播期和种植密度对油菜产量和茎秆抗倒性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.08.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Stem lodging is an important factor that restricts the increase of rapeseed production efficiency in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changing discipline and physiological mechanism of the lodging resistance of rapeseed stem treated with different sowing dates and densities, so as to provide theoretical and technical supports for high-yield and lodging resistance of rapeseed cultivation. 【Method】A split-plot experiment with two canola varieties (Huayouza 62 and Fengyou 520), two sowing dates (September 25, October 25) and four densities (15×10⁴, 30×10⁴, 45×10⁴, and 60×10⁴ plants/hm²)was performed to investigate yield and yield composition, stem mechanical strength, lodging index, microstructure, the main components of stem and key enzyme activities of lignin synthesis. 【Result】(1) At the sowing date of September 25 (T1), yield per plant, effective pods per plant and seeds per pod decreased with the density increased from 15×10⁴ hm^-2 to 60×10⁴ hm^-2, and the highest yield with the lowest lodging index was observed at density of 45×10⁴ hm^-2; Under the delayed the sowing date to October 25 (T2), the population yield, yield per plant, effective pods per plant and seeds per pod decreased significantly compared with those under T1, but the above-ground fresh weight decreased more significantly, resulting in the decrease of lodging index and the increase of lodging resistance under delayed sowing dates; (2)When sowing at the appropriate time, both the plant height and stem dry weight decreased significantly, while the lodging index was with a tendency of increasing firstly and then decreasing with increased densities, and the susceptible lodging part was transferred from the upper part to the base part of rapeseed stem. The parameters such as vascular bundle length/the thickness outside the pith and vascular bundle area/stem cross-sectional area gradually increased, and the content of lignin and cellulose of stem increased first and then decreased. With sowing dates delayed from September 25 to October 25, plant height, stem dry weight, stem lignin and cellulose content decreased significantly, but the above-ground fresh weight decreased more, resulting in the decreased lodging index. Stepwise regression analysis showed that lignin was the key index to improve the structure of the transport tissue, coordinate the lodging index and the population yield. The higher lignin content and the population lignin content of the stem could simultaneously obtain stronger lodging resistance of the stem and a higher population yield. (3) When the density increased from 15×10⁴ hm^-2 to 60×10⁴ hm^-2, the activities of peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 4-coumaryl: CoA ligase (4CL) under T1 increased, and those decreased significantly with sowing date delayed from T1 to T2. 【Conclusion】Optimizing planting density under different sowing dates could significantly increase the population yield, and the decreased yield at the delayed sowing date could be compensated by increasing planting density. The ability of lignin synthesis enhanced, and the lignin content increased under delaying sowing dates with higher plant densities, and coordinated the contradiction between high yield and lodging resistance in rapeseed.

Key words: rapeseed, sowing date, planting density, lodging resistance, yield

YUAN Yuan,WANG Bo,ZHOU GuangSheng,LIU Fang,HUANG JunSheng,KUAI Jie. Effects of Different Sowing Dates and Planting Densities on the Yield and Stem Lodging Resistance of Rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(8): 1613-1626.

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Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Effects of different sowing dates and planting densities on rapeseed yield and yield composition"

年份 Year	播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	密度 Density	单株角果数 Effective pods per plant	每角粒数 Seeds per pod	千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	成株率 Survival rate (%)	实际产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2017-2018	T1	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	315.0b	17.41a	3.68a	20.51a	93.60a	2742.3c
			D2	185.0ef	17.00ab	3.76a	11.82d	87.93bc	2901.0b
			D3	156.8gh	16.46bcd	3.60a	9.24e	84.22cd	3290.9a
			D4	103.7k	16.14cde	3.69a	6.11h	82.59de	2649.1cd
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	372.4a	16.88b	3.18bc	19.99a	93.53a	2555.7de
			D2	222.8d	16.58bcd	3.08bcd	11.39d	87.06bc	2939.5b
			D3	172.6fg	15.45fgh	3.13bcd	8.36f	81.57de	2731.0c
			D4	128.4ij	15.03h	3.04cde	7.03g	77.30fg	2625.9cde
	T2	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	262.9c	16.63bc	3.26b	14.25b	94.51a	1866.0i
			D2	171.8fg	16.17cde	3.23bc	8.96ef	88.57b	2261.0gh
			D3	141.7hi	15.88ef	3.19bc	7.19g	83.99cd	2467.1ef
			D4	106.9k	15.01h	3.19bc	5.12i	79.91ef	2484.9def
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	274.3c	16.07de	3.02cde	13.33c	96.94a	1857.7i
			D2	190.8e	15.66efg	2.92de	8.73ef	87.36bc	2203.5gh
			D3	154.9h	15.38fgh	2.94de	6.99g	79.94ef	2362.2fg
			D4	113.5jk	15.29gh	2.87e	4.99i	75.55g	2126.8h
2018-2019	T1	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	284.0b	16.26a	3.58c	17.19a	97.60a	2311.5c
			D2	173.6e	16.00ab	3.77ab	10.45b	93.10ab	2704.5ab
			D3	139.6g	15.77bcd	3.79a	8.28d	84.50c	2854.7a
			D4	96.1ij	15.49de	3.70b	5.52f	83.30c	2655.0b
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	312.6a	16.16a	3.30de	16.60a	95.20a	2113.5d
			D2	182.6de	15.80bcd	3.26ef	9.67bc	93.30ab	2660.3b
			D3	152.7fg	15.50de	3.29ef	7.75de	83.80c	2534.6b
			D4	102.3ij	15.34ef	3.21 f	5.06 fg	80.70 cde	2339.1 c
	T2	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	194.1 cd	16.04ab	3.21f	10.00bc	94.80a	1384.5h
			D2	141.4fg	15.95abc	3.24ef	7.31e	84.40c	1669.5fg
			D3	108.7hi	15.66cd	3.37d	5.74f	78.30def	1792.0ef
			D4	86.0j	15.06f	3.28ef	4.26gh	76.90ef	1932.7e
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	206.0c	15.73bcd	2.94g	9.39c	89.70b	1198.2i
			D2	157.4f	15.32ef	2.92g	7.05e	82.20cd	1514.6gh
			D3	123.4h	15.13f	2.98g	5.58f	77.30ef	1836.3ef
			D4	89.8j	14.74g	2.95g	3.90h	75.60f	1570.7g
方差分析Variance analyses
2017-2018			T	**	**	**	**	NS	**
			V	**	**	**	*	**	**
			D	**	**	NS	**	**	**
			T×V	**	*	**	NS	NS	NS
			T×D	**	NS	NS	**	NS	**
			V×D	**	NS	NS	*	*	**
			T×V×D	**	*	NS	NS	NS	**
2018-2019			T	**	**	**	**	**	**
			V	**	**	**	**	*	**
			D	**	**	**	**	**	**
			T×V	NS	*	**	NS	NS	NS
			T×D	**	NS	NS	**	*	**
			V×D	**	NS	**	NS	NS	*
			T×V×D	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	*

Table 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 3

Effects of different sowing dates and planting densities on main composition of rapeseed stem (%)"

年份 Year	播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	密度 Density	酸不溶木质素 Acid insoluble lignin	酸溶木质素 Soluble lignin	总木质素 Total lignin	半纤维素 Hemicel lulose	纤维素 Cellulose	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar
2017-2018	T1	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	24.00bc	1.73abc	25.73abcd	19.03cde	34.74bc	3.44a
			D2	24.23abc	1.70abc	25.93abc	20.11b	36.00ab	3.24b
			D3	24.96a	1.57c	26.53a	21.13a	37.25a	3.05c
			D4	23.38cde	1.73abc	25.11cde	18.75def	35.98ab	3.40a
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	22.43fg	1.83ab	24.26fg	18.66def	32.78cd	3.29b
			D2	23.74bcd	1.80ab	25.54bcd	18.61def	34.84bc	3.11c
			D3	24.53ab	1.74abc	26.26ab	19.84bc	35.61ab	3.06c
			D4	23.78bcd	1.77ab	25.55bcd	19.33bcd	34.78bc	3.27b
	T2	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	21.84g	1.73abc	23.57g	16.96hi	29.14e	3.08c
			D2	22.72ef	1.72abc	24.43efg	17.56gh	30.89de	2.86e
			D3	24.03bc	1.68abc	25.71abcd	17.98fg	31.51d	2.71f
			D4	24.48ab	1.63bc	26.11ab	18.09efg	32.61d	2.68f
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	21.73g	1.87a	23.59g	16.91hi	22.32h	2.96d
			D2	22.32fg	1.82ab	24.14fg	17.22ghi	23.79gh	2.72f
			D3	23.08def	1.82ab	24.90def	16.301i	25.46fg	2.70f
			D4	23.36cde	1.81ab	25.17cde	17.95fg	27.09f	2.63f
2018-2019	T1	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	24.43b	2.03bcde	26.46b	18.32abc	27.97cd	5.50a
			D2	25.43a	1.99cdef	27.42a	18.90a	28.85bc	4.87c
			D3	25.66a	1.94efg	27.60a	19.25a	32.45a	4.06h
			D4	22.58cd	2.11ab	24.68cd	17.10defg	27.88cd	4.41f
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	20.96fgh	2.06abcd	23.02efg	17.38cdef	26.70de	4.96b
			D2	22.44cd	1.98def	24.42cd	18.10abcd	29.06bc	4.49e
			D3	23.20c	1.85gh	25.05c	18.36abc	30.59b	3.21l
			D4	21.22efg	2.01bcde	23.23ef	17.53bcde	28.96bc	4.33f
	T2	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	20.23hi	1.91fgh	22.14gh	17.44cde	26.36de	5.04b
			D2	21.17efgh	1.88gh	23.05efg	17.62bcde	26.75de	4.57d
			D3	22.04de	1.86gh	23.90de	18.21abcd	28.14cd	4.18g
			D4	23.40c	1.76i	25.16c	18.63ab	28.90bc	3.76j
		沣油520 FY 520	D1	19.73i	2.13a	21.87h	15.13h	23.71g	4.80c
			D2	20.55ghi	2.08abc	22.64fgh	16.15g	24.68fg	3.95i
			D3	21.84def	1.87gh	23.71de	16.30fg	26.01ef	3.43k
			D4	23.06c	1.84hi	24.90c	16.64efg	27.01de	3.36k
方差分析Variance analyses
2017-2018			T	**	NS	**	**	**	**
			V	**	**	**	**	**	**
			D	**	NS	**	**	**	**
			T×V	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	NS
			T×D	**	NS	**	**	*	**
			V×D	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	*
			T×V×D	**	NS	**	NS	NS	NS
2018-2019			T	**	**	**	**	**	**
			V	**	**	**	**	**	**
			D	**	**	**	**	**	**
			T×V	**	**	**	**	**	NS
			T×D	**	**	**	**	**	**
			V×D	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	**
			T×V×D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	**

Table 3

Fig. 4

Table 4

Fig. 5

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播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	密度 Density	2017-2018			2018-2019
播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	密度 Density	生育期 Growth days (d)	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃)	降雨量 Rainfall (mm)	生育期 Growth days (d)	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃)	降雨量 Rainfall (mm)
T1	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	218	2772.2	207.3	218	2669.9	492.8
		D2	216	2727.5	207.3	216	2623.5	492.8
		D3	214	2678.6	206.3	214	2581.4	492.8
		D4	213	2653.4	206.3	213	2564.0	492.8
	沣油520 FY 520	D1	210	2586.1	206.1	210	2519.2	449.5
		D2	208	2548.0	206.1	208	2478.0	449.5
		D3	206	2516.1	199.3	206	2433.3	449.5
		D4	205	2494.2	181.8	205	2415.4	448.4
T2	华油杂62 HZ 62	D1	191	2318.3	183.0	193	2010.4	475.9
		D2	189	2275.3	180.0	192	1974.8	453.1
		D3	188	2254.8	180.0	191	1949.8	453.1
		D4	187	2234.6	180.0	190	1927.4	453.1
	沣油520 FY 520	D1	185	2195.1	144.2	187	1995.8	474.7
		D2	184	2172.7	144.2	186	1955.9	474.7
		D3	183	2150.4	144.2	185	1933.3	474.7
		D4	182	2126.3	144.2	184	1909.2	474.7

播期 Sowing date	因变量 Dependent variable	自变量 Independent variable	回归系数 Regression coefficients	校准误 Calibration error	标准系数 Standard coefficient	显著性Saliency
播期 Sowing date	因变量 Dependent variable	自变量 Independent variable	回归系数 Regression coefficients	校准误 Calibration error	标准系数 Standard coefficient	T	P
T1	倒伏指数 Lodging index	酸溶木质素soluble lignin	0.412	0.124	0.414	3.334	0.002
	倒伏指数 Lodging index	总木质素Total lignin	-0.042	0.016	-0.328	-2.643	0.011
	小区产量 Yield	群体可溶性糖Group soluble sugar	-2.399	0.382	-0.654	-6.283	0.000
	小区产量 Yield	群体总木质素Group total lignin	0.670	0.085	0.821	7.889	0.000
T2	倒伏指数 Lodging index	酸溶木质素soluble lignin	-0.078	0.013	-0.636	-6.226	0.000
	倒伏指数 Lodging index	总木质素Total lignin	0.285	0.105	0.278	2.721	0.009
	小区产量 Yield	群体总木质素Group total lignin	1.144	0.071	1.001	16.074	0.000
	小区产量 Yield	群体可溶性糖Group soluble sugar	-3.392	0.643	-0.329	-5.274	0.000

Effects of Different Sowing Dates and Planting Densities on the Yield and Stem Lodging Resistance of Rapeseed

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