Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 754-765.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.013

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Anemoside B4 on Growth Performance, Nutrition Digestion and Rumen Fermentation of Calves

LU Meng(), HU FengMing, TU Yan(), DIAO QiYu   

  1. Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2021-08-17 Accepted:2022-12-24 Online:2023-02-16 Published:2023-02-24

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Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Anemoside B4 on growth performance, digestion and metabolism, and rumen fermentation parameters of calves, so as to provide a theoretical basis for developing new feed additives. 【Method】In this experiment, sixty newborn Holstein male calves were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 calves in each group) and fed 0 (group C), 15 (group A1), 30 (group A2), and 45 (group A3) mg/d of Anemoside B4, respectively. The test period was 56 days. The calves were weighed before morning feeding at the ages of 14, 28, 42 and 56 days, and rumen fluid was collected two hours after morning feeding at the ages of 28, 42 and 56 days. Two stages of digestion and metabolism tests were carried out at 42 and 63 days, respectively, and the apparent digestibility of nutrients and the indexes of energy and nitrogen metabolism were measured. 【Result】(1) Anemoside B4 had no significant effect on the body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) of suckling calves (P>0.05), but the average daily gain (ADG) of calves aged 14-28 days was significantly positively correlated with Anemoside B4 (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the addition amount (P<0.05). The ADG of calves in group A3 was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (P<0.05). (2) The fecal score and diarrhea incidence of calves aged 7-56 days and 7-14 days in group A3 were significantly lower than those in group C (P<0.05), and the fecal score and diarrhea incidence of calves aged 15-28 days in group A2 were significantly lower (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the effect of Anemoside B4 and the dosage (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in fecal score and diarrhea incidence between 29-42 and 43-56 days of age (P>0.05). (3) Before weaning, the dry matter intake of calves in group A3 was significantly lower than that in group C (P<0.05), and the dry matter intake of calves in group A2 was lower than that in group C (0.05≤P<0.10). The dry matter intake of calves decreased significantly with the increase of Anemoside B4 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of calves (P>0.05). After weaning, the apparent digestibility of DM and NDF in group A2 tended to be higher than that in group A1 (0.05≤P<0.10), and the apparent digestibility of ADF was significantly higher than that in group A1 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of EE in group A2 calves had a trend to increase with the increase of Anemoside B4 (0.05≤P<0.10). (4) Before weaning, total energy intake of calves in group C was significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05) and had a trend higher than that in group A2 (0.05≤P<0.10). Total energy intake of calves in group A1 was also significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05). After weaning, the fecal energy in group C was higher than that in group A2 (0.05≤P<0.10), while the gross energy digestibility in group A2 was higher than that in group A1 (0.05≤P<0.10), and the gross energy metabolic rate was significantly higher than that in group A1 (P<0.05) and had a higher trend than that in group C (0.05≤P<0.10). (5) Before weaning, there were no significant differences in fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen deposition rate among all groups (P>0.05), and the total nitrogen intake in group C was significantly higher than that in group A3 (P<0.05). After weaning, there was no significant difference in nitrogen metabolism indexes among all groups (P>0.05). (6) There was no significant difference in rumen fermentation parameters among four groups (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 The addition of Anemoside B4 could significantly increase the average daily gain of suckling calves at 14-28 days, reduce the feed conversion ratio and diarrhea incidence, improve the feed conversion efficiency, improve the apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of suckling calves, promote the digestibility and metabolic rate of total energy, and had no adverse effect on the rumen fermentation index of calves. Considering comprehensively, the recommended amount of additive was 45 mg/d.

Key words: Anemoside B4, calves, growth performance, nutrition digestion, rumen fermentation

Table 1

Nutrient levels of milk replacers (air-dry basis)"

营养水平 Nutrient level 含量 Content
干物质 DM (%) 95.61
粗蛋白质 CP (%) 25.21
粗脂肪 EE (%) 16.66
粗灰分 Ash (%) 5.51
中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%) 4.02
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%) 2.11
总钙 Ca (%) 0.47
总磷 P (%) 0.27
总能 GE/(MJ·kg-1) 19.86

Table 2

Composition and nutrient levels of the starter (air-dry basis)"

原料 Ingredient 含量 Content (%) 营养水平Nutrient level2)
玉米 Corn 30 干物质 DM (%) 90.25
豆粕 Soybean meal 25 粗蛋白质 CP (%) 23.36
麸皮 Wheat bran 9.5 粗脂肪 EE (%) 4.37
小麦粉 Wheat flour 6 粗灰分 Ash (%) 11.47
大豆皮 Soybean hulls 6.5 中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%) 34.49
棉粕 Cottonseed meal 5.5 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%) 11.15
次粉 Wheat middling 6 总钙 Ca (%) 1.33
玉米酒精糟 DDGS 5 总磷 P (%) 0.60
玉米胚芽粉 Corn germ meal 2 总能 GE/(MJ·kg-1) 15.45
细石粉 Limestone 2.2
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.5
食盐 NaCl 0.8
预混料 Premix1) 1
合计 Total 100

Table 3

Fecal score standard"

项目
Item		 外观
Appearance		 干物质含量
Dry matter content (%)		 评分
Score
正常 Normal 条形或颗粒 Bars or granules >30 1
轻度 Mild 软粪，能成型 Soft manure, can be formed 25-30 2
中度 Moderate 稠状，不成形，粪水无分离现象 Thick, shapeless, no separation of manure, and water 20-25 3
严重 Serious 液状，不成形，粪水有分离现象 Liquid, not shaped, separation of manure, and water <20 4

Table 4

Effects of Anemoside B4 on Body weight, ADG, DMI and FCR of suckling calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值 P value
C A1 A2 A3 线性 L 二次 Q
体重 Body weight (kg)
初重Initial weight 41.84 41.47 41.42 41.59 0.593 0.891 0.821
末重Final weight 67.83 67.21 68.12 68.47 0.871 0.722 0.785
全期增长率Period growth rate (%) 62.36 62.64 64.88 65.47 1.432 0.378 0.957
平均日增重 ADG(kg)
14-18日龄14-28 days of age 0.30b 0.32ab 0.38ab 0.41a 0.017 0.013 0.961
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 0.70 0.74 0.70 0.77 0.022 0.375 0.768
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 0.86 0.77 0.82 0.74 0.024 0.162 0.998
干物质采食量 DMI(kg)
14-18日龄14-28 days of age 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.014 0.791 0.847
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 1.17 1.16 1.13 1.18 0.017 0.957 0.467
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 1.42 1.44 1.44 1.45 0.024 0.687 0.890
饲料转化比 FCR
14-18日龄14-28 days of age 4.33a 2.94ab 2.15b 2.11b 0.340 0.014 0.308
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 1.82 1.59 1.65 1.62 0.053 0.257 0.331
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 1.72 1.94 2.15 2.02 0.130 0.339 0.513

Table 5

Effects of Anemoside B4 on fecal score and diarrhea incidence of suckling calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值 P value
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T		 线性
L		 二次
Q
粪便评分 Fecal score
7-56日龄7-56 days of age 2.3a 2.11ab 2.09b 2.06b 0.037 0.021 0.025 0.264
7-14日龄7-14 days of age 2.88a 2.65ab 2.58ab 2.44b 0.065 0.017 0.018 0.72
15-28日龄15-28 days of age 2.44a 2.22ab 2.08a 2.16ab 0.052 0.014 0.035 0.144
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 2.35 2.06 2.25 2.03 0.059 0.176 0.152 0.775
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.76 0.045 0.792 0.747 0.381
腹泻率 Diarrhea incidence
7-56日龄7-56 days of age 36.27a 27.73ab 27.73ab 24.53b 1.722 0.016 0.022 0.428
7-14日龄7-14 days of age 64.17a 50.00ab 49.17ab 40.00b 3.929 0.031 0.038 0.748
15-28日龄15-28 days of age 40.95a 30.95ab 23.81b 26.67ab 2.816 0.032 0.047 0.249
29-42日龄29-42 days of age 37.14 25.24 33.33 22.86 2.875 0.255 0.178 0.901
43-56日龄43-56 days of age 14.76 13.81 13.81 15.24 1.768 0.990 0.930 0.744

Table 6

Effects of Anemoside B4 on nutrient apparent digestibility of suckling calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值 P value
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T		 线性
L		 二次
Q
断奶前 Pre-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
干物质采食量 DM intake (g·d-1) 1536.29a 1495.03ab 1432.63ab 1405.06b 21.887 0.035 0.022 0.867
营养物质表观消化率Nutrient apparent digestibility (%)
干物质 DM 84.26 83.74 84.79 86.23 0.009 0.826 0.400 0.618
粗蛋白 CP 66.04 60.88 69.34 70.90 0.029 0.649 0.397 0.578
粗脂肪 EE 90.63 91.78 91.50 92.77 0.008 0.863 0.450 0.974
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 60.62 65.55 66.44 82.31 0.048 0.432 0.143 0.576
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 58.40 68.24 63.91 81.98 0.054 0.479 0.189 0.709
断奶后Post-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
干物质采食量 DM intake (g·d-1) 1845.60 1665.20 1683.20 1710.60 47.557 0.563 0.347 0.385
营养物质表观消化率Nutrient apparent digestibility (%)
干物质 DM 59.78 53.99 70.58 60.12 0.031 0.072 0.181 0.899
粗蛋白 CP 36.09 33.95 44.94 39.18 0.026 0.516 0.197 0.963
粗脂肪 EE 45.70 43.55 64.83 52.72 0.047 0.400 0.093 0.979
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 51.08 44.52 64.48 48.97 0.038 0.070 0.174 0.994
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 40.70ab 34.01b 56.68a 50.88ab 0.130 0.036 0.125 0.951

Table 7

Effects of Anemoside B4 on energy metabolism of suckling calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值P valve
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T		 线性
L		 二次
Q
断奶前 Pre-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总能GE intake (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 1.42a 1.39ab 1.35ab 1.29b 0.017 0.030 0.004 0.658
粪能FE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.005 0.888 0.450 0.865
尿能UE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.006 0.417 0.176 0.360
总能消化率GE digestibility rate (%) 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.003 0.937 0.616 0.779
总能代谢率GE metabolic rate (%) 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.007 0.696 0.347 0.480
消化能代谢率 DE metabolic rate (%) 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.004 0.488 0.235 0.371
断奶后Post-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总能GE intake (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 1.12 1.03 1.07 1.04 0.021 0.468 0.308 0.444
粪能FE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.17 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.011 0.098 0.208 0.436
尿能UE (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.009 0.765 0.369 0.869
总能消化率GE digestibility rate (%) 0.85 0.84 0.90 0.87 0.011 0.081 0.256 0.566
总能代谢率GE metabolic rate (%) 0.79ab 0.77b 0.84a 0.81ab 0.011 0.015 0.088 0.765
消化能代谢率 DE metabolic rate (%) 0.93 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.009 0.664 0.366 0.829

Table 8

Effects of Anemoside B4 on nitrogen metabolism of suckling calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值P valve
C A1 A2 A3 处理
T		 线性
L		 二次
Q
断奶前 Pre-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总氮 TN intake (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 2.98a 2.90ab 2.81ab 2.67b 0.041 0.033 0.004 0.670
粪氮 FN (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.60 0.71 0.60 0.60 0.040 0.734 0.736 0.527
尿氮 UN (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.56 0.65 0.44 0.43 0.047 0.308 0.163 0.576
氮消化率 N digestibility rate (%) 79.71 75.48 78.86 77.84 1.300 0.719 0.858 0.563
氮沉积率N retained rate (%) 61.11 53.06 63.11 61.87 2.294 0.424 0.557 0.469
断奶后Post-weaning (MJ·kg-1W0.75·d-1)
摄入总氮 TN intake (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 2.71 2.49 2.58 2.52 0.052 0.494 0.318 0.450
粪氮 FN (g·kg-1W0.75·d-1) 0.91 0.94 0.64 0.85 0.076 0.546 0.509 0.581
尿氮 UN 1.01 0.89 0.90 0.86 0.065 0.874 0.484 0.757
氮消化率 N digestibility rate (%) 66.37 62.17 74.87 67.03 2.928 0.516 0.589 0.763
氮沉积率N retained rate (%) 29.19 26.81 38.99 32.61 2.925 0.517 0.412 0.741

Table 9

Effects of Anemoside B4 on rumen fluid fermentation parameters of suckling calves"

项目
Item		 组别 Group SEM P值P valve
CON A1 A2 A3 处理
T		 线性
L		 二次
Q
瘤胃pH Rumen pH 5.58 5.49 5.58 5.64 0.094 0.965 0.782 0.713
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA (mmol·L-1) 92.49 92.75 85.80 77.23 5.822 0.801 0.357 0.723
乙酸Acetate (%) 46.76 47.96 48.50 47.03 0.803 0.874 0.862 0.444
丙酸Propionate (%) 31.41 29.61 30.13 31.09 0.597 0.711 0.937 0.281
乙丙比Acetate:Propionate 1.52 1.66 1.71 1.65 0.043 0.466 0.461 0.291
丁酸Butyrate (%) 9.80 10.47 9.27 9.53 0.375 0.718 0.578 0.801
戊酸Valerate (%) 4.12 4.54 3.91 3.89 0.203 0.726 0.541 0.632
氨态氮NH3-N(mg·dL-1) 14.45 16.61 15.97 13.30 1.000 0.688 0.670 0.260
微生物蛋白MCP (mg·dL-1) 4.80 5.91 4.99 5.11 0.384 0.765 0.996 0.545
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