Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 766-778.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.014

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Guanidinoacetic Acid and Betaine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Blood Metabolites in Lambs

REN GuoDong1(), HAO XiaoYan1, ZHANG XuanZi1, LIU Sen1, ZHANG HongXiang2, TIAN GuangYuan1, ZHANG JianXin1()   

  1. 1College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
    2Xianghe Lingshang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Youyu 037200, Shanxi
  • Received:2021-11-23 Accepted:2022-01-21 Online:2023-02-16 Published:2023-02-24

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and betaine (BT) on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in lambs, so as to provide a support for applying GAA and BT on ruminants. 【Method】Forty-eight 3-month-old Dorper×Thin-tailed Han F1 hybrid male lambs with similar body weight (22.03±1.3 kg; mean±SD) were randomly divided into 4 groups with a 2×2 factorial arrangement, and the experimental factors were GAA (0 or 900 mg/kg) and BT (0 or 5 g/day). Lambs in four groups were control group, GAA group, BT group and GAA+BT group, respectively. The feeding experiment lasted for 75 days with 15 days of adaptation. On the first day of the formal experiment period, the body weight (BW) before morning feeding was weighed as the initial BW, and each lamb were recorded accurately the amount of feed and residual of weight every day; at the end of the trial period, the blood samples were collected from the jugular vein, and final body weight (FBW) was weighed before morning feeding to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (FE). The blood serum was used for the determination of creatine metabolism indexes, homocysteine and lactate content. The rumen fluid was collected from all lambs at 3 hours after feeding at the end of the experiment, which were used to measured rumen fermentation parameters, digestive enzyme activity, and functional microorganisms. 【Result】(1) Compared to the control group, the addition of GAA in the diet did not significantly increase ADG (P>0.05), while the addition of BT increased ADG significantly (P<0.05). The addition of GAA or BT in the diet increased FE significantly (P<0.05), and GAA and BT had significant interaction on ADG and FE (P<0.05). (2) The rumen pH was decreased by addition of GAA or BT (P<0.05), and the concentration of propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid were increased by GAA or BT (P<0.05). There was no significant interaction between GAA and BT on rumen fermentation in lambs (P>0.05). (3) The addition of GAA or BT increased the populations of R. flavefaciens, F. succinogenes, B. fibrisolvens, and P. ruminicola (P<0.05), and decreased the populations of total protozoa (P<0.05). The addition of BT decreased the populations of total methanogens and had a tendency to increase the populations of Rb.Amylophilus (P<0.05, P=0.098). GAA had a tendency to decrease the populations of total methanogens (P=0.088). The addition of GAA and BT had no significant interaction effect on ruminal main functional microflora in lambs (P>0.05). (4) The activity of protease was increased by addition of GAA and BT (P<0.05). The addition of BT increased carboxymethyl-cellulase, xylanase and α-amylase activities (P<0.05), and had a tendency to increase cellobiase activity (P=0.075). GAA increased pectase activity (P<0.05), and had a tendency to increase α-amylase activitiy (P=0.056). The significant interaction effect between GAA and BT was observed on pectase (P<0.05). (5) The addition of GAA or BT increased the content of creatine in blood serum (P<0.05). The addition of GAA had a tendency to increase the concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) and to decrease L-arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) (P=0.053, P=0.056). BT decreased the content of Hcy in blood serum, and had a tendency to increase creatine kinase (P=0.063). GAA and BT had no interactive significant effects on blood metabolites (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】In conclusion, the addition of GAA or BT promoted rumen fermentation, increased the populations of functional rumen microflora and microbial enzyme activity, elevated serum creatine levels, and decreased the content of homocysteine. However, the combination addition of GAA and BT did not further increase the performance of lambs when compared with the addition of GAA or BT alone.

Key words: guanidinoacetic acid, betaine, lambs, growth performance, rumen fermentation

Table 1

Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air dry basis, %)"

原料 Ingredient 含量Content 营养水平 Nutrient level 2)
豆粕 Soybean meal 6.00 干物质 DM 93.41
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 4.00 粗蛋白质 CP 15.00
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 15.00 粗脂肪 EE 2.01
喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn husk 7.00 粗灰分 Ash 9.13
玉米 Corn 33.00 中性洗涤纤维 NDF 31.68
花生壳粉 Peanut shell powder 12.00 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 18.03
葵花皮粉 Sunflower peel powder 12.00 钙 Ca 1.19
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 6.00 磷 P 0.48
预混料 Premix1) 5.00 代谢能 ME/(MJ·kg-1·kg-1) 9.98
总计Total 100.00

Table 2

Primer sequences of genes"

基因 Gene name 引物序列Primer sequence(5'→3') 产物大小 Product (bp) 参考文献 Reference
总菌
Total bacterial		 F:CGGTGAATACGTTCYCGG
R:GGWTACCTTGTTACGACTT		 123 DENMAN et al.[28]
总厌氧真菌
Total anaerobic fungi		 F:GAGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGGTTTC
R:CAAATTCACAAAGGGTAGGATGATT		 120 LI et al.[10]
黄色瘤胃球菌
Flavefaciens		 F:ATTGTCCCAGTTCAGATTGC
R:GGCGTCCTCATTGCTGTTAG		 173 DENMAN et al.[28]
白色瘤胃球菌
Albus		 F:CCCTAAAAGCAGTCTTAGTTCG
R:CCTCCTTGCGGTTAGAACA		 176 KOIKE et al.[29]
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌
Succinogens		 F:GGCGGGATTGAATGTACCTTGAGA
R:TCCGCCTGCCCCTGAACTATC		 204 DENMAN et al.[28]
溶纤维丁酸弧菌
Fibrisolvens		 F:TAACATGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC
R:CGTTACTCACCCGTCCGC		 136 FORSTER et al.[30]
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌
R. amylophilus		 F:CTGGGGAGCTGCCTGAATG
R:GCATCTGAATGCGACTGGTTG		 100 JAMI et al.[31]
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌
P. ruminicola		 F:GAAAGTCGGATTAATGCTCTATGTTG R:CATCCTATAGCGGTAAACCTTTGG 74 JAMI et al.[31]
产甲烷菌
Methanogens		 F:TTCGGTGGATCDCARAGRGC
R:GBARGTCGWAWCCGTAGAATCC		 140 ZHANG et al.[32]
原虫
Protozoan		 F:GCTTTCGWTGGTAGTGTATT
R:CTTGCCCTCYAATCGTWCT		 223 ZHANG et al.[32]

Table 3

Effects of GAA and BT on growth performance of lambs"

项目
Item		 BT- BT+ SEM P值 P value
GAA- GAA+ GAA- GAA+ BT GAA BT×GAA
初始体重 IBW (kg) 26.56 25.94 25.74 25.02 0.26 0.829 0.677 0.178
终末体重 FBW (kg) 44.80 46.21 46.11 45.10 0.39 0.890 0.786 0.106
平均日增重 ADG (g·d-1) 305.93Bb 337.11a 349.37Aa 337.15a 6.65 0.004 0.166 0.004
平均日采食量 ADFI (g·d-1) 1792.18 1672.30 1754.93 1688.42 24.87 0.831 0.072 0.590
饲料效率 FE 0.17b 0.20a 0.19a 0.20a 0.004 0.023 0.011 0.023

Table 4

Effects of GAA and BT on ruminal fermentation of lambs"

项目
Item		 BT- BT+ SEM P 值 P value
GAA- GAA+ GAA- GAA+ BT GAA BT×GAA
pH 6.16 6.00 5.98 5.66 0.062 0.021 0.028 0.411
总挥发酸 Total VFA (mmol·L-1) 96.52 109.88 101.76 122.35 2.660 0.012 <0.001 0.267
挥发酸组成（%，mol/100mol）
乙酸 Acetate (A) 48.29 50.03 49.73 53.47 1.000 0.234 0.183 0.619
丙酸 Propionate (P) 43.52 50.21 47.91 56.40 1.550 0.047 <0.001 0.719
丁酸 Butyrate 5.96 8.49 8.60 8.77 0.494 0.128 0.157 0.211
戊酸 Valerate 2.80 3.95 1.91 2.40 0.215 <0.001 0.010 0.249
异丁酸 Isobutyrate 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.22 0.019 0.202 0.185 0.507
异戊酸 Isovalerate 0.37 0.35 0.27 0.26 0.015 <0.001 0.630 0.570
乙丙比 A:P 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.014 0.539 0.871 0.820
氨态氮 NH3-N (mg/100 mL) 10.50 10.34 10.23 13.10 0.489 0.151 0.186 0.111

Table 5

Effects of GAA and BT on rumen microbial enzyme activity of lambs (U·mL-1)"

项目
Items		 BT- BT+ SEM P值 P value
GAA- GAA+ GAA- GAA+ BT GAA BT×GAA
羧甲基纤维素酶 Carboxymethyl-cellulase 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.38 0.013 0.023 0.609 0.701
纤维二糖酶Cellobiase 0.53 0.59 0.63 0.60 0.016 0.075 0.611 0.176
木聚糖酶 Xylanase 0.67 0.70 0.80 0.86 0.025 0.002 0.274 0.681
果胶酶 Pectinase 2.99B 3.53A 3.79A 3.54A 0.071 <0.001 0.091 <0.001
α-淀粉酶 α-amylase 1.31 1.34 1.54 1.74 0.047 <0.001 0.056 0.158
蛋白酶 Protease 6.26 7.13 7.83 10.70 0.428 <0.001 0.005 0.112

Table 6

Effects of GAA and BT on ruminal microflora of lambs (U·mL-1)"

项目
Item		 BT- BT+ SEM P值 P value
GAA- GAA+ GAA- GAA+ BT GAA BT×GAA
总细菌 Total bacteria, ×1011 2.42 2.48 2.02 2.09 0.184 0.317 0.864 0.980
总厌氧真菌 Total anaerobic fungi, ×109 2.62 3.64 3.71 3.86 0.251 0.195 0.245 0.392
瘤胃原虫 Total protozoa, ×106 2.49 0.87 0.88 0.60 0.241 0.036 0.033 0.125
瘤胃产甲烷菌 Total methanogens, ×108 1.56 1.50 1.28 0.55 0.131 0.011 0.085 0.138
白色瘤胃球菌 R. albus, ×108 1.25 1.81 1.62 2.09 0.213 0.470 0.257 0.918
黄色瘤胃球菌R. flavefaciens, ×109 1.34 2.68 2.62 4.59 0.331 0.002 0.001 0.476
产琥珀酸丝状杆菌 F. succinogenes, ×1010 0.40 1.11 1.03 1.34 0.120 0.042 0.019 0.318
溶纤维丁酸弧菌 B. fibrisolvens, ×1010 0.87 1.52 1.66 2.20 0.138 0.002 0.010 0.812
栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌 P. ruminicola, ×1010 1.05 2.55 2.12 3.32 0.256 0.026 0.002 0.693
嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌 Rb. amylophilus, ×108 2.55 2.77 3.25 3.98 0.572 0.098 0.649 0.399

Table 7

Effects of GAA and BT on serum biochemical parameters of lambs (U·mL-1)"

项目
Item		 BT- BT+ SEM P值 P value
GAA- GAA+ GAA- GAA+ BT GAA BT×GAA
乳酸 Lactic acid (mmol·L-1) 1.42 1.72 1.85 1.73 0.070 0.109 0.508 0.119
肌酸 Creatine (µmol·L-1) 31.55 52.05 52.87 55.73 3.155 0.027 0.036 0.107
肌酸激酶 Creatine kinase (U·L-1) 91.41 95.57 96.42 97.86 1.056 0.063 0.182 0.232
L-精氨酸-甘氨酸脒基转移酶 AGAT (U·L-1) 106.61 95.12 101.38 88.36 3.140 0.327 0.056 0.900
S-腺苷蛋氨酸-胍基乙酸N-甲基转移酶 GAMT (U·L-1) 175.06 174.05 188.68 185.89 6.809 0.385 0.895 0.951
同型半胱氨酸 Hcy (µmol·L-1) 14.79 15.48 9.90 12.75 0.631 <0.001 0.053 0.221
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