Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (22): 4826-4839.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.22.010

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Phosphorus Fertilizer Replacement Value of Livestock Manure in Winter Wheat

XU JiuKai(),YUAN Liang,WEN YanChen,ZHANG ShuiQin,LIN ZhiAn,LI YanTing,LI HaiYan,ZHAO BingQiang()   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2020-11-28 Accepted:2021-04-09 Online:2021-11-16 Published:2021-11-19
  • Contact: BingQiang ZHAO E-mail:xujiukai2008@163.com;zhaobingqiang@caas.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】 Excessive application of phosphorus has not only caused the depletion of phosphate rock resources, but also increased the risk of environmental pollution. Livestock manure has always been used as a good alternative resource for chemical phosphorus. However, due to the complex composition and various influencing factors in the transformation process of phosphorus in animal manure, its effectiveness compared with that in chemical fertilizers has long been controversial. Clarifying the phosphorus replacement value of livestock manure, and the accurate proportion of organic fertilizer phosphorus replacing chemical fertilizer phosphorus, could provide the supporting data for rational application of organic fertilizer phosphorus.【Method】In this study, composted pig manure, chicken manure and cattle manure as well as chemical fertilizer were selected as the research materials. The application rate of P2O5 was set at 6 levels, which were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg·kg-1 dry soil, respectively. A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus in manure and chemical fertilizer on wheat yield, phosphorus uptake and the content of soil available phosphorus. Furthermore, the relative substitution equivalent of phosphorus in three kinds of manure was statistically analyzed.【Result】 (1) The content of organic and inorganic phosphorus in the three kinds of manure varied much. The proportion of organic phosphorus accounted for 25.9%, 17.6% and 56.5% of total phosphorus in pig, chicken and cattle manures, respectively. The liable phosphorus (H2O-P and NaHCO3-P) was the main phosphorus fraction for the cattle manure, while there was more phosphorus fraction attributed to highly stable phosphorus (HCl-P) in chicken manure and pig manure. (2)There was no significant difference in grain yield between different phosphorus supplies with the same application rate. The phosphorus uptake of wheat with chemical fertilizer was slightly higher than that treated with three kinds of manure. (3) In this study, when the seasonal recovery rate of phosphorus was used as a reference index, the chemical fertilizer equivalent value in chicken, pig and cattle manures to the commercial mineral phosphorus (super phosphate) were 80.3%, 84.3% and 90.4%, respectively. When the relative substitution equivalents of three kinds of manure were calculated by using the regression function between the chemical phosphorus and grain yield, biomass, phosphorus uptake of grain or total phosphorus uptake, the relative substitution equivalents of pig manure were 90.0%, 93.6%, 80.6% and 80.2%, respectively; The relative substitution equivalents of chicken manure were 78.4%, 87.9%, 73.4%, 67.6%, and that of cattle manure were 89.6%, 99.9%, 90.0%, 87.3%. (4) Both the manure and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of available phosphorus in soil, but the manure showed a slight effect than the chemical fertilizer. 【Conclusion】 Based on the integrated methods for calculating substitution equivalent of the present experimental condition, the phosphorus in pig manure could replace 85.7% of equivalent chemical fertilizer P, while chicken manure and cow manure could replace 77.6% and 91.4%, respectively.

Key words: livestock manure, phosphorus, wheat yield, phosphorus uptake and utilization, relative substitution equivalents

Table 1

Nutrient content of cattle manure, chicken manure and pig manure"

有机肥
Organic manure		 养分含量 Nutrient content (%,Air dried basis) 有机碳
Organic C (%)		 C/N
C/P
全氮Total N (N) 全磷Total P (P) 全钾Total K (K)
牛粪 Cattle manure 1.61 0.57 1.29 21.02 13.06 36.88
鸡粪 Chicken manure 1.95 2.30 1.74 18.11 9.28 7.87
猪粪 Pig manure 2.23 3.13 1.51 23.50 10.54 7.51

Table 2

Phosphorus fractions in chicken manure, pig manure and cattle manure (%)"

项目
Item		 不同肥料品种 Different types of fertilizer
猪粪
Pig manure		 鸡粪
Chicken manure		 牛粪
Cattle manure
H2O-Pi 12.55 ±0.95 17.62±0.95 13.19 ±0.16
H2O-Po 3.64±0.10 3.61±0.03 8.61±0.19
NaHCO3-Pi 12.17±0.24 13.91±0.40 12.61±0.53
NaHCO3-Po 4.36 ±0.28 2.95±0.26 18.98 ±0.22
NaOH-Pi 13.66±0.37 2.06±0.15 8.21±0.15
NaOH-Po 3.28±0.10 5.33±0.28 10.64±0.45
HCl-Pi 35.69±0.91 48.94±2.00 9.54 ±0.11
HCl-Po 7.76±0.22 0.00±0.00 9.29±0.50
residual-P 6.89±0.31 5.65±0.16 8.93±0.20

Table 3

Effects of different sources of phosphorus on wheat yield and biomass"

项目
Item		 施磷量
P2O5 rate (mg·kg-1)		 不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
猪粪 Pig manure 鸡粪 Chicken manure 牛粪 Cattle manure 化肥 Chemical fertilizer
籽粒产量
Grain yield
(g/pot)		 0 47.14±7.67d A 47.14±7.67d A 47.14±7.67d A 47.14±7.67d A
20 68.29±9.95c A 64.98±5.15c A 72.20±5.77c A 72.94±6.95c A
40 83.32±12.5b A 84.01±12.59b A 83.42±5.91b A 83.29±9.28b A
60 92.01±8.03ab A 84.50±5.88b A 86.80±7.29ab A 91.64±8.22ab A
80 94.34±6.81a A 97.96±6.77a A 92.86±6.21a A 98.49±11.20a A
100 93.88±9.76ab A 92.76±6.03ab A 93.22±7.79a A 96.73±6.62a A
生物量
Wheat biomass
(g/pot)		 0 89.87±14.02d A 89.87±14.02e A 89.87±14.02d A 89.87±14.02c A
20 130.29±18.97c A 125.97±12.33d A 138.58±10.86c A 137.34±11.46b A
40 156.04±15.82b A 157.15±18.04c A 158.73±9.25b A 150.93±12.61b A
60 173.44±11.65ab A 161.59±12.43bc A 163.37±13.53ab A 170.3±14.01a A
80 169.45±11.48ab A 183.87±10.57a A 173.04±13.08a A 183.77±19.52a A
100 173.52±18.29a A 173.02±12.20ab A 169.00±12.67ab A 181.01±14.73a A

Table 4

Effects of different sources of phosphorus on yield components of wheat"

项目
Item		 施磷量
P2O5 rate (mg·kg-1)		 不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
猪粪 Pig manure 鸡粪 Chicken manure 牛粪 Cattle manure 化肥 Chemical fertilizer
穗数
Number of ears (No./pot)
0 33±4c A 33±4c A 33±4c A 33±4d A
20 35±3bc A 37±2c A 39±2b A 39±4c A
40 39±6b A 44±4b A 45±6a A 43±4bc A
60 46±2a A 43±5b A 44±1a A 45±2ab A
80 47±6a A 49±1a A 47±4a A 49±6a A
100 47±5a AB 45±3ab AB 43±2a B 49±3a A
穗粒数
Grain No.per spike (No./spike)		 0 30±3b A 30±3b A 30±3c A 30±3b A
20 39±5a A 36±4a B 38±4b A 39±1a A
40 42±2a A 38±4a AB 37±4b B 39±3a AB
60 40±2a A 39±3a A 39±3b A 40±2a A
80 40±2a A 39±2a A 40±2ab A 40±2a A
100 39±1a B 40±2a AB 43±5a A 39±2a B
千粒重
Thousand seed weight (g)		 0 47.36±1.04c A 47.36±1.04c A 47.36±1.04c A 47.36±1.04d A
20 49.50±1.44b A 48.66±1.55bc A 48.98±0.67bc A 48.92±1.27c A
40 50.85±1.54ab A 50.15±1.53ab A 50.97±1.23a A 50.32±1.00b A
60 50.92±2.16ab A 51.01±1.53a A 50.36±2.56ab A 51.15±1.03ab A
80 50.59±2.16ab A 50.59±1.76a A 50.26±1.71ab A 50.95±0.69ab A
100 51.38±1.23a A 51.00±2.04a A 50.42±1.97ab A 51.55±1.00a A

Table 5

Effects of different sources of phosphorus on phosphorus uptakes in different organs of wheat"

项目
Item		 施磷量
P2O5 rate (mg·kg-1)		 不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
猪粪 Pig manure 鸡粪 Chicken manure 牛粪 Cattle manure 化肥 Chemical fertilizer
磷吸收量
P uptake
(g/pot)		 秸秆
Straw		 0 0.05±0.01d A 0.05±0.01d A 0.05±0.01d A 0.05±0.01e A
20 0.06±0.01c A 0.06±0.01cd A 0.06±0.01c A 0.06±0.01d A
40 0.07±0.02b A 0.07±0.01bc A 0.07±0.01c A 0.08±0.02c A
60 0.09±0.01ab A 0.08±0.02b B 0.08±0.02bc B 0.09±0.02b AB
80 0.09±0.00a B 0.09±0.00a B 0.08±0.01b B 0.11±0.02ab A
100 0.10±0.02a A 0.09±0.01a A 0.10±0.01a A 0.11±0.02a A
籽粒
Grain		 0 0.14±0.03d A 0.14±0.03d A 0.14±0.03d A 0.14±0.03e A
20 0.21±0.05c AB 0.19±0.03c B 0.23±0.02c A 0.22±0.02d AB
40 0.27±0.03b A 0.26±0.07b A 0.27±0.04b A 0.28±0.03c A
60 0.29±0.03ab A 0.29±0.04b A 0.30±0.05ab A 0.32±0.03b A
80 0.32±0.04a A 0.34±0.04ab A 0.33±0.03a A 0.35±0.03ab A
100 0.31±0.04a B 0.32±0.03a AB 0.33±0.04a AB 0.36±0.03a A
地上部
Above ground		 0 0.19±0.03d A 0.19±0.03d A 0.19±0.03e A 0.19±0.03e A
20 0.27±0.05c AB 0.24±0.03c B 0.29±0.02d A 0.28±0.03d AB
40 0.34±0.07b A 0.33±0.07b A 0.34±0.05c A 0.36±0.04c A
60 0.39±0.04ab A 0.36±0.04b A 0.38±0.07bc A 0.41±0.04b A
80 0.41±0.03a B 0.43±0.05a B 0.41±0.02ab AB 0.46±0.05a A
100 0.41±0.06a B 0.42±0.04a B 0.43±0.04a AB 0.47±0.02a A
磷素收获指数
PHI (%)		 0 75.70±6.13a A 75.70±6.13b A 75.70±6.13b A 75.70±6.13b A
20 79.08±4.51a A 76.98±2.52b A 77.88±2.56ab A 77.84±3.66ab A
40 78.54±1.00a A 79.38±4.20aA 79.35±2.50a A 77.70±4.96ab A
60 75.84±2.00a A 79.03±5.67ab A 80.01±3.76a A 78.35±2.88a A
80 78.07±1.65a A 78.40±1.95ab A 79.42±3.79a A 76.46±2.27ab A
100 76.35±1.88a A 77.13±2.58b A 77.27±2.53ab A 75.91±3.51ab A

Table 6

The equivalent value of mineral phosphorus and recovery rate"

项目
Item		 施磷量
P2O5 rate (mg·kg-1)		 不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
猪粪 Pig manure 鸡粪 Chicken manure 牛粪 Cattle manure 化肥 Chemical fertilizer
磷素回收率
Phosphorous recovery ratio (%)		 20 55.82a AB 48.15a B 72.18a A 66.45a AB
40 52.85a A 50.70a A 55.03b A 61.80abA
60 47.01ab A 40.89ab A 46.52bc A 52.10abc A
80 38.82ab B 42.68ab A 39.43cB 48.62bc A
100 32.04lb B 32.33b B 34.88c AB 40.03cA
化肥磷素等效值
Chemical phosphorus equivalent value (%)		 20 84.02 72.46 108.63 --
40 87.36 82.05 89.04 --
60 90.24 78.50 85.82 --
80 79.84 87.78 81.10 --
100 80.03 80.76 87.15 --

Fig. 1

The response of chemical phosphorus application rate to wheat grain yield (a), biomass (b), grain phosphorus uptake (c) and aboveground phosphorus uptake (d)"

Table 7

Mineral phosphorus fertilizer replacement value of manures on the basis of wheat grain yield biomass, grain phosphorus uptake and aboveground phosphorus uptake"

项目
Item		 施磷量
P2O5 rate (mg·kg-1)		 粪肥磷素替代化肥磷素（P2O5）的相对替代当量
Mineral phosphorus fertilizer replacement value (%)
猪粪 Pig manure 鸡粪 Chicken manure 牛粪 Cattle manure
籽粒Grain 20 93.81 60.84 116.12
40 95.78 98.57 96.20
60 92.46 67.07 73.74
80 78.08 87.02 72.26
生物量Biomass 20 104.80 72.53 133.09
40 99.56 102.15 107.93
60 101.19 76.71 83.35
80 68.84 100.00 75.13
籽粒磷吸收量
Grain phosphorus uptake		 20 88.44 52.67 109.76
40 87.89 86.14 92.81
60 75.40 70.51 81.00
80 70.78 84.25 76.39
地上部磷吸收量
Aboveground phosphorus uptake		 20 83.11 41.25 110.13
40 87.42 81.15 94.95
60 80.48 68.10 72.82
80 69.59 79.91 71.14

Table 8

Effects of different sources of phosphorus on soil available phosphorus content"

施磷量
P2O5 rate (mg·kg-1)		 速效磷含量 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)
猪粪 Pig manure 鸡粪 Chicken manure 牛粪 Cattle manure 化肥 Chemical fertilizer
0 4.77±0.65d A 4.77±0.65d A 4.77±0.65d A 4.77±0.65d A
20 6.27±0.82c A 4.52±0.40d C 5.16±0.53cd BC 5.41±0.89d B
40 7.03±1.17c AB 5.82±0.76c C 5.97±0.61c BC 7.35±1.09cd A
60 9.04±1.68bA 8.18±1.15b A 8.21±0.71b A 8.50±2.74bc A
80 8.82±1.14b B 7.91±0.62b B 8.38±0.91b B 10.37±1.80b A
100 11.50±1.02a A 9.61±1.05a B 10.45±1.24a AB 12.20±2.24a A
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