麦秸处理和播种方式对夏大豆农艺性状及土壤物理性状的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.08.003

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】 This study is to evaluate the effects of wheat straw management and sowing methods on soybean growth and development and soil physical properties in the wheat-soybean double-cropping system of Yellow-Huai-Hai Rivers Valley, to illustrate the key points of no-till sowing technologies, and to assess the utilization value of a new method of no-tillage plus straw mulching and precise sowing (NTSMPS), in order to provide the technical solution for improving summer soybean productivity in this region. 【Method】The split-plot field experiment, in which the main-plot factor was the sowing method while the sub-plot factor was straw-returning amount, was performed in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, in 2012-2014. The sowing method factor had three levels: NTSMPS, conventional no-tillage plus-mechanical drilling (CNSD), and rotary-tillage plus artificial broadcasting (RTAB), and the straw returning amount had two levels: Total-amount and half-amount straw returning. With six treatments, we compared the effects of straw management and sowing methods on soybean sowing and emergence quality, growing process, yield, soil physical properties and wheat straw decomposition rate. 【Result】 The emergence date of NTSMPS was 1 day and 1-3 days earlier than that of CSND and RTAB, respectively. Meanwhile, the emergence rate of NTSMPS was the highest among the three treatments. Furthermore, the date of beginning bloom (R1 stage) of NTSMPS was 0.1-2.3 days earlier than that of the other two sowing methods, and this difference was significant (P＜0.05). However, straw returning amount had no effect on emergence speed and growth rate. The yield in the NTSMPS was 4.12%-12.40% and 1.96%-5.50% higher in a comparison with that of CSND and RTAB, respectively. In contrary, there was insignificant difference of yield among two straw returning amount levels. Compared with RTAB, NTSMPS and CSND resulted in an obvious reduction in soil temperature and increase in soil moisture during sowing and seedling emergence (P＜0.05). Soil humidity was higher in treatment with total-amount straw application than in treatment with half-amount straw returning, while soil temperature was lower only in the dry year (2012). Wheat residue decomposition ratio of RTAB was lower as compared to NTSMPS and CSND. However, wheat straw of NTSMPS exerted no hazardous influence on the sowing and growth of the next season crop (winter wheat).【Conclusion】Straw mulching is a good way for wheat residue management in wheat-soybean double cropping system because of its functions in soil moisture remaining, temperature adjustment, soil sealing prevention, soybean emerging enhancement, and organic matter and mineral supply for the next-season wheat. NTSMPS technology is powerful to synchronously resolve the sticky questions of wheat residue management, and soil fertility improvement and can be widely used in the Yellow-Huai-Hai River Valley and similar areas.

Key words: soybean, no-tillage plus straw mulching and precise sowing, growth and development, physical properties of soil

WANG Xing, WU Cun-xiang, QI Yu-jun, XU Ze-jun,WANG Zong-biao, HAN Tian-fu. Effects of Straw Management and Sowing Methods on Soybean Agronomic Traits and Soil Physical Properties[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(8): 1453-1465.

0
/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

URL: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/EN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.08.003

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/EN/Y2016/V49/I8/1453

References

[1] Triplett G B, Dick W A. No-tillage crop production: A revolution in agriculture. Agronomy Journal, 2008, 100(3): S153-S165.

[2] 彭建, 卢建文, 王丹英, 徐春梅, 韩博, 陶龙兴, 章秀福, 符冠富. 冬季保护性耕作对后茬水稻产量和品质的影响. 江苏农业学报, 2009, 25(5): 952-956.

Peng J, Lu J W, Wang D Y, Xu C M, Han B, Tao L X, Zhang X F, Fu G F. Effects of winter conservation tillage in paddy field on rice yield and grain quality. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 25(5): 952-956. (in Chinese)

[3] Karunatilake U, van Es H M, Schindelbeck R R. Soil and maize response to plow and no-tillage after alfalfa-to-maize conversion on a clay loam soil in New York. Soil and Tillage Research, 2000(55): 31-42.

[4] 王麒. 不同抗旱栽培技术模式对玉米生育性状及产量的影响. 黑龙江农业科学, 2012(6): 24-26.

Wang Q. Effect of different drought cultivation practices on growth characters and yield of maize. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2012(6): 24-26. (in Chinese)

[5] 赵鹏, 陈阜. 豫北秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦氮利用及土壤硝态氮的短期效应. 中国农业大学学报, 2008, 13(4): 19-23.

Zhao P, Chen F. Short-term influences of straw and nitrogen cooperation on nitrogen use and soil nitrate content in North Henan. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2008, 13(4): 19-23. (in Chinese)

[6] Rockstrom J, Kaumbutho P, Mwalley J, Nzabi A W, Temesgen M, Mawenya L, Barron J, Mutua J, Damgaard-Larsen S. Conservation farming strategies in East and Southern Africa: Yields and rain water productivity from on-farm action research. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 103(1): 23-32.

[7] 黄小洋, 黄国勤, 余冬晖, 刘宝林, 胡恒凯, 刘隆旺. 免耕栽培对晚稻群体质量及产量的影响. 江西农业学报, 2004, 16(3): 1-4.

Huang X Y, Huang G Q, Yu D H, Liu B L, Hu H K, Liu L W. Effects of no-tillage cultivation on population quality and yield of late rice. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2004, 16(3): 1-4. (in Chinese)

[8] Chen Y, Liu S, Li H, Li X F. Effects of conservation tillage on corn and soybean yield in the humid continental climate region of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research, 2011(115/116): 56-61.

[9] 郝建华, 丁艳锋, 王强盛, 刘正辉, 李刚华, 乔晶, 刘杨, 王绍华. 麦秸还田对水稻群体质量和土壤特性的影响. 南京农业大学学报, 2010, 33(3): 13-18.

Hao J H, Ding Y F, Wang Q S, Liu Z H, Li G H, Qiao J, Liu Y, Wang S H. Effect of wheat crop straw application on the quality of rice population and soil properties. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2010, 33(3): 13-18. (in Chinese)

[10] 王增春, 刘胜环, 黄少华. 麦草全量还田稻作氮肥运筹研究. 江苏农业科学, 2007(6): 44-46, 64.

Wang Z C, Liu S H, Huang S H. Study on nitrogenous fertilizer application in rice cultivation with returning all wheat straw to field. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2007(6): 44-46, 64. (in Chinese)

[11] 李新举, 张志国, 李贻学. 土壤深度对还田秸秆腐解速度的影响. 土壤学报, 2001, 38(1): 135-138.

Li X J, Zhang Z G, Li Y X. Effects of soil depth on decay speed of straw. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2001, 38(1): 135-138. (in Chinese)

[12] 刘世平, 聂新涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 稻麦两熟条件下不同土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田效用分析. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(7): 48-51.

Liu S P, Nie X T, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K. Effects of tillage and straw returning on soil fertility and grain yield in a wheat-rice double cropping system.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2006, 22(7): 48-51. (in Chinese)

[13] Jiao Y, Whalen J K , Hendershot W H. No-tillage and manure applications increase aggregation and improve nutrient retention in a sandy-loam soil. Geoderma, 2006(134): 24-33.

[14] Reiter M S, Deitch U T, Frame W H, Holshouser D L, Thomason W E. The Nutrient Value of Straw. 2015, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/CSES/CSES-126/CSES-126.html.

[15] Dam R F, Mehdi B B, Burgess M S E, Madramootoo C A, Mehuys G R, Callum G R. Soil bulk density and crop yield under eleven consecutive years of corn with different tillage and residue practices in a sandy loam soil in central Canada. Soil and Tillage Research, 2005, 84(1): 41-53.

[16] 赵红, 吕贻忠. 保护性耕作对潮土结构特性的影响. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(5): 1956-1960.

Zhao H, Lü Y Z. The effect of conservation tillage on the structural characteristics of Fluvo-aquic soil. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(5): 1956-1960. (in Chinese)

[17] 司纪升, 王法宏, 李升东, 孔令安, 冯波, 张宾. 旱地保护性耕作对土壤理化性状和冬小麦生理特性的影响. 山东农业科学, 2008(7): 9-12.

Si J S, Wang F H, Li S D, Kong L A, Feng B, Zhang B.Effectofconservativetillageunderrainfedconditiononsoilphysicochemicalcharactersandwinterwheatphysiologicaltraits.Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2008(7): 9-12. (in Chinese)

[18] 王育红, 蔡典雄, 姚宇卿, 王小彬, 吕军杰, 李俊红, 丁志强, 张洁. 豫西旱坡地长期定位保护性耕作研究—Ⅰ. 连年免耕和深松覆盖对冬小麦生育及产量的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(5): 47-51.

Wang Y H, Cai D X, Yao Y Q, Wang X B, Lü J J, Li J H, Ding Z Q, Zhang J. Study on long-term site-specific conservation tillage on sloping dryland in the western part of Henan-Ⅰ. Effects of no-till and subsoiling with mulching on growth characteristics and yield of winter wheat.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2009, 27(5): 47-51. (in Chinese)

[19] 王志民, 薛国祥, 陈岗, 蔡光泽, 何天祥, 陈开陆. 长期定位试验免耕覆盖对稻田土壤性状及作物产量的影响研究. 西昌学院学报: 自然科学版, 2010, 24(1): 1-4.

Wang Z M, Xue G X, Chen G, Cai G Z, He T X, Chen K L. Study on the effect of no-tillage mulch on soil characteristics of rice fields and crop yield in long-term located field experiment. Journal of Xichang College: Natural Science Edition, 2010, 24(1): 1-4. (in Chinese)

[20] Rope M M, Ward P R, Keulen A F, Hill J R. Under no-tillage and stubble retention, soil water content and crop growth are poorly related to soil water repellency. Soil and Tillage Research, 2013, 126: 143-150.

[21] 刘爽, 张兴义. 保护性耕作对黑土农田土壤水热及作物产量的影响. 大豆科学, 2011, 30(1): 56-61.

Liu S, Zhang X Y. Effect of conservation tillage on soil temperature, water content and yield in arable black soil. Soybean Science, 2011, 30(1): 56-61. (in Chinese)

[22] 韩晓君, 张先政. 不同作物秸秆腐熟还田对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响分析. 安徽农学通报, 2013, 19(16): 80-82.

Han X J, Zhang X Z. Effects of treating different crop straw returning to field with decomposition on the physicochemical properties of soil and crop yield.Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013, 19(16): 80-82. (in Chinese)

[23] 吴婕, 朱钟麟, 郑家国, 姜心禄. 秸秆覆盖还田对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响. 西南农业学报, 2006, 19(2): 192-195.

Wu J, Zhu Z L, Zheng J G, Jiang X L. Influences of straw mulching treatment on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yields. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2006, 19(2): 192-195. (in Chinese)

[24] 徐婷, 雍太文, 刘文钰, 刘小明, 董茜, 宋春, 杨峰, 王小春, 杨文钰. 播期和密度对玉米－大豆套作模式下大豆植株、干物质积累及产量的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 2014, 36(5) :593- 601.

Xu T, Yong T W, Liu W Y, Liu X M, Dong Q, Song C, Yang F, Wang X C, Yang W Y. Effects of sowing time and density on soybean agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and yield in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2014, 36(5): 593-601. (in Chinese)

[25] 赵满全, 郝建国, 赵士杰, 侯海旺, 李克夫, 佘大庆, 刘汉涛. 免耕播种机械化技术效益分析与研究. 内蒙古农业大学学报, 2004, 25(4): 71-74.

Zhao M Q, Hao J G, Zhao S J, Hou H W, Li K F, She D Q, Liu H T. The effect analysis and the study on the mechanization technology of no-till seeding. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2004, 25(4):71-74. (in Chinese)

[26] 洪晓强, 李立科, 杨少伟. 关中西部小麦秸秆覆盖免耕播种生态效应. 西北农业学报, 2011, 20(11): 52-55.

Hong X Q, Li L K, Yang S W. Ecological effect of wheat no-till with straw cover in western Guanzhong plateau. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2011, 20(11): 52-55. (in Chinese)

[27] Hussain I, Olson K R, Ebelhar S A. Impacts of tillage and no-till on production of maize and soybean on an eroded Illinois silt loam soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 1999, 52(1/2): 37-49.

[28] 胡建平, 毛罕平. 精密播种技术的研究与创新. 农机化研究, 2003, 10(4): 52-53, 59.

Hu J P, Mao H P. A study and innovation on precision seeding technology. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2003, 10(4): 52-53, 59. (in Chinese)

[29] 赵俊卿, 任建军, 卢为国, 陈海涛, 朱贝贝, 段国占, 韩天富, 吴存祥. 免耕覆秸精量播种对大豆生长发育和产量构成因素的影响. 大豆科学, 2012, 31(5): 734-738.

Zhao J Q, Ren J J, Lu W G, Chen H T, Zhu B B, Duan G Z, Han T F, Wu C X. Effects of no-tillage and straw mulching precise sowing on growth, development and yield components of post-wheat summer-sowing soybean in Huanghuaihai Region. Soybean Science, 2012, 31(5): 734-738. (in Chinese)

[30] 吴广伟, 陈海涛, 纪文义, 顿国强, 王汉羊. 2BMFJ-3型茬地大豆免耕覆秸精量播种机功耗与油耗特性试验. 大豆科学, 2014, 33(4): 589-593.

Wu G W, Chen H T, Ji W Y, Dun G Q, Wang H Y. Power and fuel consumption of 2MBFJ-3 no-tillage soybean precision seeder in stubble field. Soybean Science, 2014, 33(4): 589-593. (in Chinese)

[31] 莫惠栋. 农业试验统计. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1984: 22-25.

Mo H D. Agricultural Experiment Statistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1984: 22-25. (in Chinese)

[32] Fehr W R, Caviness C E. Stages of Soybean Development. Special Report 80, Cooperative Extension Service, Agriculture and Home Economic Experiment Station. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University , 1977: 1-11.

[33] 刘世平, 陈文林, 聂新涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 麦稻两熟地区不同埋深对还田秸秆腐解进程的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13(6): 1049-1053.

Liu S P, Chen W L, Nie X T, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K. Effect of embedding depth on decomposition course of crop residues in rice-wheat system. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(6): 1049-1053. (in Chinese)

[34] Han W, He M. The application of exogenous cellulase to improve soil fertility and plant growth due to acceleration of straw decomposition. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(10): 3724-3731.

[35] 朱立志, 冯伟, 邱君. 秸秆产业的国外经验与中国的发展路径. 世界农业, 2013(3): 114-117.

Zhu L Z, Feng W, Qiu J. Experience abroad and strategy for China in crop straw utilization. World Agriculture, 2013(3): 114-117. (in Chinese)

[36] 韩天富. 阿根廷大豆生产和科研概况. 大豆科学, 2007, 26(2): 264-269.

Han T F. Overview of soybean production and research in Argentina. Soybean Science, 2007, 26(2): 264-269. (in Chinese)

[37] 姚宝林, 施炯林. 秸秆覆盖免耕条件下土壤温度动态变化研究. 安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(3): 1128-1129, 1132.

Yao B L, Shi J L. Study on the dynamic change of soil temperature under the condition of no-tillage with straw cover. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 36(3): 1128-1129, 1132. (in Chinese)

[38] Fernández U O, Virto I, Bescansa P, Imaz M J, Enrique A, Karlen D L. No-tillage improvement of soil physical quality in calcareous, degradation-prone, semiarid soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 106(1): 29-35.

[39] 徐国伟, 段骅, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 麦秸还田对土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(3): 934-942.

Xu G W, Duan H, Wang Z Q, Liu L J, Yang J C. Effect of wheat-residue application on physical and chemical characters and enzymatic activities in soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(3): 934-942. (in Chinese)

[40] 张永春, 汪吉东, 聂国书, 丁汉平, 孙丽, 许仙菊, 王志明. 不同量秸秆机械化还田对稻麦产量及土壤碳活性的影响. 江苏农业学报, 2008, 24(6): 833-838.

Zhang Y C, Wang J D, Nie G S, Ding H P, Sun L, Xu X J, Wang Z M. Effect of mechanized straw application on crop yields and soil labile carbon content. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 24(6): 833-838. (in Chinese)

[41] 雷金银, 吴发启, 王健, 李荣标. 毛乌素沙地南缘保护性耕作对土壤化学性质的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008, 26(6): 1-7.

Lei J Y, Wu F Q, Wang J, Li R B. The effects of conservation tillage systems on soil chemical properties in southern part of Mu Us. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2008, 26(6): 1-7. (in Chinese)

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Effects of Straw Management and Sowing Methods on Soybean Agronomic Traits and Soil Physical Properties

RichHTML

PDF

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	DONG YongXin,WEI QiWei,HONG Hao,HUANG Ying,ZHAO YanXiao,FENG MingFeng,DOU DaoLong,XU Yi,TAO XiaoRong. Establishment of ALSV-Induced Gene Silencing in Chinese Soybean Cultivars [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1710-1722.
[2]	LI YiLing,PENG XiHong,CHEN Ping,DU Qing,REN JunBo,YANG XueLi,LEI Lu,YONG TaiWen,YANG WenYu. Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Leaf Stay-Green, Photosynthetic Characteristics and System Yield in Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1749-1762.
[3]	GUO ShiBo,ZHANG FangLiang,ZHANG ZhenTao,ZHOU LiTao,ZHAO Jin,YANG XiaoGuang. The Possible Effects of Global Warming on Cropping Systems in China XIV. Distribution of High-Stable-Yield Zones and Agro-Meteorological Disasters of Soybean in Northeast China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1763-1780.
[4]	MA XiaoYan,YANG Yu,HUANG DongLin,WANG ZhaoHui,GAO YaJun,LI YongGang,LÜ Hui. Annual Nutrients Balance and Economic Return Analysis of Wheat with Fertilizers Reduction and Different Rotations [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(8): 1589-1603.
[5]	JIANG FenFen, SUN Lei, LIU FangDong, WANG WuBin, XING GuangNan, ZHANG JiaoPing, ZHANG FengKai, LI Ning, LI Yan, HE JianBo, GAI JunYi. Geographic Differentiation and Evolution of Photo-Thermal Comprehensive Responses of Growth-Periods in Global Soybeans [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(3): 451-466.
[6]	YAN Qiang,XUE Dong,HU YaQun,ZHOU YanYan,WEI YaWen,YUAN XingXing,CHEN Xin. Identification of the Root-Specific Soybean GmPR1-9 Promoter and Application in Phytophthora Root-Rot Resistance [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(20): 3885-3896.
[7]	WANG QiaoJuan,HE Hong,LI Liang,ZHANG Chao,CAI HuanJie. Research on Soybean Irrigation Schedule Based on AquaCrop Model [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3365-3379.
[8]	YUAN Cheng,ZHANG MingCong,WANG MengXue,HUANG BingLin,XIN MingQiang,YIN XiaoGang,HU GuoHua,ZHANG YuXian. Effects of Intertillage Time and Depth on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Formation of Soybean [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(15): 2911-2926.
[9]	ZHAO DingLing,WANG MengXuan,SUN TianJie,SU WeiHua,ZHAO ZhiHua,XIAO FuMing,ZHAO QingSong,YAN Long,ZHANG Jie,WANG DongMei. Cloning of the Soybean Single Zinc Finger Protein Gene GmSZFP and Its Functional Analysis in SMV-Host Interactions [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(14): 2685-2695.
[10]	REN JunBo,YANG XueLi,CHEN Ping,DU Qing,PENG XiHong,ZHENG BenChuan,YONG TaiWen,YANG WenYu. Effects of Interspecific Distances on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Root Spatial Distribution of Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(10): 1903-1916.
[11]	ZHANG ChengQi,LIAO LuLu,QI YongXia,DING KeJian,CHEN Li. Functional Analysis of the Nucleoporin Gene FgNup42 in Fusarium graminearium [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(9): 1894-1903.
[12]	CHEN Xi,LIU YingJie,DONG YongHao,LIU JinYan,LI Wei,XU PengJun,ZANG Yun,REN GuangWei. Effects of CMV-Infected Tobacco on the Performance, Feeding and Host Selection Behavior of Myzus persicae [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(8): 1673-1683.
[13]	HanXi LIU,Hao LÜ,GuangYu GUO,DongXu LIU,Yan SHI,ZhiJun SUN,ZeXin ZHANG,YanJiao ZHANG,YingNan WEN,JieQi WANG,ChunYan LIU,QingShan CHEN,DaWei XIN,JinHui WANG. Effect of rhcN Gene Mutation on Nodulation Ability of Soybean Rhizobium HH103 [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(6): 1104-1111.
[14]	TongYu HOU,TingLi HAO,HaiJiang WANG,Ze ZHANG,Xin LÜ. Advances in Cotton Growth and Development Modelling and Its Applications in China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(6): 1112-1126.
[15]	JiaJia LI,HuiLong HONG,MingYue WAN,Li CHU,JingHui ZHAO,MingHua WANG,ZhiPeng XU,Yin ZHANG,ZhiPing HUANG,WenMing ZHANG,XiaoBo WANG,LiJuan QIU. Construction and Application of Detection Model for the Chemical Composition Content of Soybean Stem Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(5): 887-900.