耕作和秸秆还田方式对东北春玉米吐丝期根系特征及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】In view of the prominent contradiction of straw utility, the optimization of straw returning method is significant for promoting the green and sustainable development of agriculture in northeast China, where is the main production areas of spring maize. In this study, the effects of tillage and straw incorporation approaches on the morphology and distribution characteristics of root, dry matter accumulation and yield of spring maize were investigated to provide a theory basis for optimizing tillage and straw incorporation measures to maintain agricultural production.【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Shenyang, Liaoning province in 2017 and 2018. The two-factor random zone group design was adopted to set up four treatments, including straw incorporation with full-thickness plough tillage (PTS), straw incorporation with strip plough tillage (PSS), straw incorporation with full-thickness rotary tillage (RTS), and straw incorporation with strip rotary tillage (RSS). Under different tillage and straw incorporation methods, the differences of root length, root dry weight, their spatial distribution in soil, dry matter accumulation dynamics and yield characters of spring maize were analyzed.【Result】Tillage and straw incorporation methods had significant effects on root length and distribution as well as dry weight and specific root length of spring maize at silking stage. In the vertical soil layer of 0-30 cm, the root length of PTS treatment was 7.9%-43.2% and 17.3%-41.5% higher than other treatments, respectively. In the vertical soil layer of 30-60 cm, root length under strip straw incorporation (PSS and RSS) treatments was average 20.1% and 20.3% higher than those under full-thickness straw incorporation (PTS and RTS) treatments, respectively. Centering on maize plant, the horizontal distribution of root length in soil showed that PTS treatment was the highest and RTS treatment was the lowest in 0-10 cm away from the plant. The lowest root dry weight was observed from RTS treatment, PTS, PSS and RSS treatments presented 36.5%, 59.6% and 17.3% higher root dry weight in the 0-10 cm soil layer, respectively. PTS treatment obtained the highest specific root length in 0-20 cm soil layers, with 8.7%-73.8% and 14.3%-44.7% more than those under other treatments. The spatial distribution of root surface area was significantly different among treatments. PTS and RSS treatments had higher root surface area in 0-30 cm soil layer and better root surface distribution in horizontal and vertical directions. The effects of tillage and straw incorporation methods on the accumulation of dry matter in shoot of spring maize at jointing, silking and maturity stages were significant. Compared with other three treatments, RTS reduced the average dry matter weight of stem+sheath and total shoot weight by 15.5% to 19.2% at jointing stage. The weight of ear and shoot dry matter in maturity stage under PTS treatment was 3.6%-12.3% and 2.7%-12.4% higher than those under other treatments, followed by PSS and RSS treatments, and RTS treatment was the lowest. Tillage and straw incorporation methods significantly affected the number of ears and grain yield of spring maize. PTS, PSS, and RSS treatments obtained average 8.3%, 7.9%, and 5.8% higher grain yield than that under RTS treatments in 2017 and 2018. RTS significantly reduced the number of ears by 2.9%-9.1% and 7.0%-9.7%, compared with other three treatments.【Conclusion】Proper tillage and straw returning methods were conducive to promoting the morphological development of crop root and its spatial distribution in the tilled soil layer, optimizing of dry matter accumulation and distribution characteristics, and the distribution of dry matter to ear at maturity, so as to increase the yield of spring maize. In summary, the straw strip returning with plough tillage was recommended in the study area.

Key words: straw incorporation, spring maize, root distribution, grain yield

JIANG Ying,WANG ZhengYu,LIAN HongLi,WANG MeiJia,SU YeHan,TIAN Ping,SUI PengXiang,MA ZiQi,WANG YingYan,MENG GuangXin,SUN Yue,LI CongFeng,QI Hua. Effects of Tillage and Straw Incorporation Method on Root Trait at Silking Stage and Grain Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3071-3082.

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References 35

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	垂直根长分布 Vertical root length distribution					总根长 Total root length
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	0-30 cm	30-60 cm	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	总根长 Total root length
2017	PTS	454.8a	80.3b	290.7a	157.7a	80.3b	535.1a
	PSS	421.4a	102.5a	281.4a	133.5b	102.4a	523.9a
	RTS	317.6b	79.8b	209.3b	105.2c	82.9b	397.4b
	RSS	383.2ab	111.5a	280.3a	136.6b	99.8a	494.7a
2018	PTS	508.6a	272.4c	422.8a	189.7ab	168.4a	780.9a
	PSS	433.5b	301.0ab	369.2c	216.2a	149.1b	734.5b
	RTS	359.8d	289.9b	349.7d	169.3b	130.7b	649.7c
	RSS	391.4c	339.9a	381.6a	196.8ab	152.9a	731.3b
方差分析（F值）ANOVA (F-value)
T		9.11**	7.05	0.25*	0.17**	21.25	35.65**
S		3.17*	1.98**	9.66*	2.39*	1.89**	26.36**
T×S		0.275**	8.14*	1.37*	1.94*	9.21*	5.32**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期Jointing stage			吐丝期Silking stage				成熟期Maturity stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶 Leave	茎鞘 Stem	地上部 Shoot	叶 Leave	茎鞘 Stem	果穗 Fruit	地上部 Shoot	叶 Leave	茎鞘 Stem	果穗 Fruit	地上部 Shoot
2017	PTS	35.8a	34.7a	70.5a	48.5a	72.2a	33.8a	154.5a	45.5a	88.9a	220.3a	354.5a
	PSS	36.6a	34.3a	70.9a	50.7a	71.2a	31.2a	153.1a	42.2a	80.6a	209.6b	332.4ab
	RTS	32.5a	29.1b	61.6b	44.5a	68.6a	32.8a	145.9b	37.4b	71.5b	207.2b	315.6b
	RSS	38.0a	34.1a	72.1a	42.1a	76.1a	31.3a	149.5ab	42.9a	85.7a	213.6ab	342.3a
2018	PTS	45.9a	42.5b	88.4ab	46.9a	72.3a	50.4a	169.6a	68.2b	93.5a	233.9a	395.6a
	PSS	41.4a	53.9a	95.3a	48.2a	71.7a	43.5b	163.4a	65.3b	85.7ab	218.6ab	369.6b
	RTS	38.4b	40.8b	79.2b	46.5a	65.4b	41.9b	153.8b	60.8b	80.7b	210.4b	351.9b
	RSS	43.2a	52.9a	96.1a	48.0a	73.8a	44.4b	166.2a	78.1a	86.9ab	220.1a	385.1a
方差分析（F值）ANOVA (F-value)
T		3.15	0.87	10.32	0.69	12.87**	6.37*	19.56*	30.69	2.79*	10.27*	17.32*
S		5..62	5.21*	8.65**	2.16*	8.21	4.15	25.21	12.16	1.17	6.71	4.65**
T×S		2.36	3.56	1.32*	3.65	3.56	0.89	4.01*	9.65	1.68	5.56*	3.32*

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Ear number (hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2017	PTS	65741a	497a	31.2a	9762.9a
	PSS	66056a	500a	30.5a	9812.2a
	RTS	60574c	495a	29.4a	9128.8b
	RSS	62352b	508a	30.4a	9418.3ab
2018	PTS	67364a	513a	36.8a	10100.5a
	PSS	65741b	509a	35.9a	9981.3a
	RTS	61420c	486b	36.2a	9209.5b
	RSS	66660ab	508a	34.7a	9994.9a
方差分析（F值）ANOVA (F-value)
T		3.341**	0.254	0.126	6.326**
S		0.487*	0.311	0.177	5.275
T×S		0.297**	0.754	0.266	0.222*

Effects of Tillage and Straw Incorporation Method on Root Trait at Silking Stage and Grain Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China

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