Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 418-430.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.02.016

• SPECIAL FOCUS: YOUNG RUMINANT REARING RESEARCH • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Amino Acid Deficiency on Growth Development, Dietary Nutrients Digestion and Metabolism in Heifers

KONG FanLin1,LI Yuan1,TANG MengQi2,MA ManPeng1,FU Tong2,DIAO QiYu1,CHENG SiYuan1,TU Yan1()   

  1. 1 Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing 100081
    2 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000
  • Received:2019-06-24 Accepted:2019-09-04 Online:2020-01-16 Published:2020-02-17
  • Contact: Yan TU E-mail:tuyan@caas.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of deleting dietary lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and threonine (Thr) on growth performance, and nutrients digestion and metabolism in 3-6 month-old Chinese Holstein heifers. It can provide not only the evidences for diagnosing the deficiency disease of amino acid of heifers in production, but also the guidance for determining amino acid requirements of heifers in the future.【Method】The experiment was conducted for 90 days with 72 Holstein heifers aged about 84 day-old fed in restricted amounts. Following a 7-day covariate period, heifers were allocated to 4 groups according to date of birth and body weight: 30% Lys reducing treatment (PC-Lys), 30% Met reducing treatment (PC-Met), 30% Thr reducing treatment (PC-Thr) and theoretical amino acid balanced treatment (PC). Body weight, body size and length of nipples were measured on 1, 30, 60 and 90 day. Six healthy calves were selected from each group at the ages of 132-138 and 173-179 day for twice and metabolism test. Feces, urine and feeds samples were collected to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen metabolism. Dry matter intake was recorded daily throughout the whole trial period. 【Result】Compared with PC, the results showed that (1) Lys deficiency significantly decreased Gain/Feed (G/F) in 90 to 180 day-old heifers (P＜0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) of PC-Lys group was lowest among four groups in 90 to 180 day-old heifers (P＞0.05). ADG and G/F were not influenced by Met and Thr deficiency in 90 to 180 day-old heifers (P＞0.05); (2) No differences of diarrhea rate were found among four groups (P＞0.05), while diarrhea rate was highest in PC-Lys group (P＞0.05). However, Lys and Thr deficiency decreased fecal score (P＜0.05); (3) Lys, Met and Thr deficiency did not affect body size (P＞0.05), but the growth rate of nipples of PC-Lys group were lower than that of PC group (P＜0.05); (4) The apparent digestibility of nutrients were not influenced by different treatments. Retained N of intake N and biological value of N were significantly decreased in PC-Lys group (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】On the basis of the theoretical amino acid balanced diet, reducing 30% dietary Lys had adverse effect on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism, and reducing 30% dietary Thr could deteriorate diarrhea, while reducing 30% dietary Met had no effects in heifers.

Key words: Lys, Met, Thr, heifers, growth performance, nitrogen metabolism

Table 1

Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet (dry matter basis, %)"

日粮组成 Ingredient 含量Content (%) 营养成分Nutrient 2) 营养水平Nutrient level
玉米 Corn 45.67 干物质 DM（风干物质基础 Air-dry basis） 90.53
苜蓿 Alfalfa 25
小麦麸 Wheat bran 15 总能 GE（Mcal/kg） 16.76
大豆粕 Soybean meal 11.97 代谢能 ME（Mcal/kg） 12.71
细石粉 CaCO3 1.06 有机物 OM 93.32
预混料1% Premix1) 1 粗蛋白质 CP 19.22
食盐 NaCl 0.3 粗脂肪 EE 4.56
合计 Total 100 中性洗涤纤维 NDF 20.08
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 11.43
钙 Ca 1.07
磷 P 0.49
赖氨酸 Lys 0.73
蛋氨酸 Met 0.11
苏氨酸 Thr 0.41

Table 2

Dietary rumen-protected amino acid production and amino acid levels（dry matter basis, %）"

项目Item 组别 Group
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr
过瘤胃赖氨酸产品 RPLys product1) 1.68 0.42 1.68 1.68
过瘤胃蛋氨酸产品 RPMet product2) 1.32 1.32 0.77 1.32
过瘤胃苏氨酸产品 RPThr product3) 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.40
赖氨酸 Lys 1.21 0.85 1.21 1.21
蛋氨酸 Met 0.40 0.40 0.28 0.40
苏氨酸 Thr 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.55

Table 3

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on growth performance of calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM 固定效应P值 P-value of fixed effect
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr 处理
Treatment		 日龄
Day		 处理×日龄
Treatment×day
平均日增重ADG (g·d-1)
90-180日龄 90-180 d 824.93ab 786.19b 864.71a 821.36ab 20.099 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.09
90-120日龄 90-120 d 700.64ab 638.2b 747.69a 721.47a 25.414 ＜0.01
120-150日龄 120-150 d 859.78 952.54 947.02 874.36 33.509 0.06
150-180日龄 150-180 d 914.36 767.85 899.42 868.26 56.175 0.06
干物质采食量 DMI (kg·d-1)
90-180日龄 90-180 d 3.20 3.26 3.25 3.28 0.032 0.09 ＜0.01 0.68
90-120日龄 90-120 d 2.52 2.60 2.57 2.63 0.040 0.07
120-150日龄 120-150 d 3.18b 3.27a 3.27a 3.27a 0.028 0.03
150-180日龄 150-180 d 3.90 3.91 3.91 3.94 0.054 0.57
饲料转化效率 G/F
90-180日龄 90-180 d 0.26ab 0.24c 0.27a 0.25bc 0.005 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.03
90-120日龄 90-120 d 0.28ab 0.24c 0.31a 0.27b 0.010 ＜0.01
120-150日龄 120-150 d 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.010 0.12
150-180日龄 150-180 d 0.24a 0.19b 0.23ab 0.22ab 0.014 0.02

Table 4

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on body measurements of calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值
P-value
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr
体高
Withers height (cm)
 90日龄 90 d 95.4 93.3 95.4 94.8 0.45 0.30
180日龄 180 d 111.9 111.6 111.8 112.2 0.41 0.96
增长率Growth rate 17.34 19.62 17.14 18.37 0.381 0.08
体斜长
Body length (cm)
 90日龄 90 d 102.9 103.5 102.71 101.83 0.58 0.82
180日龄 180 d 119.3 120.9 120.3 121.2 0.48 0.54
增长率Growth rate 16.01 18.45 17.98 19.73 0.738 0.33
十字部高
Hip height (cm)
 90日龄 90 d 99.1 97.4 99.3 98.9 0.49 0.53
180日龄 180 d 117.0 116.6 116.9 117.2 0.39 0.96
增长率Growth rate 18.16 19.67 17.68 18.57 0.361 0.25
胸围
Heart girth (cm)
 90日龄 90 d 110.3 110.1 112.1 110.7 0.53 0.57
180日龄 180 d 135.9 133.4 136.6 135.8 0.60 0.25
增长率Growth rate 23.29 21.24 21.88 22.72 0.448 0.39
腹围
Abdominal girth (cm)
 90日龄 90 d 122.3 123.3 123.0 122.8 0.73 0.97
180日龄 180 d 157.6 157.3 158.9 161.4 0.99 0.46
增长率Growth rate 29.09 27.66 29.34 31.73 0.861 0.41
腰角宽
Hip width (cm)
 90日龄 90 d 21.9 22.6 22.3 22.0 0.17 0.53
180日龄 180 d 34.4 35.3 34.8 35.0 0.19 0.42
增长率Growth rate 56.60 57.17 55.97 59.76 1.189 0.67

Table 5

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on nipple development of calves"

项目
Item		 日龄
Days of age		 组别 Group SEM P值
P-value
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr
左后
Left rear (mm)
 90日龄 90 d 14.9b 17.6a 13.9b 16.2ab 0.45 0.01
180日龄 180 d 23.5 25.1 23.4 26.4 0.53 0.17
增长率Growth rate 61.8ab 47.2b 74.1a 63.7ab 3.29 0.03
左前
Left front (mm)
 90日龄 90 d 14.9 17.3 14.8 15.9 0.41 0.10
180日龄 180 d 27.4 28.8 26.2 26.9 0.56 0.40
增长率Growth rate 81.9 70.3 82.5 69.3 4.19 0.55
右后
Right rear (mm)
 90日龄 90 d 14.0b 16.4a 13.8b 15.7ab 0.39 0.03
180日龄 180 d 20.9 23.3 22.8 24.1 0.53 0.19
增长率Growth rate 61.3 57.9 71.4 73.0 3.78 0.41
右前
Right front (mm)		 90日龄 90 d 15.9b 18.1a 14.7b 15.8b 0.42 0.02
180日龄 180 d 25.5 28.3 26.2 27.9 0.50 0.14
增长率Growth rate 53.4ab 45.8b 69.5a 53.6ab 3.05 0.03

Table 6

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on the diarrhea rate and fecal score of calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值
P-value
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr
腹泻率 Diarrhea rate (%) 5.6 9.0 7.7 5.7 0.64 0.17
粪便评分 Fecal score 1.48c 1.58ab 1.49bc 1.60a 0.013 ＜0.01

Fig. 1

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on the fecal score of calves"

Table 7

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on the nutrient metabolism calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值
P value
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr
干物质表观消化率 DM apparent digestibility (%)
135-138 d 66.30 67.81 69.33 66.24 0.51 0.10
176-179 d 69.65 70.69 69.97 68.04 0.51 0.32
有机物表观消化率 OM apparent digestibility (%)
135-138 d 71.26 71.60 73.67 71.10 0.47 0.18
176-179 d 73.91 75.28 73.92 72.33 0.49 0.22
总能表观消化率 GE apparent digestibility (%)
135-138 d 65.95 67.77 68.43 66.31 0.48 0.21
176-179 d 70.67 72.23 70.74 69.37 0.47 0.20

Table 8

Effects of Lys, Met and Thr deficiency on the nitrogen metabolism of calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P 值
P value
PC PC-Lys PC-Met PC-Thr
摄入氮 N intake (g·d-1)
135-138 d 97.57 97.54 96.87 99.66 0.93 0.76
176-179 d 104.07 105.20 105.29 118.60 2.73 0.23
粪氮 Fecal N (g·d-1)
135-138 d 30.77 30.63 28.78 34.87 0.86 0.07
176-179 d 26.10 26.37 25.85 33.88 1.27 0.07
尿氮 Urine N (g·d-1)
135-138 d 31.14 29.66 32.08 26.73 1.01 0.27
176-179 d 32.93b 48.66a 40.88ab 40.86ab 1.76 0.01
吸收氮 Absorded N (g·d-1)
135-138 d 66.79 66.91 68.10 64.78 1.12 0.79
176-179 d 77.97 76.33 79.44 84.72 2.09 0.61
沉积氮 Retained N (g·d-1)
135-138 d 35.66 37.25 36.02 38.05 1.48 0.94
176-179 d 45.04 30.18 38.56 43.86 2.14 0.06
总排出氮 Total N excretion (g·d-1)
135-138 d 61.91 60.29 60.86 61.61 1.28 0.97
176-179 d 59.03 75.02 66.73 74.74 2.35 0.05
N消化率 Absorbed N of intake N (%)
135-138 d 68.33 68.51 70.39 64.97 0.88 0.18
176-179 d 74.80 72.58 75.41 71.44 0.69 0.12
N利用率 Retained N of intake N (%)
135-138 d 36.36 37.99 37.22 38.15 1.38 0.97
176-179 d 43.24a 28.81b 36.42ab 36.96a 1.62 0.01
N的生物学价值 Biological value of N (%)
135-138 d 53.04 55.05 52.69 58.56 1.73 0.64
176-179 d 57.64a 39.78b 48.33ab 51.73a 2.04 0.01
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