垫料床对育肥羔羊生长性能和臭气排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.24.012

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In view of the problem of odor non-point source pollution in fattening area of mutton sheep in recent years, the effects of bedding bed on growth performance of fattening lambs and odor components in the house were discussed, so as to provide technical path for odor emission reduction in fattening sheep house. 【Method】Two-hundred fifty healthy fattening lambs with similar weight and age were used and randomly divided into 5 groups according to different bedding materials, which were control group (plain soil), group A (full-sawdust), group B (furfural + sawdust), group C (rice husk + sawdust), and group D (corn cob + sawdust). The trial period was 90 days (d 1-45 in early period; d 46-90 in late period). The odor components in environment above and inside the litter bed were detected by using GC-MS method during different periods, and the effect of litter bed on production performance in fattening lambs was also analyzed. 【Result】(1) Compared with the control group, the four groups with litter bed demonstrated an increase in daily feed intake (P<0.05), which was increased by 7.7 % in group A and 8.7 % in Group B, 12.1 % in Group C, and 7.8 % in Group D. However, the daily gain and ratio of feed to gain exhibited no difference (P>0.05). (2) Nine kinds and eight kinds of odor components were detected throughout test period above litter bed and inside litter bed, respectively, and the components consisted of 31 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including 4 alcohols, 10 alkanes, 3 amines, 1 phenol, 7 esters, 4 ketones, 2 aldehydes, 3 acids, and 1 thiol. The odor kinds detected in 4 litter groups were basically same as the control group. (3) From content analysis of odor components, the alkane content was the highest with 52.0 %-77.5 % among all odor components, no matter experimental period or detected space; however, no difference was observed among all groups (P>0.05). Also, the content of phenol or amine in litter groups demonstrated a decrease (P<0.05) in two detected spaces in early and late periods, compared with the control, exhibiting the decrease in group C was obvious. Besides, the content of alcohol, amine, or phenol was higher (P<0.05) in early period than that in late period both upper and inner spaces of litter bed; however, the ester content in late period was higher (P<0.05) than that in early period. (4) During entire experimental period, four kinds of key odor-causing substances were detected both in upper and inner of litter bed, including 2-ethylhexanol, N,N-dimethylacetamide, phenol, and 1 H-indole-3-thiol. For the contents of the four odor-causing components, each litter group showed a decreasing trend, compared with the control group, and the decrease in group C was the most obvious (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】In summary, four combined litter beds in this study could improve growth performance in fattening lambs, and decrease odor content in environment. The results would provide a technical pathway for reduction of odor emission in sheep barn.

Key words: litter, sheep, growth performance, odor, volatile organic compound

CHE DaLu,ZHAO LiChen,CHENG SuCai,LIU AiYu,LI XiaoYu,ZHAO ShouPei,WANG JianCheng,WANG Yuan,GAO YuHong,SUN XinSheng. Effect of Litter Bed on Growth Performance and Odor Emission in Fattening Lamb[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(24): 4943-4956.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/EN/Y2022/V55/I24/4943

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Odor components above litter bed for early- and late-period of experiment"

试验期 Period	组别 Group	醇类 Alcohol	烷类 Alkane	胺类 Amine	酚类 Phenol	酯类 Ester	酮类 Ketone	醛类 Aldehyde	酸类 Acid	硫醇类 Mercaptan
试验前期 Early period （d 1-45）	对照组 Control group	2-乙基己醇 2-ethylhexanol 三甲基硅醇 Trimethyl silanol	二乙氧基二甲基硅烷 Diethoxy dimethyl silane 六甲基二硅氧 Hexamethyl di siloxane 六甲基环三硅氧烷 Hexamethyl cyclotri siloxane 八甲基环四硅氧烷 Octamethyl cyclotetra siloxane 十二甲基五硅氧烷 Dodecamethylpenta siloxane	N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 N,N-Dimethylacetamide	苯酚 Phenol	乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl Acetate	2,6-二羟基苯乙酮 2,6-DihyDroxyace- tophenone	-	-
	A组 Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	-	-	-	-
	B组 Group B	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	-	2,5-二羟基苯甲醛 2,5-DihyDroxyben- zaldehyde	-	-
	C组 Group C	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同B组 Same as Group B	-	-
	D组 Group D	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	-	-	-
试验后期 Late period （d 46-90）	对照组 Control group	三甲基硅醇 Trimethylsilanol	同前期对照组 Same as early-period Control	同前期对照组 Same as early-period Control	同前期对照组 Same as early- period Control	水杨酯 Salicyl ester 丙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl Propionate 三甲基硅乙酸酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate 乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate	丙酮 Acetone	-	2-甲基丙酸 2-methyl propionic acid 丁二酸 Succinic acid	1H-吲哚-3-硫醇 1H-indole-3-thiol
	A组 Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	水杨酯 Salicyl ester 三甲基硅乙酸酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate 乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate	同对照组 Same as Control	-	2-甲基丙酸 2-methyl- propionic acid	-
	B组 Group B	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	丁胺 Butylamine N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 N,N-Dimethylacetamide	同对照组 Same as Control	同A组 Same as Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	-	同A组 Same as Group A	同对照组 Same as Control
	C组 Group C	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同A组 Same as Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	-	同A组 Same as Group A	-
	D组 Group D	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同A组 Same as Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	-	同A组 Same as Group A

Table 4

Table 5

Odor components inside litter bed for early- and late-period of experiment"

试验期 Period	组别 Group	醇类 Alcohol	烷类 Alkane	胺类 Amine	酚类 Phenol	酯类 Ester	酮类 Ketone	酸类 Acid	硫醇类 Mercaptan
试验前期 Early period （1-45 d）	对照组 Control group	2-乙基己醇 2-ethylhexanol 三甲基硅醇 Trimethylsilanol	二乙氧基二甲基硅烷 Diethoxy dimethyl silane 六甲基二硅氧烷 Hexamethyldi siloxane 六甲基环三硅氧烷 Hexamethylcyclotri siloxane 八甲基环四硅氧烷 Octamethylcyclotetra siloxane 十二甲基五硅氧烷 Dodecamethylpenta siloxane	N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 N,N-Dimethylacetamide	苯酚 Phenol	乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate	异佛尔酮 Isophorone	-	-
	A组 Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	甲酰胺Formamide N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 N,N-Dimethylacetamide	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	3-羟基扁桃酸 3-hydroxymandelic acid
	B组 Group B	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	-	-	1H-吲哚-3-硫醇 1H-indole-3-thiol
	C组 Group C	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	-	-	-
	D组 Group D	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	-		-
试验后期 Late period （46-90 d）	对照组 Control group	三甲基硅醇 Trimethylsilanol	同前期对照组 Same as early-period Control	同前期对照组 Same as early-period Control	同前期对照组 Same as early- period Control	苯甲酸乙酯 Ethyl benzoate 乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate 丙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl propionate	丙酮 Acetone	2-甲基丙酸 2-methylpropionic acid	1H-吲哚-3-硫醇 1H-indole-3-thiol
	A组 Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	水杨酯 Salicyl ester 乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control
	B组 Group B	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同A组 Same as Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control
	C组 Group C	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同A组 Same as Group A	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control
	D组 Group D	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	水杨酯 Salicyl ester 乙酸三甲基硅酯 Trimethylsilyl acetate 间甲苯异硫氰酸酯 M-toluene isothiocyanate	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control	同对照组 Same as Control

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

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原料Raw material	含水率Moisture content (%)	含碳率Carbon content (%)	含氮率Nitrogen content (%)
锯末Sawdust	13.0	50.2	0.13
糠醛Furfural	54.7	43.6	0.52
稻壳Rice husk	8.5	41.0	0.45
玉米芯Corn cob	9.6	42.3	0.48

原料 Ingredient	含量 Content (%)	营养水平 Nutrient level	含量 Content (%)
花生秧 Peanut seedling	37.50	代谢能 ME (MJ·kg^-1)	9.88
全株玉米青贮 Whole plant corn silage	10.00	粗蛋白质 CP	14.30
玉米 Corn	33.80	中性洗涤纤维 NDF	38.60
豆粕 Soybean meal	10.00	酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	26.71
棉籽粕 Cotton meal	4.00	脂肪 EE	2.71
石粉 Stone powder	1.40	钙 Ca	0.55
盐 NaCl	0.50	磷 P	0.32
小苏打 NaHCO₃	1.40
预混料 Premix^①	1.40
合计 Total	100.00

指标 Index	对照组 Control group	A组 Group A	B组 Group B	C组 Group C	D组 Group D	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
平均日采食量 ADFI (kg·d^-1)	0.48	0.50	0.49	0.51	0.50	0.02	0.995
平均日增重 ADG (g·d^-1)	140.34a	151.11b	152.55b	157.37b	152.64b	1.83	0.045
料重比 F/G	3.42	3.34	3.27	3.25	3.33	0.04	0.686

试验期 Period	组别 Group	醇类 Alcohol	烷类 Alkane	胺类 Amine	酚类 Phenol	酯类 Ester	酮类 Ketone	醛类 Aldehyde	酸类 Acid	硫醇类 Mercaptan
试验前期 Early period (d 1-45)	对照组 Control group	11.08a	59.24	20.42a	3.26a	6.01	-	-	-
	A组Group A	6.85a	66.60	16.89b	2.86b	6.81	-	-	-	-
	B组Group B	5.36b	65.02	16.55b	2.85b	6.84	-	3.39	-	-
	C组Group C	5.20b	60.17	15.87b	2.48b	7.57	0.47	8.26	-	-
	D组Group D	5.30b	73.27	16.17b	2.74b	2.14	0.38	-	-	-
	标准误 SEM	0.77	1.74	0.59	0.08	0.94	-	-	-	-
	P值 P-value	0.026	0.370	0.046	0.002	0.418	-	-	-	-
试验后期 Late period (d 46-90)	对照组 Control group	1.36	67.44	3.86b	0.10b	16.26	6.54a	-	3.37	1.08
	A组Group A	2.35	58.59	1.51c	0.17b	28.65	7.02a	-	1.70	-
	B组Group B	1.94	52.01	10.95a	0.30a	23.48	5.13a	-	5.66	0.52
	C组Group C	1.94	60.62	1.28c	0.07b	30.30	1.20b	-	4.59	-
	D组Group D	1.37	59.90	1.43c	0.13b	26.66	3.81a	-	6.70	-
	标准误 SEM	0.32	2.41	1.00	0.027	2.32	0.75	-	0.66
	P值 P-value	0.881	0.423	0.001	0.029	0.365	0.049	--	0.113	-

试验期 Period	组别 Group	醇类 Alcohol	烷类 Alkane	胺类 Amine	酚类 Phenol	酯类 Ester	酮类 Ketone	醛类 Aldehyde	酸类 Acid	硫醇类 Mercaptan
试验前期 Early period (d 1-45)	对照组 Control group	12.31	54.11	22.95a	5.90a	4.70	0.03	-	-	-
	A组Group A	8.66	57.34	19.96b	4.42b	8.14	0.03	-	1.46	-
	B组Group B	8.67	61.04	19.93b	4.31b	5.87	-	-	-	0.16
	C组Group C	7.44	67.17	18.86b	3.71b	2.81	-	-	-	-
	D组Group D	9.22	52.92	19.31b	3.99b	6.27	-	8.30	-	-
	标准误 SEM	0.65	3.55	0.47	0.22	0.65	-	-	-	-
	P值 P-value	0.181	0.11	0.036	0.005	0.104	-	-	-	-
试验后期 Late period (d 46-90)	对照组 Control group	0.94	62.28	3.38a	1.36a	24.18	3.60a	-	2.80a	1.47a
	A组Group A	1.61	63.25	2.23b	1.10bc	26.70	2.29b	-	2.23b	0.61b
	B组Group B	1.69	66.56	2.27b	1.16b	21.27	3.13b	-	3.14a	0.78b
	C组Group C	2.85	77.47	1.36c	0.60c	14.79	1.33c	-	1.37b	0.26b
	D组Group D	1.47	73.07	1.83c	0.85c	18.54	1.83bc	-	1.96b	0.46b
	标准误 SEM	0.33	2.16	0.18	0.07	2.15	0.23	-	0.16	0.12
	P值 P-value	0.516	0.098	0.001	0.001	0.475	0.001	-	0.001	0.042

Effect of Litter Bed on Growth Performance and Odor Emission in Fattening Lamb

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试验期 Period	组别 Group	2-乙基己醇 2-ethylhexanol	N,N-二甲基乙酰胺N,N-Dimethylacetamide	苯酚 Phenol	1H-吲哚-3-硫醇 1H-indole-3-thiol
试验前期 Early period (1-45 d)	对照组 Control group	4.87a	18.99a	3.20a	-
	A组Group A	4.49b	16.74b	2.86a	-
	B组Group B	4.27b	16.55b	2.85a	-
	C组Group C	4.17b	15.87b	2.48b	-
	D组Group D	4.22b	16.17b	2.74a	-
	标准误 SEM	0.09	0.18	0.084	-
	P值 P-value	0.048	0.045	0.041	-
试验后期 Late period (46- 90 d)	对照组 Control group	-	3.86±0.44a	0.10a	-
	A组Group A	-	1.38±0.28b	0.17b	-
	B组Group B	-	2.82±0.60a	0.30a	1.08
	C组Group C	-	1.28±0.41b	0.07a	-
	D组Group D	-	1.43±0.39b	0.13a	0.52
	标准误 SEM	-	0.32	0.027	-
	P值 P-value	-	0.006	0.029	-

试验期 Period	组别 Group	2-乙基己醇 2-ethylhexanol	N,N-二甲基乙酰胺N,N-Dimethylacetamide	苯酚 Phenol	1H-吲哚-3-硫醇 1H-indole-3-thiol
试验前期 Early period (d 1-45)	对照组 Control group	8.41a	22.46a	5.90a	-
	A组Group A	8.13a	19.86b	4.42b	-
	B组Group B	8.0a	19.93b	4.31b	0.16
	C组Group C	7.39b	18.86b	3.71b	-
	D组Group D	7.76ab	19.31b	3.99b	-
	标准误 SEM	0.02	0.42	0.24	-
	P值 P-value	0.047	0.042	0.031	-
试验后期 Later period (d 46- 90)	对照组 Control group	-	3.38a	1.36a	1.47 a
	A组Group A	-	2.23ab	1.10ab	0.61b
	B组Group B	-	2.28ab	1.16ab	0.78a
	C组Group C	-	1.36b	0.60b	0.26b
	D组Group D	-	1.9b	0.85b	0.46b
	标准误 SEM	-	0.22	0.08	0.14
	P值 P-value	-	0.031	0.012	0.047

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