不同栽培技术因子对雨养春玉米产量与氮素效率差异的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】In order to provide a theoretical basis for the further improvement of the yield and nutrient efficiency of different maize production levels, the effects of the increasing and decreasing measures on the yield and nutrient efficiency of maize under different technical modes were explored, and the technical priorities were clarified. 【Method】 By investigating the yield level and technical mode of farmers, high-yield and high-efficiency, as well as super high yield, it was clear that planting density, cultivation measures, nitrogen management and varieties were the main measures to limit the yield and efficiency improvement of maize at different production levels. On the basis, three technical models of super high yield (SH), high-yield and high-efficiency (HH) and farmer household (FP) were set up. According to the measure factors under different technical modes, the split area experiment was carried out, in which the tillage method was the main plot, the variety was sub-plot, the nitrogen fertilizer management was sub-sub-plot, and the density was sub-sub-sub-plot.【Result】Under the FP model, the priority order of technical measures to yield contribution was nitrogen management, planting density, soil tillage, and variety, while the contribution rate to yield was 9.9%, 6.0%, 4.4% and 2.5%, respectively. Under the HH model, the priority order of cultivation measures to yield contribution was planting density, nitrogen management, soil tillage, and variety, with the contribution rate of 7.7%, 5.2%, 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Under SH mode, the priority order of cultivation measures to yield contribution was planting density, soil tillage, nitrogen management, and variety, with the contribution rate of 8.9%, 7.3%, 6.5% and 4.3%, respectively. Among the three models, the contribution rate of cultivation technical factors to nitrogen efficiency from high to low was nitrogen management, planting density, soil cultivation and variety. Among them, the contribution rate of nitrogen management, planting density, soil tillage and variety to nitrogen efficiency was 30.5%, 6.0%, 4.4% and 2.5% in FP mode, 19.7%, 7.7%, 4.7% and 4.5% in HH mode, 25.4%, 8.3%, 6.5% and 4.5% in SH mode, respectively.【Conclusion】There was no fixed priority order for the contribution of technical factors to the yield. The formation of yield gap under different management levels was affected by multiple factors, and the technical factors had synergistic effect. Under the management of farmer's level, the contribution rate of nitrogen management to the yield ranked first, while the contribution of planting density and soil tillage to the yield was greater under the higher management level. However, the nutrient efficiency gap was mainly caused by nitrogen management, and the contribution rate of nitrogen management to nutrient efficiency ranked the first at different yield levels.

Key words: agronomy factor, rain-fed, spring maize, yield gap, nitrogen efficiency gap

CAO YuJun,YAO FanYun,WANG Dan,LÜ YanJie,LIU XiaoDan,WANG LiChun,WANG YongJun,LI CongFeng. Effects of Different Agronomy Factors on Yield Gap and Nitrogen Efficiency Gap of Spring Maize Under Rain-Fed Conditions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3036-3047.

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技术模式 Technique mode	种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴plants/hm²)	耕作方式 Tillage method	肥料 Fertilizer	总用量 Total amount (kg·hm^-2)	肥料施用时期和施用比例 Fertilizer application period and application ratio
技术模式 Technique mode	种植密度 Planting density (×10⁴plants/hm²)	耕作方式 Tillage method	肥料 Fertilizer	总用量 Total amount (kg·hm^-2)	播前 Before sowing	拔节 Jointing stage	大喇叭口期 Bell stage	吐丝期 Silking stage
FP	6.0	浅旋15 cm Shallow rotary (15 cm)	氮肥N	270	100%	–	–	–
			磷肥P₂O₅	120	100%	–	–	–
			钾肥K₂O	120	100%	–	–	–
HH	7.5	深松/深翻 Deep tillage	氮肥N	225	20%	30%	30%	30%
			磷肥P₂O₅	120	100%	–	–	–
			钾肥K₂O	120	100%	–	–	–
			有机肥 Organic fertilizer	15000	100%	–	–	–
SH	9.0	深松/深翻 Deep tillage	氮肥N	360	40%	30%	–	30%
			磷肥P₂O₅	120	100%	–	–	–
			钾肥K₂O	120	100%	–	–	–
			有机肥 Organic fertilizer	15000	100%	–	–	–

技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Technique factor	2017		2018		平均Average
技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Technique factor	产量差 Yield gap (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率Contribution rate (%)	产量差 Yield gap (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	产量差 Yield gap (kg·hm^-2)		贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
FP	与FP比较 Compared with the FP
	+土壤耕作 +Tillage	361.9	3.5	523.6	5.1	442.8		4.4
	+氮肥管理 +N management	1050.5	10.3	960	9.5	1005.3		9.9
	+密度 +Density	770.8	7.6	440.9	4.4	609.9		6.0
	+品种 +Variety	294.6	2.9	205.7	2.1	250.2		2.5
HH	与HH比较 Compared with the FP
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-594.0	-4.7	-678.1	-5.7	-571.1	-5.2
	-氮肥管理 -N management	-556.2	-4.4	-513.8	-4.3	-510.0	-4.4
	-密度 -Density	-1209.3	-9.6	-1279.1	-10.8	-1244.2	-10.2
	++密度 ++Density	760.6	6.0	483.8	4.1	622.2	5.1
	+品种 +Variety	434.5	3.5	599.8	5.1	542.2	4.3
SH	与SH比较 Compared with the SH
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-498.5	-3.6	-1182.7	-9.1	-840.6	-6.5
	-氮肥管理 -N management	-1114.1	-8.0	-833.1	-6.4	-973.6	-7.3
	-密度 -Density	-1507.0	-10.9	-908.3	-6.9	-1207.7	-8.9
	+品种 +Variety	557.4	4.0	799.2	6.2	678.3	5.1

技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Measure factor	2017		2018		平均 Average
技术模式 Technical mode	技术因子 Measure factor	效率差 Efficiency gap (kg·kg^-1)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	效率差 Efficiency gap (kg·kg^-1)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	效率差 Efficiency gap （kg·kg^-1）	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
FP	与FP比较 Compared with the FP
	+土壤耕作 +Tillage	1.3	3.5	1.9	5.1	1.64	4.4
	+氮肥管理 +N management	12.2	31.2	11.8	29.8	12.0	30.5
	+密度 +Density	2.8	7.6	1.6	4.5	2.2	6.0
	+品种 +Variety	1.1	2.9	0.8	2.1	0.9	2.5
HH	与HH比较 Compared with the HH
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-2.6	-4.7	-3.0	-5.7	-2.8	-5.2
	-氮肥管理 -N management	-10.7	-19.0	-10.7	-20.3	-10.7	-19.7
	-密度 -Density	-5.4	-9.6	-5.7	-10.8	-5.5	-10.2
	++密度 ++Density	3.6	6.0	2.2	4.1	2.9	5.2
	+品种 +Variety	1.9	3.5	2.8	5.1	2.4	4.3
SH	与SH比较 Compared with the SH
	-土壤耕作 -Tillage	-1.4	-3.6	-3.3	-9.1	-2.3	-6.4
	-氮肥管理 -N management	8.7	23.5	8.9	27.3	8.8	25.4
	-密度 -Density	-4.2	-10.9	-2.5	-6.9	-3.4	-8.9
	+品种 +Variety	1.5	4.0	2.2	6.2	1.9	5.1

Effects of Different Agronomy Factors on Yield Gap and Nitrogen Efficiency Gap of Spring Maize Under Rain-Fed Conditions

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