减氮覆膜对黄土旱塬小麦产量及养分吸收利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.12.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The Loess Plateau is an important wheat growing area in China, however the phenomenon of unreasonable fertilization and low yield is widespread. The aim of this study was to clarify the yield variation of winter wheat and the absorption and utilization of soil nutrients under long-term nitrogen reduction and quantitative monitoring of fertilization and mulching, so as to provide a recommendation for the scientific and rational fertilization of winter wheat and the increase of regional wheat production in the loess tableland. 【Method】 Based on the long-term positioning of the experimental land in the winter wheat growing area in the dry land of south Shanxi Province, three treatments were set up from 2012 to 2019, including farmer pattern (FP) , monitoring fertilization (MF) and monitoring fertilization plus ridge mulching-furrow planting (RFSF), to study the yield and composition of winter wheat, the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen(N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer, the transfer and absorption of nutrients before and after flowering and the N residue in the soil layer of 0-2 m .【Result】Compared with the FP, the total nitrogen application of MF decreased by 33.5% and balanced addition of phosphate and potassium fertilizer, while there was no significant difference in grain yield, biological yield and yield composition between FP and MP; the nitrogen uptake rate under MF was increased by 8.9%, and the apparent recovery rate of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen partial productivity under MF were increased by 7.6%, 2.7% and 55.0%, respectively; the transplanting amount of vegetative organs before flower under MF was 24.2% higher than that under FM, and the nitrogen uptake after flower was reduced. The total residual nitrate nitrogen in the soil layer of 0-2 m was 34.4% lower than that under the farmer model. Mulch was carried out on the basis of quantitative monitoring and fertilization of nitrogen reduction, grain yield and biological yield under RFSF increased by 24.3% and 25.5% than that under no mulch, respectively. The N, P and K uptake of grains increased by 20.9%, 35.0% and 33.1%, respectively. The apparent recovery and partial productivity of N, P and K fertilizer increased by 3.7%, 2.7%, 4.8% and 22.8%, 22.8%, 22.0%, respectively; nitrogen and phosphorus uptake increased significantly by 25.4% and 57.5% before flowering, respectively; the total residue of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-2 m soil layer was reduced by 25.1%.【Conclusion】On the premise of achieving stable winter wheat yield, the utilization efficiency of fertilizer could be improved and the residual amount of nitrogen in soil could be reduced by reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and balanced application of phosphate fertilizer. Mulching on the basis of quantitative monitoring and fertilization of nitrogen reduction could increase the yield of winter wheat, further improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, and had a more significant effect on reducing environmental risks caused by nitrate nitrogen accumulation.

Key words: nitrogen reduction, film mulching, Loess Plateau, winter wheat, yield, nutrient absorption and utilization

LIU Kai,XIE YingHe,LI TingLiang,MA HongMei,ZHANG QiRu,JIANG LiWei,CAO Jing,SHAO JingLin. Effects of Nitrogen Reduction and Film Mulching on Wheat Yield and Nutrient Absorption and Utilization in Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(12): 2595-2607.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Absorption and utilization efficiency of NPK under different planting modes from 2012 to 2019"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒养分吸收量 Nutrient uptake of grain (kg·hm^-2)			秸秆养分吸收量 Nutrient uptake of straw (kg·hm^-2)			表观回收率 Recovery efficiency (%)			偏生产力 Partial factory productivity (kg·kg^-1)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K
2012—2013	FP	39.1b	8.1b	5.5b	9.3b	3.74b	16.6b	6.6b	3.91b	-	16.3b	19.5b	-
	MF	37.0b	8.9b	5.6b	13.9a	4.89a	20.6a	8.2b	4.79b	11.9b	16.6b	20.2b	79.6b
	RFSF	52.4a	11.1a	7.6a	13.1a	4.95a	20.4a	14.6a	8.13a	15.4a	22.1a	26.3a	103.5a
2013—2014	FP	86.8c	19.4b	19.6b	19.2b	10.1c	93.9c	24.0a	27.38b	-	28.2c	28.2c	-
	MF	98.0b	21.5b	22.2b	20.7b	20.2a	205.0a	46.5a	52.37a	2.8a	47.3b	34.1b	192.1b
	RFSF	108.9a	26.3a	26.4a	27.1a	15.4b	145.7b	46.2a	44.30a	4.2a	55.2a	41.5a	235.8a
2014—2015	FP	76.5c	18.3b	14.5b	25.9a	12.1b	115.2b	6.6b	16.4a	-	29.0c	29.0c	-
	MF	105.1b	19.6b	16.5a	28.6a	14.6b	118.9b	6.2b	14.8a	33.1a	43.9b	89.9b	92.2a
	RFSF	116.0a	24.7a	17.8a	31.0a	17.3a	125.9a	11.4a	16.3a	33.5a	48.1a	98.4a	93.2a
2015—2016	FP	53.2c	18.2b	12.3b	11.8b	9.9b	51.3b	14.8c	5.0c	-	19.5c	19.5c	-
	MF	61.5b	18.6b	11.8b	11.9b	10.2b	53.7b	17.9b	9.7b	46.5a	24.8b	48.9b	66.3b
	RFSF	70.6a	28.2a	18.9a	17.1a	15.6a	74.0a	22.3a	20.0a	43.9a	33.6a	66.0a	88.9a
2016-2017	FP	83.2b	22.2b	12.6b	24.1b	27.9a	90.1b	15.5b	13.5a	-	28.8c	28.8c	-
	MF	76.6b	23.5b	15.2b	24.7b	28.0a	93.7b	16.0b	16.0a	42.5b	49.7b	49.7b	141.8b
	RFSF	96.6a	30.8a	22.0a	32.0a	28.2a	121.2a	20.9a	20.9a	63.5a	61.5a	61.5a	175.6a
2017—2018	FP	39.8b	13.4b	18.3b	45.8b	13.2b	73.4b	12.5a	31.2a	-	14.9c	14.9c	-
	MF	45.5b	15.2b	18.4b	42.4b	14.9b	74.8b	17.1a	13.0b	12.5b	28.6b	42.9b	94.8b
	RFSF	64.4a	20.6a	24.6a	51.8a	21.3a	99.9a	14.4a	10.9b	25.7a	36.9a	55.4a	106.9a
2018—2019	FP	44.9b	17.8b	11.9b	11.7b	9.7b	49.6b	13.7c	4.8c	-	9.8c	24.4a	-
	MF	37.9c	16.2b	11.8b	11.6b	10.1b	51.3b	34.2b	10.4b	45.7a	16.0b	14.8c	79.9b
	RFSF	48.9a	25.6a	17.6a	16.9a	16.2a	72.1a	42.1a	19.8a	42.8a	21.5a	19.8b	107.4a
平均 Mean	FP	60.5b	16.8b	13.5b	21.1b	12.4b	70.0c	13.3c	14.6c	-	20.9c	58.0a	-
	MF	65.9b	17.7b	14.5b	22.0b	14.7b	88.3b	20.9b	17.3b	27.9b	32.4b	42.9b	106.7b
	RFSF	79.7a	23.9a	19.3a	27.0a	17.0a	94.2a	24.6a	20.0a	32.7a	39.8a	52.7a	130.2a

Table 4

Table 5

Nitrogen and phosphorus transfer characteristics under different planting modes from 2012 to 2019"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花前营养器官氮素转移 PANT		花后土壤氮素吸收 NUSA		花前营养器官磷素转移 PAPT		花后土壤磷素吸收 PUSA
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	转移量 Amount of Translocation (kg·hm^-2)	转移贡献率 Contribution rate from translocation (%)	吸收量 Amount of Translocation (kg·hm^-2)	吸收贡献率 Contribution rate from translocation (%)	转移量 Amount of Translocation (kg·hm^-2)	转移贡献率 Contribution rate from translocation (%)	吸收量 Amount of Translocation (kg·hm^-2)	吸收贡献率 Contribution rate from translocation (%)
2012—2013	FP	30.3b	77.5a	8.8a	22.5a	6.7b	82.7b	1.4a	17.3a
	MF	30.5b	82.4a	6.5b	17.6b	7.6b	85.4b	1.3a	14.6b
	RFSF	45.5a	86.8a	6.9b	13.2c	9.7a	94.6a	1.4a	5.4c
2013—2014	FP	65.6c	75.6c	21.2a	24.4a	13.4b	69.1b	6.0b	30.9b
	MF	79.5b	81.1b	18.5a	18.9b	8.8c	40.9c	12.7a	59.1a
	RFSF	94.3a	86.6a	14.6a	13.4c	23.2a	88.2a	3.1c	11.8c
2014—2015	FP	54.7c	71.5c	21.8a	28.5a	13.7b	74.9a	4.6a	25.1a
	MF	84.1b	80.0b	21.0a	20.0a	14.3b	73.0a	5.3a	27.0a
	RFSF	99.8a	86.0a	16.2b	14.0b	18.7a	75.7a	6.1a	24.3a
2015—2016	FP	39.5c	74.2b	13.7a	25.8a	5.0b	27.5a	13.2b	72.5a
	MF	45.5b	74.0b	16.0b	26.0a	4.7b	25.3a	14.0b	74.7a
	RFSF	57.4a	81.3a	13.2a	18.7b	6.4a	22.7a	21.8a	77.3a
2016—2017	FP	47.4c	79.4b	12.3a	20.6a	17.2b	66.2a	5.1b	33.8a
	MF	60.4b	89.6a	7.0b	10.4b	17.5b	65.1a	5.6b	34.9a
	RFSF	74.2a	92.1a	6.4b	7.9b	19.8a	64.3a	7.2a	35.7a
2017—2018	FP	27.4b	68.8a	12.4b	31.2a	6.6b	49.3a	6.8a	50.7b
	MF	33.6b	73.8a	11.9b	26.2a	5.3b	34.9b	9.9a	65.1a
	RFSF	45.9a	71.3a	18.5a	28.7a	10.8a	52.4a	9.8a	47.6a
2018—2019	FP	38.7b	75.6b	12.5a	24.4a	4.9b	27.5a	12.9b	72.5a
	MF	43.6b	73.5b	15.7a	26.5a	4.6b	28.4a	11.6b	71.6a
	RFSF	56.1a	82.1a	12.2a	17.9b	6.7a	26.2a	18.9a	73.8a
平均 Mean	FP	43.4c	74.7c	14.7a	25.3a	9.3b	56.7a	7.5b	43.3a
	MF	53.9b	79.2b	13.8a	20.8b	8.7b	50.4a	9.0a	49.6a
	RFSF	67.6a	83.7a	12.6a	16.3c	13.7a	60.6a	10.2a	39.4a

Table 5

Table 6

Fig. 1

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年度 Year	夏闲期 Summer fallow period					生育时期 Growth period									周年降雨量 Annual rainfall
年度 Year	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Total	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Total	周年降雨量 Annual rainfall
2012—2013	13.8	150.5	114.9	55.1	334.3	11.6	7.3	4.1	1.2	3.3	4.7	15.4	67.8	115.4	449.7
2013—2014	27.9	312.8	66.6	57.4	464.7	36.4	4.3	0	0	12	18.1	52.1	63.7	186.6	651.3
2014—2015	75.7	61.8	126.9	148.9	413.3	10.9	6.2	0	4.2	3.3	0.5	38.6	32.2	95.9	509.2
2015—2016	22.2	51.1	15.5	51.5	140.3	49.9	49	0.8	4.2	1.8	2.3	21.6	54.2	183.8	324.1
2016—2017	61.8	248.3	31	16.5	357.6	50.1	10.8	6.2	1.2	4.8	4.1	37.7	31.8	146.7	504.3
2017—2018	87.4	148.3	66.8	17.3	319.8	73.2	1.3	3.4	5.2	0	21.2	67.1	29.8	201.2	521.0
2018—2019	46.4	62.3	0.5	66	175.2	0.1	23.4	1.4	2.8	6.4	0.4	33.6	0.8	68.9	244.1

处理 Treatment	年度Year
处理 Treatment	2012—2013	2013—2014	2014—2015	2015—2016	2016—2017	2017—2018	2018—2019
农户模式 FP	150-60-0	150-60-0	150-60-0	150-60-0	150-60-0	150-60-0	150-60-0
减氮处理 MF	125-105-41	95-63.8-37.9	105-83-53	114-53-45	90.75-74.85-31.8	84-111-29	85-92-17
减氮覆膜 RFSF	125-105-41	95-63.8-37.9	105-83-53	114-53-45	90.75-74.85-31.8	84-111-29	85-92-17

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	生物产量 Biological yield (kg·hm^-2)	产量构成要素 Yield component			收获指数 Harvest index (%)
年度 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	生物产量 Biological yield (kg·hm^-2)	公顷穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2012—2013	FP	1967b	3908c	373b	17a	35a	51a
	MF	2010b	4228b	359b	22a	35a	48a
	RFSF	2666a	5060a	488a	19a	35a	53a
2013—2014	FP	4226b	9204c	434b	21a	49b	46a
	MF	4495b	10005b	469b	21a	48b	45a
	RFSF	5246a	12566a	534a	20a	52a	42b
2014—2015	FP	4350c	9633c	525b	24a	41a	45a
	MF	4614b	10222b	548b	24a	42a	45a
	RFSF	5051a	11573a	641a	25a	42a	44a
2015—2016	FP	2923b	6245b	382b	27a	42a	46a
	MF	2831b	5881b	382b	27a	42a	48a
	RFSF	3825a	8360a	487a	21b	44a	46a
2016—2017	FP	4499b	9629b	428b	24a	42a	44a
	MF	4262b	9724b	443b	23a	41a	44a
	RFSF	5583a	12245a	550a	25a	43a	45a
2017—2018	FP	2236b	7099b	311c	23a	40a	32a
	MF	2400b	7727b	335b	21ab	41a	31a
	RFSF	3100a	9764a	359a	20b	42a	32a
2018—2019	FP	1466b	4110b	291b	15a	40a	36a
	MF	1358b	3656c	279b	14a	39a	37a
	RFSF	1826a	4980a	385a	13a	40a	37a
平均 Mean	FP	3095b	7118b	392b	22a	41a	43a
	MF	3138b	7348b	402b	22a	41a	43a
	RFSF	3900a	9221a	492a	20a	43a	43a

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
2012年播前Pre-sowing in 2012	14.1a	10.4a	10.4b	168.2b
FP 2018年播前Pre-sowing in 2018	14.8a	11.4a	18.8ab	172.0b
MF 2018年播前Pre-sowing in 2018	14.4a	5.6b	23.3a	207.0a
RFSF 2018年播前Pre-sowing in 2018	15.1a	5.2b	21.1a	208.8a

Effects of Nitrogen Reduction and Film Mulching on Wheat Yield and Nutrient Absorption and Utilization in Loess Plateau

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