Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (10): 2229-2238.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.10.018

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• SPECIAL FOCUS: YOUNG RUMINANT NUTRITION RESEARCH • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Growth Performance,Health Status, Rumen Fermentation and Microflora of Dairy Calves

YANG YunYan1(),WANG QiYan1,PENG DiWei3,PAN YiFan3,GAO XiaoMei1,XUAN ZeYi2,CHEN ShaoMei2,ZOU CaiXia1,CAO YanHong2(),LIN Bo1()   

  1. 1College of Animal Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004
    2Institute of Animal Husbandry of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock Genetic Improvement
    3Hunan PuFeiKe Biological Technology Co.Ltd, Changsha 410011
  • Received:2020-07-26 Accepted:2020-12-21 Online:2021-05-16 Published:2021-05-24
  • Contact: YanHong CAO,Bo LIN E-mail:1178413798@qq.com;94333966@qq.com;linbo@gxu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】this study was conducted to research effects of addition of cinnamaldehyde in calf starter on growth performance, health status, rumen fermentation and microflora of calves, so as to provide theoretical basis for applying cinnamaldehyde in calf cultivation. 【Method】Twenty-four healthy Holstein male calves at the age of around 15 days, with similar body weight, were selected, and were divided into control group and experiment group, with three replicates in each group and four calve in each replicate. The control group were fed basic starter, while starter of experimental group was added with 0.3% encapsulated cinnamaldehyde which contained 15% effective cinnamaldehyde. The weaning period contained 6 pre-trail period, and 27 days of formal trail period, both groups were fed same amount of milk, the starter and orts grass were given at libtium, and the ruminal fluid was taken by stomach tube at the end of weaning period. After weaned, the animals were kept for another 51 days with same feeding management mode, the ruminal fluid was taken at the end of the experiment. The feed intake, growth performance, body measurement, fence score and ruminal volatile fatty acids concentrations were measured during the two phase of the experiment, and the ruminal bacterial community composition was measured based on 16SrDNA gene high through put sequencing. 【Result】The results showed that: (1) In terms of feed intake and growth performance, there were no difference in average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency between experiment and control group at pre-weaning, post-weaning stage and whole experiment period (P>0.05), there were no differences in body measurements parameters between experiment and control group as well (P>0.05); 2) In terms of calf health status, the diarrhea rate of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group, but was not significant (P>0.05). 3) For the rumen fermentation parameters, the concentration of volatile fatty acids of rumen fluid in the experimental group on weaning day was tend to lower than that in the control group (P>0.05). At the end of the experiment, the concentration of volatile fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate of experimental group was significantly higher, while acetate/propionate ratio lower than that of control group (P<0.01); 4) At the end of experiment, cinnamaldehyde supplementation increased ruminal bacteria Shannon diversity index, decreased Simpson diversity index; addition of cinnamaldehyde increased abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria at phylum and prevotella at genus level (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】The results showed that addition of 0.3% encapsulated cinnamaldehyde which contained 15% effective cinnamaldehyde had no influence on growth performance, but decreased diarrhea rate, increased ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration and decreased acetate/propionate ratio, increased ruminal bacterial community diversity, and abundance of Firmicutes and Prevotella, indicated addition of high amount of cinnamaldehyde had no adverse effects on calf growth performance, but changed ruminal bacterial community composition and ruminal fermentation mode.

Key words: cinnamaldehyde, growth performance, diarrhea, rumen fermentation, dairy calves

Table 1

Composition and nutrition level of base diets for starters feed (%,air dry basis)"

项目Items 含量Content 营养水平Nutritional ingredients 含量Content
玉米Corn 54.40 干物质DM 90.00
豆粕Soybean meal 22.00 粗蛋白质CP 18.42
膨化大豆Expanded soybean 5.00 粗脂肪EE 3.54
米糠粕Rice bran meal 6.00 粗灰分Ash 10.00
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 4.00 钙Ca 1.09
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 2.50 磷P 0.87
氯化钠NaCl 0.50
乳清粉Whey powder 2.50
红糖Brown sugar 2.50
预混料Premix 0.60
合计Total 100.00

Table 2

Effects of cinnamaldehyde on daily gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency of dairy calves"

项目Items 试验组Treatment group 对照组Control group SEM P
哺乳期Weaning period
初重IBW (kg) 49.85 51.96 3.17 0.513
日增重ADG (kg·d-1) 0.39 0.46 0.07 0.315
开食料干物质采食量DMIS (kg·d-1) 0.55 0.57 0.08 0.857
燕麦草干物质采食量DMIOG (kg·d-1) 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.116
还原奶干物质采食量DMIMR (kg·d-1) 0.39 0.39 0.00 1.000
饲料转化比(Feed/Gain) 3.02 2.57 0.19 0.243
断奶后Post weaning
初重IBW (kg) 64.92 69.08 4.42 0.367
日增重ADG (kg·d-1) 0.95 1.01 0.09 0.532
开食料干物质采食量DMIS (kg·d-1) 2.31 2.18 0.35 0.519
燕麦草干物质采食量DMIOG (kg·d-1) 0.23 0.24 0.04 0.574
饲料转化比(Feed/Gain) 2.67 2.40 0.14 0.062
试验全期Whole experiment period
末重FBW (kg) 104.0 110.5 7.52 0.401
日增重ADG (kg·d-1) 0.69 0.75 0.08 0.417
开食料干物质采食量DMIS (kg·d-1) 1.52 1.42 0.13 0.523
燕麦草干物质采食量DMIOG (kg·d-1) 0.18 0.18 0.00 0.055
还原奶干物质采食量DMIMR (kg·d-1) 0.18 0.18 0.00 1.000
饲料转化比(Feed/Gain) 2.72 2.37 0.29 0.083

Table 3

Effect of cinnamaldehyde on body size growth of dairy calves"

项目Items 试验组Treatment group 对照组Control group SEM P
试验初Initial experiment
体高Body height(cm) 81.25 81.20 1.32 0.975
体长Body length(cm) 65.15 66.3 1.70 0.495
体斜长Body oblique length(cm) 75.60 77.50 1.78 0.308
胸围Chest circumference(cm) 85.35 88.00 1.60 0.114
管围Cannon circumference(cm) 11.70 11.50 0.25 0.387
断奶日Weaning Age
体高Body height(cm) 86.60 87.70 1.71 0.525
体长Body length(cm) 75.05 78.05 1.65 0.088
体斜长Body oblique length(cm) 82.60 84.00 1.94 0.477
胸围(cm) Chest circumference 93.95 97.60 2.54 0.169
管围(cm) Cannon circumference 12.19 12.10 0.28 0.838
试验末End of experiment
体高Body height(cm) 94.85 96.25 1.85 0.458
体长Body length(cm) 88.10b 93.67a 2.53 0.038
体斜长Body oblique length(cm) 94.60 101.2 2.92 0.069
胸围Chest circumference(cm) 111.6 113.1 2.32 0.279
管围Cannon circumference(cm) 13.87 13.67 0.30 0.512

Table 4

Effects of cinnamaldehyde on diarrhea rate (%) and feces score in dairy calves"

项目
Items		 腹泻率 Diarrhea rate 粪便评分Feces scores
试验组 Treatment group 对照组
Control group		 SEM P 试验组 Treatment group 对照组
Control group		 SEM P
哺乳期Weanning period
第7-14天 Day 7-14 5.94 7.12 2.79 0.667 1.52b 1.94a 0.05 <0.001
第14-21天 Day 14-21 5.49 5.94 2.80 0.876 1.59 1.56 0.08 0.748
第21-28天 Day 14-28 4.39 9.52 3.15 0.127 1.68 1.69 0.11 0.893
断奶后 Post weaning
第7-14天 Day 7-14 7.69 4.74 2.52 0.261 1.71 1.66 0.09 0.892
第14-21天 Day 14-21 4.39 8.33 3.04 0.217 1.53 1.86 0.13 0.259
第21-28天 Day 14-28 3.90 4.74 2.15 0.702 1.43b 1.7a 0.11 0.008
第28-35天 Day 28-35 2.60 3.56 2.05 0.648 1.46 1.53 0.06 0.546

Table 5

Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on rumen fermentation of dairy calves（mmol·L-1）"

项目Items 试验组Treatment group 对照组 Control group SEM P
断奶日 Weaning day
乙酸Acetic acid 20.94 23.24 2.88 0.447
丙酸Propionic acid 16.28 18.49 2.92 0.463
丁酸Butyric acid 3.18 3.59 0.54 0.652
戊酸Valeric acid 1.41 1.56 0.24 0.524
异丁酸Iso-Butyric acid 0.38 0.46 0.05 0.237
异戊酸Iso-valeric acid 0.52 0.64 0.09 0.234
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/Propionate 1.31 1.28 0.07 0.682
总挥发性脂肪酸Toal VFA 42.73 48.00 6.45 0.431
试验末 end of experiment
乙酸Acetic acid 39.33 26.91 3.18 0.001
丙酸Propionic acid 31.80 17.62 4.16 0.001
丁酸Butyric acid 7.96 3.94 0.98 0.001
戊酸Valeric acid 2.48 1.59 0.28 0.001
异丁酸Iso-Butyric acid 0.58 0.57 0.12 0.923
异戊酸Iso-valeric acid 0.75 0.81 0.12 0.794
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/Propionate 1.34 1.57 0.21 0.293
总挥发性脂肪酸Toal VFA 82.92 51.63 7.40 <0.0001

Table 6

Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on rumen bacteria community at both Phylum and genus levels of dairy calves (%)"

项目Items 试验组Treatment group 对照组Control group SEM P
多样性指数Diversity indices
香农指数Shannon index 5.72a 4.56 0.46 <0.001
辛普森指数Simpson index 0.93a 0.87 0.03 <0.001
chao1 index 731.1b 781.4a 15.32 0.004
门水平Phylum level
拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes 29.38b 48.21a 7.51 0.037
厚壁菌门Firmicutes 46.60 37.09 5.43 0.118
放线菌门Actinobacteria 20.15 7.30 9.41 0.209
变形杆菌门Proteobacteria 2.59 6.24 3.52 0.330
蓝藻菌门Cyanobacteria 0.29a 0.05b 0.09 0.027
属水平Genus level
普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella 48.95 41.60 6.82 0.309
琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum 9.08 8.69 2.29 0.871
欧氏菌属Olsenella 7.80 11.31 6.58 0.627
毛螺旋菌属LachnosPiraceae 6.55 7.05 2.43 0.842
醋酸弧菌属Acetivibrio 3.24 4.09 0.81 0.323
假丁酸菌属Oribacterium 2.03 2.72 0.91 0.468
双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium 1.83 1.11 1.17 0.555
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