长期不同施肥和深翻对玉米高粱轮作体系作物钾利用及土壤钾形态的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of long-term different fertilizations and deep plough on grain yield, potassium utilization, potassium forms in soil profile and non-exchange potassium release in maize-sorghum rotation system was evaluated to provide the theoretical basis for potassium nutrient management. 【Method】The experiment was conducted in Jinzhong city of Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2022. There were 6 treatments: no fertilizer (CK), NP, NPK, straw return and manure (MS), NPK with MS (NPKMS) and NPKMS with deep plough for 30 cm (NPKMSD). The influences of different treatments on grain yield, potassium uptake, potassium apparent utilization efficiency (KUE), potassium agronomy utilization efficiency (KAUE) and kinetics of non-exchange release were investigated. 【Result】Compared with NP and NPK treatments, the accumulative grain yield was increased 6%-8% under MS, NPKMS and NPKMSD, whereas potassium uptake was promoted 22%-43%. Moreover, the values of PAUE produced by NPKMS and NPKMSD were only half under NPK and MS treatments. The available K content of 0-20 cm soil layer under MS, NPKMS and NPKMSD treatments were 2.2 to 2.8 times higher than those under CK, NP and NPK treatments. Meanwhile, the slow available K was increased 8%-10%. The deep plough enhanced available K content of 20-40 cm soil layer. The K uptake aboveground was more related to available K content of both 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer and slow available K content of 20-40 cm soil layer. When the soil non-exchangeable K was extracted by CaCl₂, the accumulative amount of K released under NPK, MS, NPKMS, and NPKMSD were 1.04, 1.77, 1.99, and 1.81 times than that under NP treatment, respectively, while these values were 1.05, 1.41, 1.85, and 1.63 times under NP treatment when soil non-exchangeable K was extracted by citric acid. 【Conclusion】 Taken together, straw return and manure could activate soil potassium. Thus soil available K content, slow available K content, KUE and KAUE were improved relative to NPK treatments when total potassium input was comparative for 12-years. NPK with MS treatments could induce potassium luxury absorption and resulted in low values of KUE and KAUE. Deep plough could increase subsoil available K content, but its impact on accumulative grain yield was not noticed. Straw return and manure increased cumulative non-exchangeable potassium release amount and release rates. Therefore long-term combination of straw return and appropriate amount manure could substitute chemical potassium fertilizer.

Key words: long-term fertilization, deep plough, potassium balance of soil, potassium forms, soil non-exchangeable potassium release, maize-sorghum rotation, straw return, manure

YANG WenHui, LUO HaoCheng, DONG ErWei, WANG JinSong, WANG Yuan, LIU QiuXia, HUANG XiaoLei, JIAO XiaoYan. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization and Deep Plough on Crop Potassium Utilization and Soil Potassium Forms in Maize-Sorghum Rotation System[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(12): 2390-2403.

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Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 3

Table 4

Fitting model of non-exchangeable K release under different extractants"

浸提剂 Extractant	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	一级动力学方程 First-order reaction						抛物线扩散 Parabolic diffusion						零级反应 Zero-order reaction
			0-49 h		49-241 h		0-241 h		0-49 h		49-241 h		0-241 h		0-49 h		49-241 h		0-241 h
			R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE	R²	SE
氯化钙 CaCl₂	0-20	CK	0.9668	4.72	0.9393	5.99	0.9536	7.30	0.9992	1.05	0.9922	1.97	0.9966	2.06	0.9174	7.26	0.9769	5.08	0.9152	10.81
		NP	0.9709	3.74	0.9462	4.50	0.9643	5.31	0.9978	1.37	0.9809	2.94	0.9921	3.13	0.9327	6.22	0.9703	5.96	0.8993	11.44
		NPK	0.9812	3.13	0.9570	4.65	0.9691	5.98	0.9983	1.09	0.9852	2.69	0.9938	2.80	0.9454	5.57	0.9734	5.90	0.9085	11.03
		MS	0.9833	5.22	0.9431	8.63	0.9624	9.19	0.9977	2.98	0.9892	3.08	0.9935	4.53	0.9481	9.85	0.9896	8.02	0.8975	19.38
		NPKMS	0.9938	4.15	0.9466	9.76	0.9643	10.22	0.9971	3.45	0.9936	2.70	0.9946	4.66	0.9590	9.75	0.9874	8.29	0.8974	21.28
		NPKMSD	0.9911	4.05	0.9100	11.97	0.9379	11.99	0.9929	3.19	0.9967	1.89	0.9980	2.52	0.9588	8.66	0.9965	4.84	0.9253	16.64
		平均 Mean	0.9812	4.17	0.9404	7.58	0.9586	8.33	0.9972	2.19	0.9896	2.55	0.9948	3.28	0.9436	7.89	0.9823	6.35	0.9072	15.10
	20-40	CK	0.9655	3.75	0.9400	5.17	0.9565	6.10	0.9999	0.79	0.9918	1.84	0.9968	1.85	0.9282	6.09	0.9654	3.95	0.9151	9.91
		NP	0.9879	2.62	0.9320	5.52	0.9519	6.87	0.9955	1.73	0.9862	2.61	0.9941	2.76	0.9564	5.12	0.9548	4.92	0.9093	11.27
		NPK	0.9771	3.23	0.9574	4.78	0.9687	5.62	0.9981	0.75	0.9892	2.05	0.9956	2.08	0.9374	5.44	0.9624	3.98	0.9124	9.74
		MS	0.9914	2.64	0.9568	5.37	0.9705	5.78	0.9946	2.13	0.9929	1.99	0.9947	2.84	0.9581	5.72	0.9653	4.47	0.9016	12.59
		NPKMS	0.9972	1.52	0.9446	6.78	0.9587	8.38	0.9877	3.08	0.9912	2.26	0.9940	3.10	0.9729	4.68	0.9599	4.92	0.9005	12.92
		NPKMSD	0.9898	2.95	0.8920	8.89	0.9236	9.66	0.9965	2.12	0.9952	1.66	0.9961	2.76	0.9557	6.52	0.9758	3.97	0.9032	13.18
		平均	0.9848	2.79	0.9371	6.09	0.9550	7.07	0.9954	1.77	0.9911	2.07	0.9952	2.57	0.9515	5.59	0.9639	4.37	0.9070	11.60
柠檬酸 Citric acid	0-20	CK	0.9820	4.95	0.9315	19.25	0.9309	25.71	0.9296	8.81	0.9967	3.33	0.9716	13.88	0.9810	4.88	0.9925	5.45	0.9842	10.46
		NP	0.9979	1.45	0.9228	18.45	0.9231	23.89	0.9729	5.69	0.9970	3.30	0.9712	12.90	0.9906	3.11	0.9955	3.94	0.9889	8.14
		NPK	0.9718	5.50	0.9073	18.24	0.9226	21.65	0.9355	10.13	0.9936	4.37	0.9805	11.52	0.9792	4.95	0.9960	3.69	0.9804	11.12
		MS	0.9989	1.64	0.9241	22.70	0.9271	31.49	0.9747	8.23	0.9988	1.77	0.9829	13.71	0.9905	4.52	0.9875	8.39	0.9778	15.26
		NPKMS	0.9999	1.71	0.9419	24.80	0.9466	35.45	0.9636	12.94	0.9976	4.26	0.9902	13.06	0.9929	5.71	0.9763	14.41	0.9586	27.49
		NPKMSD	0.9982	2.58	0.9275	25.00	0.9356	33.09	0.9502	13.21	0.9992	1.93	0.9885	11.80	0.9959	3.17	0.9856	9.78	0.9647	21.97
		平均 Mean	0.9914	2.97	0.9258	21.41	0.9310	28.55	0.9544	9.84	0.9972	3.16	0.9808	12.81	0.9884	4.39	0.9889	7.61	0.9758	15.74
	20-40	CK	0.9911	366.40	0.9228	19.06	0.9234	24.28	0.9906	3.69	0.9937	4.91	0.9658	14.82	0.9748	5.06	0.9974	3.13	0.9929	6.69
		NP	0.9796	380.43	0.9220	20.10	0.9228	25.80	0.9943	3.20	0.9955	3.90	0.9738	13.66	0.9536	7.54	0.9961	3.91	0.9881	8.94
		NPK	0.9956	333.57	0.9141	17.39	0.9198	21.98	0.9632	5.51	0.9946	3.95	0.9704	12.45	0.9909	2.85	0.9968	3.16	0.9898	7.37
		MS	0.9994	363.69	0.9100	18.51	0.9172	24.02	0.9720	6.14	0.9964	3.15	0.9761	12.44	0.9912	3.25	0.9937	4.74	0.9855	9.73
		NPKMS	0.9998	331.77	0.9155	18.32	0.9226	22.19	0.9615	6.72	0.9880	4.63	0.9734	11.37	0.9925	3.12	0.9909	5.22	0.9815	10.09
		NPKMSD	0.9965	398.25	0.9303	19.47	0.9346	25.23	0.9804	5.64	0.9985	2.17	0.9843	11.03	0.9795	5.88	0.9917	5.91	0.9773	13.36
		平均 Mean	0.9937	362.35	0.9191	18.81	0.9234	23.92	0.9770	5.15	0.9945	3.78	0.9740	12.63	0.9804	4.62	0.9944	4.34	0.9858	9.36

Table 4

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年度 Year	秸秆还田量 The amount of straw returned to the field (kg·hm^-2)						秸秆钾含量 K content of straw (%)
年度 Year	CK	NP	NPK	MS	NPKMS	NPKMSD	CK	NP	NPK	MS	NPKMS	NPKMSD
2011	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2012	0	0	0	5771.70	5960.95	6055.55	0	0	0	1.14	1.14	1.14
2013	0	0	0	9960.15	11064.80	11165.00	0	0	0	1.24	1.93	1.80
2014	0	0	0	7032.10	8305.75	8276.05	0	0	0	0.75	0.94	0.97
2015	0	0	0	9013.95	9562.60	9919.20	0	0	0	2.24	2.93	2.80
2016	0	0	0	5847.50	6227.10	6220.30	0	0	0	1.71	1.82	1.74
2017	0	0	0	4888.35	5613.15	4973.30	0	0	0	2.12	2.52	2.37
2018	0	0	0	7572.45	7278.95	8446.60	0	0	0	1.84	1.87	1.73
2019	0	0	0	5752.35	4860.75	5710.55	0	0	0	3.89	3.30	3.68
2020	0	0	0	6327.45	6087.15	5375.50	0	0	0	1.68	2.12	1.81
2021	0	0	0	6247.80	6509.30	6141.70	0	0	0	2.67	2.53	2.92
2022	0	0	0	6457.45	6257.65	6725.65	0	0	0	2.35	2.83	2.33
2011- 2022	0	0	0	74871.25	77728.15	79009.40	0	0	0	1.92	2.14	2.08

处理 Treatment	钾素投入总量 Total K input (kg·hm^-2)	钾素输出总量 Total K output (kg·hm^-2)	钾素表观平衡量 Apparent K balance (kg·hm^-2)	钾利用效率 K utilization efficiency (%)	钾素农学利用效率 Agronomic utilization efficiency of K (kg·kg^-1)
CK	0	1337.85±18.8c	-1337.85±18.84d	-	-
NP	0	1861.10±9.81b	-1861.10±9.81e	-	-
NPK	743.76	1910.20±15.83a	-1166.44±15.83c	7.34±2.25c	15.88±0.09a
MS	825.93	678.85±8.77e	147.08±8.77b	58.96±1.49a	15.26±0.03a
NPKMS	1569.69	734.95±1.75d	834.74±1.75a	49.39±2.95b	8.14±0.05b
NPKMSD	1569.69	700.10±5.29de	869.59±5.29a	45.57±1.50b	8.02±0.02b

浸提剂 Extractant	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	累计释放量 Cumulative release amount (mg·kg^-1)			释放速率 Release rate (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
浸提剂 Extractant	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	T1	T2	T	T1	T2	T
氯化钙 CaCl₂	0-20	CK	121.91c	70.30b	192.20c	59.71c	8.79b	19.14c
		NP	112.45c	67.67b	180.13c	55.08c	8.46b	17.94c
		NPK	118.01c	69.95b	187.96c	57.80c	8.74b	18.72c
		MS	208.30b	111.03a	319.33b	102.03b	13.88a	31.80b
		NPKMS	240.42a	119.04a	359.46a	117.75a	14.88a	35.80a
		NPKMSD	212.05b	115.29a	327.35ab	103.86b	14.41a	32.60ab
		平均Mean	168.86	92.21	261.07	82.71	11.53	26.00
	20-40	CK	104.72c	64.95a	169.67c	51.29c	8.12a	16.90c
		NP	111.93bc	70.60a	182.53bc	54.82bc	8.82a	18.18bc
		NPK	103.77c	62.70a	166.48c	50.83c	7.84a	16.58c
		MS	130.88ab	73.21a	204.09ab	64.10ab	9.15a	20.32ab
		NPKMS	135.10a	73.46a	208.57ab	66.17a	9.18a	20.77ab
		NPKMSD	145.22a	75.58a	220.80a	71.13a	9.45a	21.99a
		平均Mean	121.94	70.08	192.02	59.72	8.76	19.12
柠檬酸 Citric acid	0-20	CK	141.81c	188.73c	330.54d	69.46c	23.59c	32.92d
		NP	129.73c	174.71c	304.44d	63.54c	21.84c	30.32d
		NPK	145.49c	173.83c	319.32d	71.26c	21.73c	31.80d
		MS	207.45b	222.58b	430.03c	101.61b	27.82b	42.82c
		NPKMS	285.37a	278.03a	563.40a	139.77a	34.75a	56.11a
		NPKMSD	253.51a	241.30b	494.80b	124.17a	30.16b	49.28b
		平均Mean	193.89	213.20	407.09	94.97	26.65	40.54
	20-40	CK	129.43b	185.62ab	315.05bc	63.39c	23.20ab	31.37bc
		NP	144.28b	190.39a	334.67ab	70.67bc	23.80ab	33.33ab
		NPK	128.83b	166.77ab	295.60c	63.10c	20.85bc	29.44c
		MS	143.62b	180.15ab	323.77bc	70.34bc	22.52abc	32.24bc
		NPKMS	150.41b	159.77b	310.18bc	73.67b	19.97c	30.89bc
		NPKMSD	173.05a	192.51a	365.56a	84.76a	24.06a	36.40a
		平均Mean	144.94	179.20	324.14	70.99	22.40	32.28

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization and Deep Plough on Crop Potassium Utilization and Soil Potassium Forms in Maize-Sorghum Rotation System

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