耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.24.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The objective of the present study was to clarify the suitable combined pattern of tillage and nitrogen (N) rate for dryland wheat to achieve the target of high-yield, high-quality and environment-friendly production. 【Method】 In the dry year 2016-2017 and wet year 2017-2018, a field experiment was carried out in the typical dryland in the western region of Henan province. In the experiment, the two tillage practices, including subsoiling (ST) and ploughing (PT), were set as main treatment, and the four N fertilizer application rates of 0 (N0), 120 (N120), 180 (N180) and 240 kg·hm^-2 (N240), respectively were set as secondary treatment. The subsoiling operation in ST was interval one year and conducted about two weeks after the previous wheat harvest, and the ploughing operation in PT was carried out each year around late July to early August after once heavy precipitation. The grain yield, grain protein content and its yield, and plant N absorption and utilization in wheat were tested, as well as the nitrate residue in the 0-200 cm soil layer in dryland. 【Result】 The plant N accumulation after jointing stage, grain yield, protein yield and N use efficiency in wheat and the nitrate residue in 0-200 cm soil layer at harvest could be significantly regulated by annual precipitation type, tillage practice and N rate, and the interaction of tillage practice and N rate. Compared with PT, ST increased the shoot N accumulation after jointing and the pre-anthesis N translocation under all the four N treatments, and the N harvest index under N240, as well as increasing the N uptake efficiency, N agronomy efficiency, N recovery efficiency and N partial factor productivity by 8.6%-15.3%, 23.9%-86.5%, 8.1%-26.1% and 9.1%-20.3% averaged across different N treatments, respectively. Therefore, compared with PT, the grain yield under ST was significantly increased by 11.9% and 12.4%, respectively, and the grain protein content was kept no significant change, while the average protein yield was increased by 12.4% and 13.5%, but the average nitrate residue was respectively reduced by 11.9% and 25.4% in 0-200 cm soil layer averaged across all the four N treatments in the dry year and the wet year. With the increase of N rate, the shoot N accumulation, pre-anthesis N translocation amount, contribution rate of post-anthesis N accumulation to grain, and grain protein content in wheat and the soil nitrate residue at harvest were significantly increased, and there was a significant decrease on the contribution rate of pre-anthesis N translocation to grain, N grain production efficiency, N uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity, but the changes in N agronomy efficiency, N recovery efficiency, grain yield and protein yield varied with annual precipitation type and tillage practice. The STN240 had the highest shoot N accumulation in the two years. In addition to no significant difference of grain and protein yield between ST240 and ST180 in the dry year and also of the protein content between ST240 and PT240 in the wet year, the grain yield, protein content and protein yield in ST240 were significantly higher than the other treatments in the two experimental years, the N recovery efficiency of and N agronomy efficiency in the wet year under ST240 were not less than or even significantly higher than that in the N application treatments under PT, and therefore decreased the nitrate residue in 0-200 cm soil at harvest by 16.4% compared with PT240. In general, the N rate at 180 kg·hm^-2under PT could reach the highest grain yield and the optimal protein yield, N agronomy efficiency and N recovery efficiency. Compared with other treatments, the N rate at 240 kg·hm^-2under ST was the best combination, which could increase the N efficiency and reduce soil nitrate residue via subsoiling during summer fallow period, as well as improving the protein content through the increased N fertilizer rate, and finally increased the grain yield and protein yield by 2.6%-45.0% and 7.3%-81.4%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Subsoiling tillage could help synchronously to improve the grain yield, protein yield and N efficiency and reduce soil nitrate residue. The suitable N application rate for subsoiling tillage should be higher than that for ploughing tillage. The PTN180 was an optimal combination of tillage practice and N rate for high-yield and high-efficiency, and the STN240 was an optimal model for realizing the collaborative target of high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, and low-nitrate residue in dryland wheat production system.

Key words: tillage practice, N fertilizer application rate, dryland, wheat, yield, protein, nitrate residue

HUANG Ming,WU JinZhi,LI YouJun,FU GuoZhan,ZHAO KaiNan,ZHANG ZhenWang,YANG ZhongShuai,HOU YuanQuan. Effects of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on Grain Yield, Protein Content in Winter Wheat and Soil Nitrate Residue in Dryland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(24): 5206-5219.

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References 39

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年度 Year	耕作方式 Tillage	氮肥用量 N rate	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒蛋白质含量 Grain protein content (%)	籽粒蛋白质产量 Grain protein yield (kg·hm^-2)
2016—2017 (欠水年 Dry year)	翻耕PT	N0	3938d	13.9de	478.8e
		N120	4412c	14.0d	542.0d
		N180	4814b	14.8b	622.4b
		N240	4394c	15.0a	578.4c
	深松ST	N0	4389c	13.8e	529.3d
		N120	4931b	14.2c	614.3b
		N180	5155a	14.8b	669.7a
		N240	5177a	15.1a	683.3a
2017—2018 (丰水年 Wet year)	翻耕PT	N0	5291g	9.5f	439.7f
		N120	6821f	12.7c	756.7e
		N180	7612d	13.6b	905.9c
		N240	7145e	14.7a	918.4c
	深松ST	N0	5192g	10.0e	453.4f
		N120	7906c	12.8c	883.2d
		N180	8387b	13.5b	992.2b
		N240	8715a	14.4a	1099.7a
变异来源 Source of variance (F-value)	年度Year (Y)		28351.7**	7420.6**	5445.7**
	耕作Tillage (T)		266.0**	2.0	207.3**
	氮肥用量N rate (N)		909.8**	928.5**	2315.2**
	耕作×氮肥用量T×N		59.8**	2.4	52.2**

年度 Year	耕作方式 Tillage	氮肥用量 N rate	花前氮素Pre-anthesis N		花后氮素Post-anthesis N		籽粒氮素积累量 N accumulation amount in grain (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)
年度 Year	耕作方式 Tillage	氮肥用量 N rate	转运量 Translocation amount (kg·hm^-2)	对籽粒的贡献率 Contribution rate to grain (%)	积累量 Accumulation amount (kg·hm^-2)	对籽粒的贡献率Contribution rate to grain (%)	籽粒氮素积累量 N accumulation amount in grain (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)
2016—2017 (欠水年 Dry year)	翻耕PT	N0	79.0e	94.0a	5.0e	6.0c	84.0e	85.4a
		N120	87.4c	92.0ab	7.7de	8.0bc	95.1d	81.6b
		N180	94.2b	86.3c	15.0abc	13.7a	109.2b	81.8b
		N240	87.0c	85.8c	14.5bc	14.2a	101.5c	74.5d
	深松ST	N0	83.5d	89.9b	9.4d	10.1b	92.9d	85.7a
		N120	93.6b	86.9c	14.1c	13.1a	107.8b	81.9b
		N180	99.8a	84.9c	17.7ab	15.1a	117.5a	81.7b
		N240	101.7a	84.9c	18.2a	15.1a	119.9a	78.6c
2017—2018 (丰水年 Wet year)	翻耕PT	N0	67.5g	87.5a	9.6e	12.5e	77.1f	82.2a
		N120	92.3e	69.5b	40.5d	30.5d	132.8e	79.3bc
		N180	106.9c	67.3bc	52.0c	32.7cd	158.9c	79.7b
		N240	101.4d	63.0de	59.7b	37.0b	161.1c	75.8d
	深松ST	N0	70.5f	88.6a	9.1e	11.4e	79.5f	78.5c
		N120	102.6d	66.3c	52.4c	33.7d	154.9d	79.9b
		N180	113.1b	65.0cd	61.0b	35.0bc	174.1b	79.8b
		N240	117.4a	60.9e	75.5a	39.1a	192.9a	78.4c
变异来源 Source of variance (F-value)	年度Year (Y)		12.7*	155.4**	374.1**	155.4**	5436.7**	73.7**
	耕作Tillage (T)		646.8**	14.8*	49.1 **	14.8*	207.4**	5.8
	氮肥用量N rate (N)		560.6**	166.1**	377.5**	166.1**	2315.7**	126.4**
	耕作×氮肥用量T×N		21.1**	1.3	5.6**	1.3	52.2**	21.7**

年度 Year	耕作方式 Tillage	氮肥用量 N rate	氮素籽粒生产效率N grain production efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥吸收效率 N uptake efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥农学效率 N agronomy efficiency (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥利用率 N recovery efficiency (%)	氮肥偏生产力 N partial factor productivity (kg·kg^-1)
2016—2017 (欠水年 Dry year)	翻耕PT	N0	46.2ab	—	—	—	—
		N120	45.7b	0.97b	3.89ab	15.2c	36.2b
		N180	43.4d	0.74d	4.79a	19.5a	26.3d
		N240	42.6ef	0.57f	1.87c	15.8bc	18.0f
	深松ST	N0	46.5a	—	—	—	—
		N120	45.0c	1.10a	4.45a	19.3a	40.5a
		N180	43.2de	0.80c	4.19ab	19.7a	28.2c
		N240	42.5f	0.64e	3.23b	18.4ab	21.2e
2017—2018 (丰水年 Wet year)	翻耕PT	N0	67.5a	—	—	—	—
		N120	50.6c	1.39b	12.56d	61.3c	56.0b
		N180	47.1d	1.11d	12.69d	58.7c	41.6d
		N240	43.7f	0.89f	7.61e	49.5d	29.3f
	深松ST	N0	64.3b	—	—	—	—
		N120	50.3c	1.62a	22.26a	77.2a	64.9a
		N180	47.4d	1.21c	17.47b	64.8b	45.9c
		N240	44.5e	1.03e	14.45c	60.3c	35.7e
变异来源 Source of variance (F-value)	年度Year (Y)		4591.7**	2171.3**	280.4**	893.1**	8544.2**
	耕作Tillage (T)		8.1*	375.9**	94.5**	45.3**	383.5**
	氮肥用量N rate (N)		1157.6**	3149.4**	147.5**	71.8**	6423.5**
	耕作×氮肥用量T×N		5.6**	29.5**	20.2**	15.6**	36.3**

Effects of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on Grain Yield, Protein Content in Winter Wheat and Soil Nitrate Residue in Dryland

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