Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 754-765.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.013

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Anemoside B4 on Growth Performance, Nutrition Digestion and Rumen Fermentation of Calves

LU Meng(), HU FengMing, TU Yan(), DIAO QiYu   

  1. Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2021-08-17 Accepted:2022-12-24 Online:2023-02-16 Published:2023-02-24

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Anemoside B4 on growth performance, digestion and metabolism, and rumen fermentation parameters of calves, so as to provide a theoretical basis for developing new feed additives. 【Method】In this experiment, sixty newborn Holstein male calves were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 calves in each group) and fed 0 (group C), 15 (group A1), 30 (group A2), and 45 (group A3) mg/d of Anemoside B4, respectively. The test period was 56 days. The calves were weighed before morning feeding at the ages of 14, 28, 42 and 56 days, and rumen fluid was collected two hours after morning feeding at the ages of 28, 42 and 56 days. Two stages of digestion and metabolism tests were carried out at 42 and 63 days, respectively, and the apparent digestibility of nutrients and the indexes of energy and nitrogen metabolism were measured. 【Result】(1) Anemoside B4 had no significant effect on the body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) of suckling calves (P>0.05), but the average daily gain (ADG) of calves aged 14-28 days was significantly positively correlated with Anemoside B4 (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the addition amount (P<0.05). The ADG of calves in group A3 was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P<0.05). (2) The fecal score and diarrhea incidence of calves aged 7-56 days and 7-14 days in group A3 were significantly lower than those in group C (P<0.05), and the fecal score and diarrhea incidence of calves aged 15-28 days in group A2 were significantly lower (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the effect of Anemoside B4 and the dosage (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in fecal score and diarrhea incidence between 29-42 and 43-56 days of age (P>0.05). (3) Before weaning, the dry matter intake of calves in group A3 was significantly lower than that in group C (P<0.05), and the dry matter intake of calves in group A2 was lower than that in group C (0.05≤P<0.10). The dry matter intake of calves decreased significantly with the increase of Anemoside B4 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of calves (P>0.05). After weaning, the apparent digestibility of DM and NDF in group A2 tended to be higher than that in group A1 (0.05≤P<0.10), and the apparent digestibility of ADF was significantly higher than that in group A1 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of EE in group A2 calves had a trend to increase with the increase of Anemoside B4 (0.05≤P<0.10). (4) Before weaning, total energy intake of calves in group C was significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05) and had a trend higher than that in group A2 (0.05≤P<0.10). Total energy intake of calves in group A1 was also significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05). After weaning, the fecal energy in group C was higher than that in group A2 (0.05≤P<0.10), while the gross energy digestibility in group A2 was higher than that in group A1 (0.05≤P<0.10), and the gross energy metabolic rate was significantly higher than that in group A1 (P<0.05) and had a higher trend than that in group C (0.05≤P<0.10). (5) Before weaning, there were no significant differences in fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen deposition rate among all groups (P>0.05), and the total nitrogen intake in group C was significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05). After weaning, there was no significant difference in nitrogen metabolism indexes among all groups (P>0.05). (6) There was no significant difference in rumen fermentation parameters among four groups (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 The addition of Anemoside B4 could significantly increase the average daily gain of suckling calves at 14-28 days, reduce the feed conversion ratio and diarrhea incidence, improve the feed conversion efficiency, improve the apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of suckling calves, promote the digestibility and metabolic rate of total energy, and had no adverse effect on the rumen fermentation index of calves. Considering comprehensively, the recommended amount of additive was 45 mg/d.

Key words: Anemoside B4, calves, growth performance, nutrition digestion, rumen fermentation

Table 1

Nutrient levels of milk replacers (air-dry basis)"

营养水平 Nutrient level 含量 Content
干物质 DM (%) 95.61
粗蛋白质 CP (%) 25.21
粗脂肪 EE (%) 16.66
粗灰分 Ash (%) 5.51
中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%) 4.02
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%) 2.11
总钙 Ca (%) 0.47
总磷 P (%) 0.27
总能 GE/(MJ·kg-1) 19.86

Table 2

Composition and nutrient levels of the starter (air-dry basis)"

原料 Ingredient 含量 Content (%) 营养水平Nutrient level2)
玉米 Corn 30 干物质 DM (%) 90.25
豆粕 Soybean meal 25 粗蛋白质 CP (%) 23.36
麸皮 Wheat bran 9.5 粗脂肪 EE (%) 4.37
小麦粉 Wheat flour 6 粗灰分 Ash (%) 11.47
大豆皮 Soybean hulls 6.5 中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%) 34.49
棉粕 Cottonseed meal 5.5 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%) 11.15
次粉 Wheat middling 6 总钙 Ca (%) 1.33
玉米酒精糟 DDGS 5 总磷 P (%) 0.60
玉米胚芽粉 Corn germ meal 2 总能 GE/(MJ·kg-1) 15.45
细石粉 Limestone 2.2
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.5
食盐 NaCl 0.8
预混料 Premix1) 1
合计 Total 100

Table 3

Fecal score standard"

项目
Item
外观
Appearance
干物质含量
Dry matter content (%)
评分
Score
正常 Normal 条形或颗粒 Bars or granules >30 1
轻度 Mild 软粪,能成型 Soft manure, can be formed 25-30 2
中度 Moderate 稠状,不成形,粪水无分离现象 Thick, shapeless, no separation of manure, and water 20-25 3
严重 Serious 液状,不成形,粪水有分离现象 Liquid, not shaped, separation of manure, and water <20 4

Table 4

Effects of Anemoside B4 on Body weight, ADG, DMI and FCR of suckling calves"

项目
Item
组别 Group SEM P P value
C A1 A2 A3 线性 L 二次 Q
体重 Body weight (kg)
初重Initial weight 41.84 41.47 41.42 41.59 0.593 0.891 0.821
末重Final weight 67.83 67.21 68.12 68.47 0.871 0.722 0.785
全期增长率Period growth rate (%) 62.36 62.64 64.88 65.47 1.432 0.378 0.957
平均日增重 ADG(kg)
14-18日龄14-28 days of age 0.30b 0.32ab 0.38ab 0.41a 0.017 0.013 0.961
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 0.70 0.74 0.70 0.77 0.022 0.375 0.768
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 0.86 0.77 0.82 0.74 0.024 0.162 0.998
干物质采食量 DMI(kg)
14-18日龄14-28 days of age 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.014 0.791 0.847
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 1.17 1.16 1.13 1.18 0.017 0.957 0.467
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 1.42 1.44 1.44 1.45 0.024 0.687 0.890
饲料转化比 FCR
14-18日龄14-28 days of age 4.33a 2.94ab 2.15b 2.11b 0.340 0.014 0.308
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 1.82 1.59 1.65 1.62 0.053 0.257 0.331
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 1.72 1.94 2.15 2.02 0.130 0.339 0.513

Table 5

Effects of Anemoside B4 on fecal score and diarrhea incidence of suckling calves"

项目
Item
组别 Group SEM PP value
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T
线性
L
二次
Q
粪便评分 Fecal score
7-56日龄7-56 days of age 2.3a 2.11ab 2.09b 2.06b 0.037 0.021 0.025 0.264
7-14日龄7-14 days of age 2.88a 2.65ab 2.58ab 2.44b 0.065 0.017 0.018 0.72
15-28日龄15-28 days of age 2.44a 2.22ab 2.08a 2.16ab 0.052 0.014 0.035 0.144
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 2.35 2.06 2.25 2.03 0.059 0.176 0.152 0.775
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.76 0.045 0.792 0.747 0.381
腹泻率 Diarrhea incidence
7-56日龄7-56 days of age 36.27a 27.73ab 27.73ab 24.53b 1.722 0.016 0.022 0.428
7-14日龄7-14 days of age 64.17a 50.00ab 49.17ab 40.00b 3.929 0.031 0.038 0.748
15-28日龄15-28 days of age 40.95a 30.95ab 23.81b 26.67ab 2.816 0.032 0.047 0.249
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 37.14 25.24 33.33 22.86 2.875 0.255 0.178 0.901
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 14.76 13.81 13.81 15.24 1.768 0.990 0.930 0.744

Table 6

Effects of Anemoside B4 on nutrient apparent digestibility of suckling calves"

项目
Item
组别 Group SEM P P value
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T
线性
L
二次
Q
断奶前 Pre-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
干物质采食量 DM intake (g·d-1) 1536.29a 1495.03ab 1432.63ab 1405.06b 21.887 0.035 0.022 0.867
营养物质表观消化率Nutrient apparent digestibility (%)
干物质 DM 84.26 83.74 84.79 86.23 0.009 0.826 0.400 0.618
粗蛋白 CP 66.04 60.88 69.34 70.90 0.029 0.649 0.397 0.578
粗脂肪 EE 90.63 91.78 91.50 92.77 0.008 0.863 0.450 0.974
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 60.62 65.55 66.44 82.31 0.048 0.432 0.143 0.576
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 58.40 68.24 63.91 81.98 0.054 0.479 0.189 0.709
断奶后Post-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
干物质采食量 DM intake (g·d-1) 1845.60 1665.20 1683.20 1710.60 47.557 0.563 0.347 0.385
营养物质表观消化率Nutrient apparent digestibility (%)
干物质 DM 59.78 53.99 70.58 60.12 0.031 0.072 0.181 0.899
粗蛋白 CP 36.09 33.95 44.94 39.18 0.026 0.516 0.197 0.963
粗脂肪 EE 45.70 43.55 64.83 52.72 0.047 0.400 0.093 0.979
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 51.08 44.52 64.48 48.97 0.038 0.070 0.174 0.994
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 40.70ab 34.01b 56.68a 50.88ab 0.130 0.036 0.125 0.951

Table 7

Effects of Anemoside B4 on energy metabolism of suckling calves"

项目
Item
组别 Group SEM PP valve
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T
线性
L
二次
Q
断奶前 Pre-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总能GE intake (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 1.42a 1.39ab 1.35ab 1.29b 0.017 0.030 0.004 0.658
粪能FE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.005 0.888 0.450 0.865
尿能UE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.006 0.417 0.176 0.360
总能消化率GE digestibility rate (%) 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.003 0.937 0.616 0.779
总能代谢率GE metabolic rate (%) 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.007 0.696 0.347 0.480
消化能代谢率 DE metabolic rate (%) 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.004 0.488 0.235 0.371
断奶后Post-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总能GE intake (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 1.12 1.03 1.07 1.04 0.021 0.468 0.308 0.444
粪能FE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.17 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.011 0.098 0.208 0.436
尿能UE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.009 0.765 0.369 0.869
总能消化率GE digestibility rate (%) 0.85 0.84 0.90 0.87 0.011 0.081 0.256 0.566
总能代谢率GE metabolic rate (%) 0.79ab 0.77b 0.84a 0.81ab 0.011 0.015 0.088 0.765
消化能代谢率 DE metabolic rate (%) 0.93 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.009 0.664 0.366 0.829

Table 8

Effects of Anemoside B4 on nitrogen metabolism of suckling calves"

项目
Item
组别 Group SEM PP valve
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T
线性
L
二次
Q
断奶前 Pre-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总氮 TN intake (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 2.98a 2.90ab 2.81ab 2.67b 0.041 0.033 0.004 0.670
粪氮 FN (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.60 0.71 0.60 0.60 0.040 0.734 0.736 0.527
尿氮 UN (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.56 0.65 0.44 0.43 0.047 0.308 0.163 0.576
氮消化率 N digestibility rate (%) 79.71 75.48 78.86 77.84 1.300 0.719 0.858 0.563
氮沉积率N retained rate (%) 61.11 53.06 63.11 61.87 2.294 0.424 0.557 0.469
断奶后Post-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总氮 TN intake (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 2.71 2.49 2.58 2.52 0.052 0.494 0.318 0.450
粪氮 FN (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.91 0.94 0.64 0.85 0.076 0.546 0.509 0.581
尿氮 UN 1.01 0.89 0.90 0.86 0.065 0.874 0.484 0.757
氮消化率 N digestibility rate (%) 66.37 62.17 74.87 67.03 2.928 0.516 0.589 0.763
氮沉积率N retained rate (%) 29.19 26.81 38.99 32.61 2.925 0.517 0.412 0.741

Table 9

Effects of Anemoside B4 on rumen fluid fermentation parameters of suckling calves"

项目
Item
组别 Group SEM PP valve
CON A1 A2 A3 处理
T
线性
L
二次
Q
瘤胃pH Rumen pH 5.58 5.49 5.58 5.64 0.094 0.965 0.782 0.713
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA (mmol·L-1) 92.49 92.75 85.80 77.23 5.822 0.801 0.357 0.723
乙酸Acetate (%) 46.76 47.96 48.50 47.03 0.803 0.874 0.862 0.444
丙酸Propionate (%) 31.41 29.61 30.13 31.09 0.597 0.711 0.937 0.281
乙丙比Acetate:Propionate 1.52 1.66 1.71 1.65 0.043 0.466 0.461 0.291
丁酸Butyrate (%) 9.80 10.47 9.27 9.53 0.375 0.718 0.578 0.801
戊酸Valerate (%) 4.12 4.54 3.91 3.89 0.203 0.726 0.541 0.632
氨态氮NH3-N(mg·dL-1) 14.45 16.61 15.97 13.30 1.000 0.688 0.670 0.260
微生物蛋白MCP (mg·dL-1) 4.80 5.91 4.99 5.11 0.384 0.765 0.996 0.545
[1]
刁其玉. 营养调控技术在犊牛培育中的应用. 饲料工业, 2020, 41(7): 1-7. doi:10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2020.07.001.

doi: 10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2020.07.001.
DIAO Q Y. The application of nutrition regulation technology in calf rearing. Feed Industry, 2020, 41(7): 1-7. doi:10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2020.07.001. (in Chinese)

doi: 10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2020. 07.001.
[2]
SMITH G.Antimicrobial decision making for enteric diseases of cattle. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice, 2015, 31(1): 47-60, v. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.11.004.

doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.11.004.
[3]
KIM H S, WHON T W, SUNG H, JEONG Y S, JUNG E S, SHIN N R, HYUN D W, KIM P S, LEE J Y, LEE C H, BAE J W. Longitudinal evaluation of fecal microbiota transplantation for ameliorating calf diarrhea and improving growth performance. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 161. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20389-5.

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20389-5 pmid: 33420064
[4]
CHASE C C L. Enteric immunity: happy gut, healthy animal. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice, 2018, 34(1): 1-18. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.006.

doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.006.
[5]
LIU Y, SONG M, CHE T M, ALMEIDA J A S, LEE J J, BRAVO D, MADDOX C W, PETTIGREW J E. Dietary plant extracts alleviate diarrhea and alter immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(11): 5294-5306. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-6194.

doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-6194.
[6]
BAYDAR H, SAGDIC O, OZKAN G, KARADOGA T. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Origanum, Thymbra and Satureja species with commercial importance in Turkey. Food Control, 2004, 15(3): 169-172. doi:10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00028-8.

doi: 10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00028-8.
[7]
LANG A, LAHAV M, SAKHNINI E, BARSHACK I, FIDDER H H, AVIDAN B, BARDAN E, HERSHKOVIZ R, BAR-MEIR S, CHOWERS Y. Allicin inhibits spontaneous and TNF-alpha induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from intestinal epithelial cells. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2004, 23(5): 1199-1208. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.03.011.

doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.03.011.
[8]
WANG W H, YANG J, PENG H S, QIAN J P. Study on morphological characteristics and microscopic structure of medicinal organs of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel. Microscopy Research and Technique, 2017, 80(8): 950-958. doi:10.1002/jemt.22888.

doi: 10.1002/jemt.22888.
[9]
SUH S Y, AN W G. Systems pharmacological approach of pulsatillae radix on treating Crohn's disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 2017: 4198035. doi:10.1155/2017/4198035.

doi: 10.1155/2017/4198035.
[10]
LI Y H, ZOU M, HAN Q, DENG L R, WEINSHILBOUM R M. Therapeutic potential of triterpenoid saponin anemoside B4 from Pulsatilla chinensis. Pharmacological Research, 2020, 160: 105079. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105079.

doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105079.
[11]
杨传伟. 白头翁皂苷提取及体外抑菌作用研究[D]. 牡丹江: 牡丹江师范学院, 2016.
YANG C W. Study on the extraction of Pulsatilla saponin and its antibacterial effect in vitro[D]. Mudanjiang: Mudanjiang Normal University, 2016. (in Chinese)
[12]
KANG N X, SHEN W, ZHANG Y, SU Z, YANG S, LIU Y, XU Q. Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory properties of anemoside B4 isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis in vivo. Phytomedicine, 2019, 64: 152934. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152934.

doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152934.
[13]
沈留红, 钱柏霖, 尤留超, 张钺, 莘余, 吕尚揆, 肖劲邦, 余树民, 苏柘僮, 董可, 杨世林, 冯育林, 曹随忠. 白头翁皂苷B4对临床型奶牛乳房炎疗效和血清炎性因子、免疫因子的影响. 浙江农业学报, 2021, 33(7): 1184-1191.

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2021.07.04
SHEN L H, QIAN B L, YOU L C, ZHANG Y, SHEN Y, LYU S K, XIAO J B, YU S M, SU Z T, DONG K, YANG S L, FENG Y L, CAO S Z. Effect of Pulsatilla saponin B4 on treatment efficiency and serum inflammatory and immune factors of dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 33(7): 1184-1191. (in Chinese)
[14]
AOAC. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists[S]: 17th ed. Arlington: AOAC, 2000.
[15]
MAGALHÃES V J A, SUSCA F, LIMA F S, BRANCO A F, YOON I, SANTOS J E. Effect of feeding yeast culture on performance, health, and immunocompetence of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 2008, 91(4): 1497-1509. doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0582.

doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0582 pmid: 18349243
[16]
CAO Y C, YANG H J.Ruminal digestibility and fermentation characteristics in vitro of fenugreek and alfalfa hay combination with or without the inoculation of Neocallimastix sp. YAK11. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011, 169(1/2): 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.05.010.

doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.05.010.
[17]
BRODERICK G A, KANG J H. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 1980, 63(1): 64-75. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8.

doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8.
[18]
CONE J W,,. Description of gas production profiles with a three-phasic model. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997, 66(1/2/3/4): 31-45. doi:10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01147-9.

doi: 10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01147-9.
[19]
杨凤. 动物营养学. 2版. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2001.
YANG F. Animal Nutrition. 2nd ed. Beijing: Chinese Agriculture Press, 2001. (in Chinese)
[20]
KIEFER C, MARTINS L P, FANTINI C C. Evaporative cooling for lactating sows under high ambient temperature. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 2012, 41(5): 1180-1185. doi:10.1590/s1516-35982012000500015.

doi: 10.1590/s1516-35982012000500015.
[21]
张昊雪, 胡凤明, 鲁琳, 龙燕, 马长永, 屠焰. 京津冀地区牧场犊牛饲养管理现状分析及建议. 中国畜牧杂志, 2022, 58(1): 268-274. doi:10.19556/j.0258-7033.20210223-06.

doi: 10.19556/j.0258-7033.20210223-06.
ZHANG H X, HU F M, LU L, LONG Y, MA C Y, TU Y. Current situation of dairy calf rearing and management in Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei region. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2022, 58(1): 268-274. doi:10.19556/j.0258-7033.20210223-06. (in Chinese)

doi: 10.19556/j.0258-7033.20210223-06.
[22]
刘显军, 尚丽娟, 陈静, 王胤, 周彤. 中草药白头翁对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响. 中国畜牧兽医, 2011, 38(4): 222-224.
LIU X J, SHANG L J, CHEN J, WANG Y, ZHOU T. Herbs Pulsatilla on production performance of weaned piglets. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2011, 38(4): 222-224. (in Chinese)
[23]
PEMPEK J A, WATKINS, L R, BRUNER, C E, HABING, G G. A multisite, randomized field trial to evaluate the influence of lactoferrin on the morbidity and mortality of dairy calves with diarrhea. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019, 102(10): 9259-9267. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-16476.

doi: S0022-0302(19)30681-2 pmid: 31400894
[24]
LU M, HU F M, BI Y L, MA T, DIAO Q Y, JIANG L S, TU Y. Effects of anemoside B4 on diarrhea incidence, serum indices, and fecal microbial of suckling calves. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022, 9: 851865. doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.851865.

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.851865.
[25]
LIU C, QU Y H, GUO P T, XU C C, MA L, LUO H L. Effects of dietary supplementation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) saponins on lamb growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and plasma parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2018, 236: 98-106. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.006.

doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.006.
[26]
ZHOU C S, XIAO W J, TAN Z L, SALEM A Z M, GENG M M, TANG S X, WANG M, HAN X F, KANG J H. Effects of dietary supplementation of tea saponins (Ilex Kudingcha C.J. Tseng) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility and plasma antioxidant parameters in goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2012, 176(1/2/3/4): 163-169. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.019.

doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.019.
[27]
王世琴, 毕研亮, 赵国宏, 崔凯, 黄文琴, 张乃锋, 李发弟, 屠焰, 刁其玉.哺乳期饲喂白藜芦醇和地衣芽孢杆菌对0-2 月龄湖羊生长性能、营养物质消化代谢和血清指标的影响. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(2): 451-460.
WANG S Q, BI Y L, ZHAO G H, CUI K, HUANG W Q, ZHANG N F, LI F D, TU Y, DIAO Q Y.Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum parameters in0-2 months old hu lambs. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(2): 451-460. (in Chinese)
[28]
BROWN E G, VANDEHAAR M J, DANIELS K M, LIESMAN J S, CHAPIN L T, KEISLER D H, NIELAEN M S. Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on body growth and carcass composition of heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 2005, 88(2): 585-594. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72722-3.

doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72722-3 pmid: 15653525
[29]
SINGH B, SINGH J P, SINGH N, KAUR A. Saponins in pulses and their health promoting activities: a review. Food Chemistry, 2017, 233: 540-549. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.161.

doi: S0308-8146(17)30738-0 pmid: 28530610
[30]
BARROS T, QUAASSDORFF M A, AGUERRE M J. Effects of dietary crude protein concentration on late-lactation dairy cow performance and indicators of nitrogen utilization. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(7): 5434-5448. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11917.

doi: S0022-0302(17)30408-3 pmid: 28501404
[31]
钟伟, 张婷, 刘晗璐, 孙旭阳, 李光玉. 饲粮添加不同水平黄芪多糖对冬毛期北极狐生产性能、氮代谢及肠道形态结构的影响. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(3): 1295-1300.
ZHONG W, ZHANG T, LIU H L, SUN X Y, LI G Y. Effects of different dietary Astragalus polysaccharide supplemental levels on performance, nitrogen metabolism and intestinal morphology of Arctic foxes during winter fur-growing period. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(3): 1295-1300. (in Chinese)
[32]
杨春涛. 热带假丝酵母与桑叶黄酮对犊牛生长和胃肠道发育的影响[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2016.
YANG C T. Effects of Candida tropicalis and mulberry leaf flavonoids on growth and gastrointestinal development in calves[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2016. (in Chinese)
[33]
王洪荣, 陈旭伟, 王梦芝. 茶皂素和丝兰皂苷对山羊人工瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(8): 1710-1719.
WANG H R, CHEN X W, WANG M Z. Effect of Yucca schidigera saponin and tea saponin mixture on the rumen fermentation and its fibrolytic bacterial activity in the rusitec substrates with different concentrate to forage ratio. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(8): 1710-1719. (in Chinese)
[34]
李洋, 高民, 胡红莲, 孙燕勇. 反刍动物瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的吸收机制. 动物营养学报, 2018, 30(6): 2070-2078.
LI Y, GAO M, HU H L, SUN Y Y. Ruminal absorption mechanism of volatile fatty acids in ruminants. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(6): 2070-2078. (in Chinese)
[35]
GÓRKA P, KOEALSKI Z M, ZABIELSKI R, GUILLOTEAU P. Invited review: use of butyrate to promote gastrointestinal tract development in calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(6): 4785-4800. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-14086.

doi: S0022-0302(18)30221-2 pmid: 29525310
[36]
BHATTA R, SARAVANAN M, BARUAH L, PRASAD C S. Effects of graded levels of tannin-containing tropical tree leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation, total protozoa and methane production. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2015, 118(3): 557-564. doi:10.1111/jam.12723.

doi: 10.1111/jam.12723.
[37]
ANANTASOOK N, WANAPAT M, GUNUN P, CHERDTHONG A. Reducing methane production by supplementation of Terminalia chebula RETZ. containing tannins and saponins. Animal Science Journal, 2016, 87(6): 783-790. doi:10.1111/asj.12494.

doi: 10.1111/asj.12494.
[38]
WANG B, MA M P, DIAO Q Y, TU Y. Saponin-induced shifts in the rumen microbiome and metabolome of young cattle. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 10: 356. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00356.

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00356 pmid: 30873143
[39]
BURGER P J, PEREIRA J C, FILHO S D C V, MAGIERO D. Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Efficiency in Holstein Calves Fed Diets with Different Concentrate Levels. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 2000, 29(1): 215-224.

doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982000000100029
[1] REN GuoDong, HAO XiaoYan, ZHANG XuanZi, LIU Sen, ZHANG HongXiang, TIAN GuangYuan, ZHANG JianXin. Effects of Guanidinoacetic Acid and Betaine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Blood Metabolites in Lambs [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(4): 766-778.
[2] WANG XiuJuan, GAO Han, LI HaiPeng, GAO Xue, SUN BaoZhong, CHENG Qiang, XU Lei, ZHANG YaPeng, LEI YuanHua, WEI Meng, LI SanLu, HU JunWei, ZHANG ChangQing, GAO HuiJiang, LI JunYa, ZHANG LuPei, CHEN Yan. Analysis of Growth Performance as well as Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Pingliang Red Cattle [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(3): 559-571.
[3] KONG FanLin,LI Yuan,FU Tong,DIAO QiYu,TU Yan. Effects of 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)-Butanoic Acid on Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota in Holstein Female Calves [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(4): 796-806.
[4] CHE DaLu,ZHAO LiChen,CHENG SuCai,LIU AiYu,LI XiaoYu,ZHAO ShouPei,WANG JianCheng,WANG Yuan,GAO YuHong,SUN XinSheng. Effect of Litter Bed on Growth Performance and Odor Emission in Fattening Lamb [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(24): 4943-4956.
[5] ChunTao ZHANG,Tao MA,Yan TU,QiYu DIAO. Effects of Circadian Rhythm on Rumen Fermentation and Nutrient Digestion of Mutton Sheep [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(18): 3664-3674.
[6] LIU WangJing,TANG DeFu,AO ChangJin. Effect of Allium mongolicum Regel and Its Extracts on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Indices of Captive Small-Tailed Han Sheep [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3461-3472.
[7] CHEN ZhiMin,CHANG WenHuan,ZHENG AiJuan,CAI HuiYi,LIU GuoHua. Effect of Expanded Feather Powder on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Broiler [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(13): 2643-2653.
[8] WANG JinFei,YANG GuoYi,FAN ZiHan,LIU Qi,ZHANG PengCheng,REN YouShe,YANG ChunHe,ZHANG ChunXiang. Effects of Whole Plant Corn Silage Ratio in Diet on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility and Serological Parameters of Dorper×Hu Crossbred Female Lambs [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(4): 831-844.
[9] ZHANG Lan,WANG LiangZhi,HUANG YanLing,LIAO XiuDong,ZHANG LiYang,LÜ Lin,LUO XuGang. Effects of Dietary Supplemental Pattern of Trace Eloments on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Broilers [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(22): 4906-4916.
[10] LIU Jiao,CHEN ZhiMin,ZHENG AiJuan,LIU GuoHua,CAI HuiYi,CHANG WenHuan. Effects of Glucose Oxidase on Growth Performance, Immune Functions and Intestinal Health of Ducks Challenged by Escherichia coli [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(22): 4917-4930.
[11] WANG Chen,ZHANG HongWei,WANG HuCheng,SUN XiaoPing,LI FaDi,YANG BoHui. Energy and Protein Requirements of Alpine Merino Growing Sheep [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(16): 3537-3548.
[12] HUANG WenQin,LÜ XiaoKang,ZHUANG YiMin,CUI Kai,WANG ShiQing,DIAO QiYu,ZHANG NaiFeng. The Effects of Early Weaning and NDF Levels of Finishing Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Metabolism of Hu Lambs [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10): 2217-2228.
[13] YANG YunYan,WANG QiYan,PENG DiWei,PAN YiFan,GAO XiaoMei,XUAN ZeYi,CHEN ShaoMei,ZOU CaiXia,CAO YanHong,LIN Bo. Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Growth Performance,Health Status, Rumen Fermentation and Microflora of Dairy Calves [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10): 2229-2238.
[14] HAO XiaoYan,MU ChunTang,QIAO Dong,ZHANG XuanZi,YANG WenJun,ZHAO JunXing,ZHANG ChunXiang,ZHANG JianXin. Effects of High-Concentrate Diet Supplemented with Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Rumen fermentation, Inflammatory and Antioxidant Indicators of Rumen and Serum in Lambs [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10): 2239-2248.
[15] ZHANG MeiQi,LI Yan,LI ShuJing,GAO YanXia,LI JianGuo,CAO YuFeng,LI QiuFeng. Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Production Performance, Blood Index, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Holstein Steers [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 203-212.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!