不同降雨年型施氮量对延迟收获夏玉米产量、强弱势粒形态与粒重的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The North China Plain is the thermal resource limited area, summer maize grain mechanical harvesting technology were astricted by higher grain moisture content at harvest stage, which affects the quality of mechanical grain harvest. Under delayed harvest conditions, nitrogen application rate affect summer maize grain yield, and superior and inferior grains morphology and weight are not clear. Through the systematic observation of summer maize superior and inferior grains morphology, filling and dehydration process under different nitrogen application levels, clarified the regulation effect of nitrogen, and which provided support for summer maize grain mechanical harvesting technology cultivation to obtain stabilize yield, reduce nitrogen application and improve efficiency in the of region. 【Method】Summer maize grain mechanical harvesting hybrid Jingnongke 728 was used as the research materials, the field experiment were conducted in 2020-2021 by a harvest time and nitrogen application rate two-factor randomized block design, harvest time were normal harvest time (NH) and delayed harvest (DH), and six nitrogen application rate were 0 (N₀), 120 (N₁₂₀, 2021), 180 (N₁₈₀), 240 (N₂₄₀), 300 (N₃₀₀), 360 (N₃₆₀) and 450 kg hm^-2 (N₄₅₀, 2020). Summer maize grain yield (GY), superior and inferior grains fresh volume (GFV), fresh weight (GFW), dry weight (GDW), and moisture content (GMC) and their change rates were measured. 【Result】Compared to the dry year (2020), the inferior grains maximum grain filling rate (G_max), the increment at G_max (W_max) and initial potential (R₀) of GFV, GFW and GDW were significantly reduced in the rainy year (2021), and the days reached G_max (T_max) were delayed, and the active duration (P) were prolonged, which resulted in GFV, GFW and GDW reduced significantly by 15.4%-50.6%, 25.4%-62.0% and 31.2%-57.3%, respectively, however, there were no significant change in superior grains, and so led GY declined significantly by 3.03×10³-5.44×10³ kg·hm^-2. The inferior grains GDW_Gmax, GDW_Wmax and GDW_R0 in the rainy year were significantly decreased by 55.1%-258.1%, 13.4%-143.0% and 12.0%-126.6%, respectively, and GDW_Tmax were delayed by 4.2-20.7 d compared to superior grains. The superior grains GFV, GFW and GDW were significantly increased by 56.8%-69.6%, 67.0%-80.4% and 54.1%-92.1%, respectively, than inferior grains. Compared with NH, the grains G_max and R₀ at DH treatments were increased, and the P for superior and inferior grains were significantly prolonged, which led the GFV, GFW decreased significantly by 2.1%-8.1% and 12.2%-17.1%, 4.0%-5.2% and 15.7%-19.5, respectively, under the dry year and rainy year, meanwhile GDW increased from 25.1-28.2 g/100 grains to 28.0-34.4 g/100 grains, the GMC decreased from 22.6%-26.0% to 22.6%-26.0% as well, which were declined by 31.3%-40.4% than NH. The GY for DH were increased 0.02×10³-1.67×10³ kg·hm^-2 than NH. There was no significant difference in GFV, GFW and GDW between nitrogen application levels in dry year. While in the rainy year, the GDW_Gmax and GDW_Wmax for N₂₄₀-N₃₆₀ treatment were significantly higher than N₁₈₀, GDW_Tmax were delayed, and GDW_P was prolonged (P<0.05), and the effects were more intense on inferior grains than on superior grains. Under DH treatment, the GFV, GFW and GDW of inferior grains for N₂₄₀-N₃₆₀ were significantly increased by 25.7%-85.3%, 59.4%-83.6% and 17.9%-43.9% than N₁₈₀, respectively. The nitrogen yield increasing effect in rainy year were significantly intense than dry year, as 74.4%-169.5% vs. 51.5%-99.1%. GY of N₂₄₀ was significantly rised by 12.6%-54.5% than N₁₂₀-N₁₈₀. 【Conclusion】In the thermal resource limited area of the North China Plain, changed winter wheat into spring wheat in the wheat-maize cropping system, with summer maize delayed harvest for 23-33 days, the inferior grains capacity and weight were significantly increased, and so the grain moisture content were reduced to the grain mechanical harvesting technology standard to realized the annual grain mechanical harvesting. And by optimized nitrogen application rate at 247.2-248.6 kg·hm^-2, the production strategy of stable yield at 7.0×10³-12.0×10³ kg·hm^-2, nitrogen reduction and improve efficiency under different rainfall years were achieved in the region.

Key words: summer maize, rainfall year types, delayed harvest, nitrogen application rate, superior and inferior grains, grain filling

LIU Meng, ZHANG Yao, GE JunZhu, YANG YongAn, WU XiDong, HOU HaiPeng. Effects of Nitrogen Application on Delayed Harvest Summer Maize Grain Yield, Superior and Inferior Grains Morphology and Weight Under Different Rainfall Years[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(20): 3975-3995.

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Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 1

Effects of nitrogen application on delayed harvest summer maize superior and inferior grains fresh volume change rate under different rainfall years"

粒位 Grain position	年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen	GFV_Gmax (cm³·d^-1/100 grains)		GFV_Tmax (d)		GFV_P (d)		GFV_Wmax (cm³/100 grains)		GFV_R0 (cm³)
粒位 Grain position	年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH
上部 Upper	2020	N₀	0.97	1.02	20.4	19.9	40.5	42.0	13.5	13.8	0.14	0.15
		N₁₈₀	1.49	1.51	15.7	16.0	30.6	31.8	15.7	15.4	0.19	0.20
		N₂₄₀	1.41	1.50	15.1	16.6	31.6	36.4	17.1	15.8	0.17	0.19
		N₃₀₀	1.47	1.48	16.0	16.2	33.6	34.4	16.8	16.6	0.17	0.18
		N₃₆₀	1.49	1.44	16.2	15.3	35.7	33.0	16.4	17.2	0.18	0.17
		N₄₅₀	1.46	1.48	18.6	18.7	35.2	35.9	17.5	17.3	0.17	0.17
	2021	N₀	0.60	0.69	32.2	36.4	35.5	50.9	10.1	8.2	0.12	0.17
		N₁₂₀	0.45	0.49	30.1	33.5	36.6	44.5	12.1	10.8	0.07	0.09
		N₁₈₀	0.50	0.61	20.0	26.5	42.5	51.8	11.1	8.7	0.09	0.14
		N₂₄₀	0.62	0.67	23.7	26.4	45.7	55.6	11.4	10.2	0.11	0.13
		N₃₀₀	0.43	0.47	29.7	33.1	47.9	58.4	14.1	12.6	0.06	0.07
		N₃₆₀	0.48	0.52	19.8	22.0	47.7	58.1	10.9	9.8	0.09	0.11
中部 Middle	2020	N₀	1.10	1.08	21.1	21.7	45.9	47.8	16.8	17.2	0.13	0.13
		N₁₈₀	1.73	1.69	15.3	15.8	29.9	31.5	17.3	17.8	0.20	0.19
		N₂₄₀	1.48	1.47	16.7	17.0	37.5	38.1	18.4	18.7	0.16	0.16
		N₃₀₀	1.60	1.60	15.7	15.9	34.8	35.3	18.6	18.8	0.17	0.17
		N₃₆₀	1.62	1.60	16.5	17.1	36.1	37.9	19.6	20.2	0.17	0.16
		N₄₅₀	1.69	1.67	17.2	17.6	32.9	34.2	18.6	19.1	0.18	0.18
	2021	N₀	1.17	1.31	25.7	32.2	34.4	53.1	20.7	15.1	0.11	0.17
		N₁₂₀	1.26	1.37	20.0	21.7	35.5	42.4	17.7	16.2	0.14	0.17
		N₁₈₀	1.92	2.16	16.8	17.6	23.0	27.6	17.7	16.6	0.22	0.26
		N₂₄₀	1.45	1.55	17.0	17.8	33.5	37.6	18.1	17.3	0.16	0.18
		N₃₀₀	1.56	1.55	17.6	17.6	35.1	34.9	18.2	18.2	0.17	0.17
		N₃₆₀	1.31	1.48	14.3	15.9	35.0	42.8	18.7	17.2	0.14	0.17
下部 Lower	2020	N₀	1.10	1.15	22.6	21.0	46.9	41.7	17.2	16.0	0.13	0.14
		N₁₈₀	1.68	1.62	14.9	15.6	30.6	33.0	17.1	17.8	0.20	0.18
		N₂₄₀	1.40	1.48	17.7	15.9	42.1	36.6	19.6	18.1	0.14	0.16
		N₃₀₀	1.61	1.53	15.8	17.0	34.5	38.6	18.5	19.7	0.17	0.16
		N₃₆₀	1.36	1.30	16.5	18.1	41.9	46.9	18.9	20.3	0.14	0.13
		N₄₅₀	1.58	1.50	17.2	18.6	34.1	38.9	17.9	19.4	0.18	0.15
	2021	N₀	2.20	2.26	19.4	20.4	19.3	22.1	16.2	14.5	0.27	0.31
		N₁₂₀	1.65	1.71	18.4	19.0	28.1	30.5	16.7	16.0	0.20	0.21
		N₁₈₀	1.65	1.81	16.6	17.9	26.8	32.2	17.7	16.1	0.19	0.22
		N₂₄₀	1.43	1.51	16.4	17.0	35.9	39.0	18.6	18.0	0.15	0.17
		N₃₀₀	1.87	1.85	16.5	16.4	29.1	28.6	17.8	18.0	0.21	0.21
		N₃₆₀	1.70	1.89	14.3	15.6	29.2	35.0	19.8	18.4	0.17	0.21

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 4

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen application on delayed harvest summer maize superior and inferior grains fresh weight change rate under different rainfall years"

粒位 Grain position	年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen	GFW_Gmax (g·d^-1/100 grains)		GFW_Tmax (d)		GFW_P (d)		GFW_Wmax (g/100 grains)		GFW_R0 (g)
粒位 Grain position	年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH
上部 Upper	2020	N₀	1.15	1.20	22.9	22.7	46.9	44.9	18.0	18.0	0.13	0.13
		N₁₈₀	1.98	1.89	16.1	16.9	28.5	31.4	18.8	19.7	0.21	0.19
		N₂₄₀	1.78	1.87	17.6	16.5	34.7	30.9	20.6	19.3	0.17	0.19
		N₃₀₀	2.02	1.96	15.6	16.2	29.8	31.7	20.1	20.7	0.20	0.19
		N₃₆₀	1.82	1.80	16.2	16.6	34.8	35.8	21.1	21.5	0.17	0.17
		N₄₅₀	1.93	1.99	19.3	18.8	35.1	33.0	22.7	22.0	0.17	0.18
	2021	N₀	0.68	0.82	32.4	39.7	29.4	53.3	12.0	8.0	0.11	0.20
		N₁₂₀	0.96	0.78	29.5	33.7	34.7	48.3	11.1	12.5	0.17	0.12
		N₁₈₀	0.61	0.82	19.2	23.8	36.0	58.2	11.7	9.8	0.10	0.17
		N₂₄₀	0.85	0.69	20.6	23.6	38.1	53.1	10.8	12.2	0.16	0.11
		N₃₀₀	0.70	0.56	26.9	30.7	34.3	47.8	13.0	14.6	0.11	0.08
		N₃₆₀	0.74	0.60	26.1	29.7	31.2	43.4	11.3	12.7	0.13	0.09
中部 Middle	2020	N₀	1.51	1.52	21.2	21.3	40.2	40.3	20.2	20.4	0.15	0.15
		N₁₈₀	2.14	2.13	16.5	16.6	30.9	31.2	22.1	22.2	0.19	0.19
		N₂₄₀	2.03	2.02	16.0	16.1	32.7	33.1	22.1	22.3	0.18	0.18
		N₃₀₀	2.06	2.06	16.8	16.8	34.2	34.3	23.5	23.6	0.18	0.18
		N₃₆₀	1.92	1.94	18.0	17.9	39.2	38.7	25.0	25.0	0.15	0.15
		N₄₅₀	2.21	2.19	17.7	17.9	31.8	32.7	23.5	23.9	0.19	0.18
	2021	N₀	1.45	1.63	27.0	33.2	31.9	49.7	24.1	17.3	0.12	0.19
		N₁₂₀	1.65	1.80	21.1	23.0	31.3	38.2	21.1	18.8	0.16	0.19
		N₁₈₀	2.08	2.32	18.1	19.2	25.4	30.5	21.2	19.6	0.20	0.24
		N₂₄₀	1.61	1.74	18.3	19.3	35.1	40.0	21.5	20.4	0.15	0.17
		N₃₀₀	1.83	1.87	19.2	19.4	35.1	36.5	22.2	21.9	0.16	0.17
		N₃₆₀	1.49	1.68	15.6	17.9	36.3	45.6	22.7	20.4	0.13	0.17
下部 Lower	2020	N₀	1.38	1.37	22.7	23.3	44.6	46.3	20.6	21.1	0.13	0.13
		N₁₈₀	2.16	2.03	15.6	16.7	30.2	34.0	21.7	23.0	0.20	0.18
		N₂₄₀	1.90	1.94	17.6	17.1	38.5	36.8	24.3	23.8	0.16	0.16
		N₃₀₀	1.92	1.83	17.2	18.4	37.2	41.6	23.9	25.4	0.16	0.14
		N₃₆₀	1.92	1.76	16.1	18.4	35.8	43.7	22.9	25.6	0.17	0.14
		N₄₅₀	2.10	1.93	17.3	19.0	31.7	38.3	22.2	24.6	0.19	0.16
	2021	N₀	2.19	2.61	21.9	23.6	19.4	27.5	20.0	16.9	0.22	0.31
		N₁₂₀	1.90	2.09	19.3	20.7	27.2	33.0	20.8	18.9	0.18	0.22
		N₁₈₀	1.89	2.09	18.0	19.8	27.7	34.8	21.9	19.3	0.17	0.22
		N₂₄₀	1.83	1.91	19.3	19.8	34.8	37.3	22.7	22.2	0.16	0.17
		N₃₀₀	2.07	2.15	18.3	18.8	30.9	32.9	22.8	22.1	0.18	0.19
		N₃₆₀	1.98	2.22	15.1	16.9	28.7	36.1	23.8	21.3	0.17	0.21

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 5

Table 5

Effects of nitrogen application on delayed harvest summer maize superior and inferior grain dry weight filling rate under different rainfall years"

粒位 Grain position	年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen	GDW_Gmax (g·d^-1/100 grains)		GDW_Tmax (d)		GDW_P (d)		GDW_Wmax (g/100 grains)		GDW_R0 (g)
粒位 Grain position	年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH	NH	DH
上部 Upper	2020	N₀	0.75	0.75	31.0	33.3	45.8	51.2	11.4	12.8	0.13	0.12
		N₁₈₀	0.98	0.87	23.7	27.2	37.2	49.0	12.1	14.2	0.16	0.12
		N₂₄₀	0.92	0.91	26.0	26.2	46.7	47.8	14.3	14.5	0.13	0.13
		N₃₀₀	0.99	0.95	26.2	26.7	45.2	47.8	15.0	15.2	0.13	0.13
		N₃₆₀	1.01	0.88	24.3	28.4	39.1	53.5	13.1	15.7	0.15	0.11
		N₄₅₀	1.12	1.07	25.8	27.0	38.6	43.1	14.5	15.3	0.16	0.14
	2021	N₀	0.39	0.43	39.3	41.0	41.9	42.6	5.4	6.1	0.14	0.14
		N₁₂₀	0.52	0.50	36.6	48.8	40.3	42.9	6.9	11.8	0.15	0.09
		N₁₈₀	0.41	0.35	27.8	33.3	41.5	41.4	5.6	7.0	0.14	0.10
		N₂₄₀	0.51	0.47	40.5	36.7	50.2	50.3	11.4	9.7	0.09	0.10
		N₃₀₀	0.66	0.56	45.2	43.1	41.8	43.8	12.9	11.2	0.10	0.10
		N₃₆₀	0.65	0.55	43.3	41.3	44.4	46.6	9.8	8.5	0.13	0.13
中部 Middle	2020	N₀	0.89	0.84	28.7	31.4	41.9	50.4	12.5	14.1	0.14	0.12
		N₁₈₀	1.12	1.01	23.9	26.3	38.1	46.9	14.2	15.8	0.16	0.13
		N₂₄₀	1.09	1.02	23.8	26.0	40.4	47.8	14.6	16.2	0.15	0.13
		N₃₀₀	1.11	1.04	24.5	26.7	40.5	47.9	15.0	16.6	0.15	0.13
		N₃₆₀	1.16	1.12	26.4	28.5	41.6	47.6	16.0	17.8	0.14	0.13
		N₄₅₀	1.23	1.09	24.1	26.8	36.3	46.6	14.8	16.9	0.17	0.13
	2021	N₀	1.39	1.39	35.1	35.1	26.5	26.5	12.3	12.2	0.23	0.23
		N₁₂₀	1.28	1.24	29.0	29.5	29.2	31.0	12.4	12.9	0.21	0.19
		N₁₈₀	1.10	1.10	27.5	27.4	37.3	37.2	13.7	13.6	0.16	0.16
		N₂₄₀	1.00	1.00	29.6	29.5	45.1	45.2	15.1	15.0	0.13	0.13
		N₃₀₀	1.17	1.15	28.1	28.7	37.6	39.4	14.6	15.1	0.16	0.15
		N₃₆₀	1.01	1.05	28.0	26.5	41.4	45.9	15.5	14.5	0.13	0.15
下部 Lower	2020	N₀	0.91	0.78	29.5	32.6	40.2	53.0	12.2	13.8	0.15	0.11
		N₁₈₀	1.08	0.89	23.3	28.1	37.8	55.9	13.6	16.5	0.16	0.11
		N₂₄₀	1.13	1.06	24.7	26.8	40.6	47.5	15.3	16.8	0.15	0.13
		N₃₀₀	1.09	0.98	25.1	29.1	41.2	54.2	14.9	17.6	0.15	0.11
		N₃₆₀	1.09	0.98	23.9	30.5	37.7	56.6	13.7	18.4	0.16	0.11
		N₄₅₀	1.29	0.87	22.6	30.2	30.7	62.1	13.2	18.0	0.20	0.10
	2021	N₀	1.14	0.91	28.7	31.5	26.9	39.4	10.3	11.9	0.22	0.15
		N₁₂₀	1.07	1.03	27.3	28.1	34.0	36.9	12.2	12.6	0.18	0.16
		N₁₈₀	1.17	1.16	26.9	26.9	33.6	33.7	13.0	13.0	0.18	0.18
		N₂₄₀	1.07	1.01	27.8	29.4	39.6	45.4	14.2	15.2	0.15	0.13
		N₃₀₀	1.22	1.06	25.9	28.2	32.8	42.2	13.3	14.9	0.18	0.14
		N₃₆₀	1.12	1.07	24.7	25.4	38.2	41.6	14.3	14.8	0.16	0.14

Table 5

Table 6

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

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年份 Year	处理 <BOLD>T</BOLD>reatment	粒位 Grain position	GFV	GFV_Gmax	GFV_Tmax	GFV_P	GFV_Wmax	GFV_R0
2020	NH	上部Upper	0.691**	0.934**	-0.771**	-0.807**	0.880**	0.794**
		中部Middle	0.749**	0.835**	-0.901**	-0.773**	0.729**	0.699**
		下部Lower	0.492ns	0.752**	-0.870**	-0.596*	0.573*	0.441ns
	DH	上部Upper	0.465ns	0.845**	-0.714**	-0.580*	0.822**	0.472ns
		中部Middle	0.457ns	0.740**	-0.801**	-0.631*	0.792**	0.505ns
		下部Lower	0.313ns	0.486ns	-0.595*	0.094ns	0.846**	0.016ns
2021	NH	上部Upper	0.530ns	-0.368ns	-0.804**	0.366ns	0.250ns	-0.335ns
		中部Middle	0.380ns	0.234ns	-0.901**	-0.467ns	-0.550ns	0.301ns
		下部Lower	0.532ns	-0.572*	-0.960**	0.703**	0.843**	-0.764**
	DH	上部Upper	0.456ns	-0.420ns	-0.551*	0.434ns	0.478ns	-0.515ns
		中部Middle	0.559*	0.243ns	-0.853**	-0.019ns	0.843**	0.039ns
		下部Lower	0.702**	-0.501ns	-0.838**	0.677**	0.866**	-0.709**

年份Year	处理 <BOLD>T</BOLD>reatment	粒位 Grain position	GFW	GFW_Gmax	GFW_Tmax	GFW_P	GFW_Wmax	GFW_R0
2020	NH	上部Upper	0.503*	0.909**	-0.870**	-0.857**	0.613*	0.742**
		中部Middle	0.727**	0.846**	-0.895**	-0.640**	0.762**	0.598*
		下部Lower	0.719**	0.822**	-0.884**	-0.664**	0.780**	0.635**
	DH	上部Upper	0.201ns	0.830**	-0.873**	-0.765**	0.666**	0.767**
		中部Middle	0.369ns	0.700**	-0.771**	-0.363ns	0.790**	0.273ns
		下部Lower	0.346ns	0.660**	-0.748**	-0.302ns	0.900**	0.193ns
2021	NH	上部Upper	0.511ns	-0.279ns	-0.557*	0.395ns	0.356ns	-0.227ns
		中部Middle	0.493ns	0.102ns	-0.893**	-0.223ns	-0.332ns	0.085ns
		下部Lower	0.593*	-0.400ns	-0.930**	0.791**	0.937**	-0.781**
	DH	上部Upper	0.471ns	-0.717**	-0.271ns	0.717**	0.677**	-0.735**
		中部Middle	0.610*	0.134ns	-0.843**	0.347ns	0.843**	-0.251ns
		下部Lower	0.715**	-0.576*	-0.777**	0.743**	0.837**	-0.776**

年份 Year	处理 <BOLD>T</BOLD>reatment	粒位 Grain position	GDW	GDW_Gmax	GDW_Tmax	GDW_P	GDW_Wmax	GDW_R0
2020	NH	上部Upper	0.797**	0.761**	-0.845**	-0.298ns	0.737**	0.304ns
		中部Middle	0.861**	0.822**	-0.838**	-0.387ns	0.870**	0.419ns
		下部Lower	0.830**	0.694**	-0.836**	-0.176ns	0.769**	0.206ns
	DH	上部Upper	0.467ns	0.583*	-0.822**	-0.128ns	0.877**	0.111ns
		中部Middle	0.586*	0.863**	-0.690**	-0.688**	0.863**	0.890**
		下部Lower	0.674**	0.780**	-0.538*	0.045ns	0.888**	0.159ns
2021	NH	上部Upper	0.542ns	0.772**	0.396ns	0.505ns	0.703**	-0.533ns
		中部Middle	0.625*	-0.821**	-0.794**	0.847**	0.884**	-0.869**
		下部Lower	0.670*	0.117ns	-0.821**	0.784**	0.921**	-0.827**
	DH	上部Upper	0.484ns	0.401ns	-0.166ns	0.139ns	0.310ns	-0.239ns
		中部Middle	0.524ns	-0.792**	-0.776**	0.810**	0.832**	-0.834**
		下部Lower	0.708**	0.530ns	-0.668**	0.343ns	0.811**	-0.296ns

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Delayed Harvest Summer Maize Grain Yield, Superior and Inferior Grains Morphology and Weight Under Different Rainfall Years

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