5d	164.5a
	CK	15.5b	34.0b	42.5b	21.5ab	45.0c	158.5ab
	平均 Mean	13.25	31.17	39.00	18.42	52.00	153.83

Effects of Different Covering Planting Patterns on Soil Moisture, Temperature Characteristics and Maize Yield in Semi-Arid Region of the Loess Plateau

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