不同灌溉和施肥模式对水稻产量、氮利用和稻田氮转化特征的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.013

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to provide a theoretical basis for rational management of irrigation and nitrogen (N), the effects of the different water and nitrogen application models on the nitrogen absorption and translocation, and nitrogen use efficiency of indica hybrid rice, nitrogen transformation characteristic in paddy soil and their relationships with rice yield were studied. 【Method】 Using the indica hybrid rice Zhongzheyou 1 as experimental material, a two-factor experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019, including two irrigation regimes (flood irrigation, FI; alternate wet and dry irrigation, AWD) and five nitrogen application types (zero nitrogen, N₀; traditional nitrogen level, PUN₁₀₀; 80% of traditional nitrogen level, PUN₈₀; 80% of control-released nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar, CRFN₈₀-BC; 80% of stable compound nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar, SFN₈₀-BC). The grain yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice, and nitrogen transformation characteristic in paddy soil were measured.【Result】(1) AWD significantly increased the rice yield in relative to that under FI conditions, and rice yields under CRFN₈₀-BC and SFN₈₀-BC treatments were significantly higher than that under PUN₈₀ and even PUN₁₀₀ treatments (P<0.05). Their values were 9 721 kg·hm^-2 and 10 056 kg·hm^-2in 2018, and 9 492 kg·hm^-2 and 9 907 kg·hm^-2in 2019, respectively, which was closely related to the increased rice spikelet or tillering number under the AWD condition. (2) Compared with N₀, PUN₁₀₀and PUN₈₀ treatments, AWD significantly improved the nitrogen accumulation of leaf and stem-sheath before the heading stage, nitrogen translocation and the contribution of nitrogen translocation to panicle from the heading to maturity stage under CRFN₈₀-BC and SFN₈₀-BC treatments. It also significantly increased the contents of the dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and NO₃^- in 0-30 cm soil depths at the maturity stage, but greatly suppressed the concentrations of DTN, NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in soil leachate. (3) Rice grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with the nitrogen accumulation of nutritional organs (e.g. leaf and stem-sheath), nitrogen translocation and their nitrogen contribution to panicle, and nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen availability at the maturity stage. It indicated that the suitable water and nitrogen management could collaboratively improve the fluency of the nitrogen absorption-translocation in rice and nitrogen availability in paddy soil, which were beneficial for the improvement of rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.【Conclusion】 Given the results of grain yield, nitrogen utilization and nitrogen availability in rice paddy of the two years, it could be concluded that control-released/stable compound fertilizers combined with biochar could significantly increase the construction of high-yield rice population, rice nitrogen absorption and translocation, and nitrogen use efficiency under AWD irrigation condition, and also reduce the nitrogen leaching loss in paddy soil.

Key words: alternate wet and dry irrigation, control-released/stable compound fertilizers, nitrogen absorption and utilization, nitrogen transformation, yield, rice

CAO XiaoChuang,WU LongLong,ZHU ChunQuan,ZHU LianFeng,KONG YaLi,LU RuoHui,KONG HaiMin,HU ZhaoPing,DAI Feng,ZHANG JunHua,JIN QianYu. Effects of Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Regimes on the Yield, Nitrogen Utilization of Rice and Nitrogen Transformation in Paddy Soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1482-1498.

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Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Nitrogen accumulation and its ratio to total in main growth stages of rice"

生育期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment		茎鞘Stem-sheath		叶片Leaf		穗Panicle		氮积累总量 Total nitrogen accumulation
生育期 Growth stage	氮肥类型 N	灌溉模式 W	氮积累量 Nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	氮积累量 Nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	氮积累量 Nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	氮积累总量 Total nitrogen accumulation
分蘖盛期 Tillering	N₀	FI	35.0g	41.5ab	49.2e	58.5de	—	—	84.2gh
	N₀	AWD	41.3e	37.9cde	67.8b	62.1abc	—	—	109.0d
	PUN₁₀₀	FI	45.3d	39.8bc	68.6b	60.2cd	—	—	113.7c
	PUN₁₀₀	AWD	34.1g	37.4e	57.0c	62.6a	—	—	91.0f
	PUN₈₀	FI	30.5h	37.6de	50.5d	62.4ab	—	—	80.9h
	PUN₈₀	AWD	31.4h	36.8e	54.0de	63.2a	—	—	85.3g
	CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	38.8f	40.7b	56.9c	59.3d	—	—	95.6e
	CRFN₈₀-BC	AWD	51.3b	38.0cde	83.7a	62.0abc	—	—	135.0b
	SFN₈₀-BC	FI	49.0c	42.8a	65.4b	57.2e	—	—	114.4c
	SFN₈₀-BC	AWD	56.2a	39.6bcd	85.7a	60.4bcd	—	—	141.8a
	F 值 F value	W	106.1**	37.2**	184.0**	37.2**	—	—	303.4**
		N	555.0**	10.0**	95.2**	10.0**	—	—	336.4**
		W×N	171.9**	1.3ns	66.3**	1.3ns	—	—	167.2**
齐穗期 Heading	N₀	FI	37.2f	39.0e	40.9h	42.9bc	17.3e	18.1a	95.2i
	N₀	AWD	51.5e	39.8e	53.8g	41.6cd	24.1bcd	18.6a	129.3h
	PUN₁₀₀	FI	89.1b	43.7cd	90.3c	44.3ab	24.5bc	12.0cd	203.9cd
	PUN₁₀₀	AWD	82.7c	43.4cd	82.6d	43.3bc	25.3b	13.3b	190.6d
	PUN₈₀	FI	66.7d	44.8bc	64.4f	43.2bc	17.8e	12.0cd	148.8g
	PUN₈₀	AWD	84.8c	51.7a	60.7f	37.0e	18.6e	11.3d	164.0f
	CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	82.7c	46.9b	71.2e	40.4d	22.3d	12.6bc	176.1e
	CRFN₈₀-BC	AWD	92.9b	42.5cd	99.7b	45.8a	25.6b	11.7d	218.2bc
	SFN₈₀-BC	FI	92.4b	47.1b	81.2d	41.4cd	22.5cd	11.5d	196.0d
	SFN₈₀-BC	AWD	98.3a	42.2d	104.0a	44.6ab	30.9a	13.2b	233.1a
	F 值 F value	W	59.4**	0.6ns	142.6**	0.1ns	96.0**	5.3*	372.4**
		N	266.7**	32.9**	377.8**	8.0**	54.7**	210.8**	960.3**
		W×N	133.5**	18.9**	64.9**	19.8**	14.4**	9.4**	72.5**
成熟期 Maturity	N₀	FI	59.0a	30.9a	19.5d	10.2f	112.3g	58.9g	190.7g
	N₀	AWD	46.7d	25.3b	16.8e	9.1g	121.8f	65.7cde	185.3g
	PUN₁₀₀	FI	57.1ab	22.5c	38.6a	15.2a	157.7de	62.3f	253.2cd
	PUN₁₀₀	AWD	55.7b	20.8d	37.7a	14.1bc	174.6ab	65.1de	268.0a
	PUN₈₀	FI	43.3e	19.2e	30.2bc	13.4cd	151.8e	67.4ab	225.1f
	PUN₈₀	AWD	49.2c	20.9d	27.6c	11.7e	158.2de	67.3ab	234.9e
	CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	49.7c	20.2de	31.5b	15.3a	165.0cd	67.0e	246.2d
	CRFN₈₀-BC	AWD	51.6c	20.4de	38.9a	12.8d	162.6cd	64.3abc	253.0cd
	SFN₈₀-BC	FI	49.1c	19.0e	39.0a	15.1ab	170.1bc	65.9bcd	258.2bc
	SFN₈₀-BC	AWD	43.8e	16.7f	39.2a	15.0ab	179.2a	68.3a	262.1ab
	F 值 F value	W	19.9**	31.4**	0.3ns	1.8ns	23.8**	36.8**	11.2**
		N	59.4**	155.8**	180.5**	82.4**	155.3**	41.0**	233.4**
		W×N	38.5**	20.1**	10.3**	12.1**	3.7*	26.9**	3.6*

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Table 4

Fig. 3

Table 5

Correlation coefficients of nitrogen accumulation, translocation, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen concentration with rice yield and its yield components"

指标 Index	有效穗 Effective panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight	颖花数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate	产量 Grain yield
分蘖期叶片氮累积 Leaf N accumulation at tillering stage	0.474**	-0.336	0.463**	0.024	0.684**
分蘖期茎鞘氮累积 Stem-sheath N accumulation at tillering stage	0.518**	-0.180	0.318	-0.139	0.631**
齐穗期叶片氮累积 Leaf N accumulation at heading stage	0.877**	-0.511**	0.645**	-0.447*	0.898**
齐穗期茎鞘氮累积 Stem-sheath N accumulation at heading stage	0.912**	-0.325	0.789**	-0.634**	0.897**
齐穗期穗氮累积 Panicle N accumulation at heading stage	0.542**	-0.521**	0.452*	0.005	0.718**
成熟期叶片氮累积 Leaf N accumulation at maturity stage	0.959**	-0.390*	0.577**	-0.685**	0.836**
成熟期茎鞘氮累积 Stem-sheath N accumulation at maturity stage	0.033	-0.138	-0.595**	0.066	-0.280
成熟期穗氮累积 Panicle N accumulation at maturity stage	0.892**	-0.354	0.801**	-0.669**	0.877**
叶片氮转运量 Leaf N translocation	0.733**	-0.534**	0.620**	-0.250	0.843**
叶片氮转运率 Efficiency of leaf N translocation	-0.211	-0.276	0.165	0.527**	0.114
茎鞘氮转运量 Stem-sheath N translocation	0.825**	-0.262	0.869**	-0.595**	0.889**
茎鞘氮转运率 Efficiency of stem-sheath N translocation	0.706**	-0.290	0.891**	-0.558**	0.790**
穗氮增加量 Panicle N translocation	0.868**	-0.279	0.786**	-0.738**	0.814**
转运氮贡献率 Contribution rate of N translocation	0.740**	-0.407*	0.802**	-0.391*	0.865**
叶片转运氮贡献率 Contribution rate of leaf N translocation	0.376*	-0.499**	0.346	0.121	0.557**
茎鞘转运氮贡献率 Contribution rate of stem-sheath N translocation	0.780**	-0.287	0.874**	-0.565**	0.854**
氮回收利用率 N recovery efficiency	0.836**	-0.221	0.369	0.155	0.844**
氮农学利用率 N agronomy efficiency	0.710**	-0.088	0.478*	-0.037	0.891**
氮偏生产力 N partial factor productivity	0.334	0.118	0.807**	0.112	0.742**
氮生理利用率 N physiological efficiency	0.288	0.075	0.401	-0.157	0.581**
成熟期稻田DTN DTN content in paddy soil at maturity stage	0.681**	0.477**	-0.028	0.649**	-0.364*
成熟期稻田NH₄⁺ NH₄⁺ content in paddy soil at maturity stage	-0.494**	-0.404*	0.443*	-0.546**	0.219
成熟期稻田NO₃^- NO₃^- content in paddy soil at maturity stage	0.472**	0.382*	0.255	0.314	-0.386*

Table 5

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年份 Y	处理 Treatment		有效穗 Effective panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Spikelet	结实率 Grain filling rate (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
年份 Y	氮肥类型 N	灌溉模式 W	有效穗 Effective panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Spikelet	结实率 Grain filling rate (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2018	N₀	FI	15.9±0.1f	24.7±0.1a	139.1±1.1f	80.9±0.3b	6851±148h
	N₀	AWD	14.3±0.1g	24.4±0.1bc	154.3±2.9e	85.2±0.2a	7440±84g
	PUN₁₀₀	FI	21.4±0.3b	24.3±0.1c	155.4±1.8e	73.3±0.3d	8385±138e
	PUN₁₀₀	AWD	21.9±0.1ab	23.9±0.1e	164.3±3.9cd	77.2±0.2c	9105±216c
	PUN₈₀	FI	18.0±0.1e	24.5±0.1bc	165.9±4.9cd	74.1±0.2d	7806±87f
		AWD	19.1±0.1d	24.6±0.1ab	171.7±4.3abc	77.0±0.4c	8301±138e
	CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	20.6±0.1c	24.5±0.1bc	168.2±2.7bcd	70.6±0.3e	8690±260de
		AWD	22.2±0.2a	24.1±0.1d	174.7±1.1ab	76.6±0.4c	9721±200b
	SFN₈₀-BC	FI	21.5±0.1b	24.7±0.1a	167.8±3.7bcd	70.8±0.4e	8810±109cd
		AWD	22.2±0.2a	24.3±0.1c	176.6±1.2a	76.6±0.4c	10056±115a
	F值 F value	W	17.8**	31.1**	39.9**	571.7**	82.9**
		N	637.3**	11.5**	45.3**	331.3**	77.9**
		W×N	28.5**	4.0*	1.3ns	9.6**	4.0*
2019	N₀	FI	15.3±0.1f	24.4±0.1a	130.0±1.8d	87.0±0.5b	6554±151h
	N₀	AWD	13.8±0.2g	24.2±0.1bc	147.6±1.3c	91.6±0.4a	7119±98g
	PUN₁₀₀	FI	20.6±0.3b	24.1±0.2bcd	146.6±1.6c	78.9±0.7d	8061±226e
	PUN₁₀₀	AWD	20.8±0.1ab	23.6±0.1de	155.7±2.7b	83.0±0.4c	8927±188c
	PUN₈₀	FI	17.3±0.1e	24.3±0.1ab	155.8±2.2b	79.7±0.5d	7684±76g
	PUN₈₀	AWD	18.3±0.1d	24.4±0.1a	163.5±2.5a	82.8±0.3c	8136±227e
	CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	19.8±0.2c	24.3±0.1ab	157.2±1.2b	76.0±0.6e	8475±188d
	CRFN₈₀-BC	AWD	21.3±0.1a	23.9±0.1cd	163.3±1.8a	82.4±0.8c	9492±151b
	SFN₈₀-BC	FI	20.8±0.1ab	24.5±0.1a	156.9±1.2b	76.2±0.8e	8739±76cd
	SFN₈₀-BC	AWD	21.3±0.1a	24.1±0.1bcd	165.0±2.0a	82.4±0.7c	9907±188a
	F值 F value	W	11.0**	33.0**	202.0**	574.7**	186.0**
		N	560.7**	12.9**	153.3**	336.1**	216.0**
		W×N	23.8**	3.8*	8.8**	9.5**	5.1**
F值 F value	Y		1.2ns	10.5**	11.9**	21.8**	0.7ns
	W×Y		0.4ns	0.04ns	0.2ns	1.2ns	0.04ns
	N×Y		0.8ns	0.04ns	0.7ns	0.8ns	0.47ns
	W×N×Y		0.2ns	0.08ns	0.1ns	0.02ns	0.14ns

处理 Treatment		茎鞘 Stem-sheath		叶片 Leaf		穗 Panicle
氮肥类型 N	灌溉模式 W	氮转运量 Nitrogen translocation (kg·hm^-2)	氮转运率 Efficiency of nitrogen translocation (%)	氮转运量 Nitrogen translocation (kg·hm^-2)	氮转运率 Efficiency of nitrogen translocation (%)	氮增加量 Nitrogen increment (kg·hm^-2)	转运氮贡献率 Contribution rate of nitrogen translocation (%)	叶转运氮贡献率 Contribution rate of leaf nitrogen translocation (%)	茎鞘转运氮贡献率 Contribution rate of stem-sheath nitrogen translocation (%)
N₀	FI	-21.8h	-58.7h	21.4g	52.2d	95.2d	-0.5g	22.4f	-23.0h
N₀	AWD	4.8g	9.2g	36.9ef	68.7a	98.1d	42.8f	37.8b	4.9g
PUN₁₀₀	FI	32.0de	35.9def	51.8b	57.3c	133.4c	62.9c	38.9b	24.0cd
PUN₁₀₀	AWD	27.0ef	32.6f	44.9c	54.2cd	149.3a	48.2e	30.0c	18.1ef
PUN₈₀	FI	23.4f	34.9ef	34.3f	53.2d	133.7c	43.0f	25.6de	17.4f
PUN₈₀	AWD	35.5cd	41.9bcd	33.2f	54.6cd	139.5bc	49.2e	23.7ef	25.5bcd
CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	33.0de	39.8de	39.8de	55.8cd	143.1ab	51.0e	27.8cd	23.2de
CRFN₈₀-BC	AWD	41.4bc	44.1bc	60.9a	61.0b	137.2bc	74.8b	44.3a	30.5b
SFN₈₀-BC	FI	43.3b	46.8b	42.3cd	52.1d	147.7a	57.9d	28.6c	29.3bc
SFN₈₀-BC	AWD	54.5a	55.4a	64.8a	62.3b	148.5a	80.6a	43.8a	36.8a
F值 F value	W	66.2*	173.4**	111.4**	64.2**	6.9*	246.0**	153.8**	65.7**
	N	215.6**	443.8**	100.3**	8.8**	156.5**	263.5**	56.9**	170.8**
	W×N	14.6**	100.9**	38.3**	20.5**	5.9**	88.2**	81.6**	23.7**

处理Treatment		氮回收利用率 Nitrogen recovery efficiency (%)	氮农学利用率 Nitrogen agronomy efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮生理利用率 Nitrogen physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg·kg^-1)
氮肥类型 N	灌溉模式 W	氮回收利用率 Nitrogen recovery efficiency (%)	氮农学利用率 Nitrogen agronomy efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮生理利用率 Nitrogen physiological efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg·kg^-1)
N₀	FI	—	—	—	—
N₀	AWD	—	—	—	—
PUN₁₀₀	FI	37.8±0.8cd	8.4±0.7de	22.6±3.1c	44.8±0.7f
PUN₁₀₀	AWD	42.6±0.2bc	10.0±0.6d	23.5±1.3c	49.6±0.6e
PUN₈₀	FI	23.9±1.4e	7.8±0.3e	33.3±3.2b	53.4±0.3d
PUN₈₀	AWD	34.5±1.2d	7.1±0.9e	20.8±3.4c	56.5±0.9c
CRFN₈₀-BC	FI	38.6±2.4cd	13.3±0.8c	34.6±0.2ab	58.9±0.8c
CRFN₈₀-BC	AWD	47.0±0.5b	16.5±0.6b	35.0±1.3ab	65.9±0.6b
SFN₈₀-BC	FI	46.9±2.3b	15.2±0.3bc	32.5±0.9b	60.7±0.3b
SFN₈₀-BC	AWD	53.6±3.1a	19.4±0.8a	42.2±3.9a	68.8±0.8a
F值 F value	W	33.4**	19.4**	154.0**	0.04ns
	N	43.6**	99.8**	292.1**	14.0**
	W×N	0.9ns	5.3*	5.8**	6.6**

Effects of Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Regimes on the Yield, Nitrogen Utilization of Rice and Nitrogen Transformation in Paddy Soil

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