Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (20): 3996-4009.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.006

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Spatial Differences and Driving Factors of Aboveground Nitrogen Uptake in Per Hundred Kilograms Grain of Maize in China

WANG DanDan(), CHEN HuanXuan, ZHANG Chong(), JU XiaoTang()   

  1. College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228
  • Received:2023-02-01 Accepted:2023-04-01 Online:2023-10-16 Published:2023-10-31
  • Contact: ZHANG Chong, JU XiaoTang

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Abstract:

【Objective】 We aim to quantify aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake in per hundred kilograms grain (N100) of maize in different agro-ecological zones at different yield levels in China, and analyze the effects of climate, soil, variety and N fertilization on N100 of maize, thus to provide a scientific basis for determining rational N fertilizer rate. 【Method】 We divided Chinese cropland into six major regions, i.e., northeast, northwest, North China Plain, middle and lower Yangtze River, southwest, and southeast, and collected 349 peer-reviewed papers published during 1980-2022 to analyze the spatial variation of N100 and its changes at different yield levels, and compared the differences in calculated theoretical N rate between constant and region-specific N100. The effects of climate, soil and fertilization on N100 were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, Random forest model and Meta-analysis, to reveal the causes of spatial variation in N100. 【Result】 Under the optimized N management, N100 of spring maize was significantly lower than that of summer maize which were 2.21 and 2.46, respectively; and there were significant differences in N100 of maize among different agro-ecological zones, which were 2.19 (Northeast spring maize), 2.12 (Northwest spring maize), 2.54 (Northwest summer maize), 2.45 (North China Plain summer maize), 2.77 (Middle and Lower Yangtze River spring maize), 2.38 (Middle and Lower Yangtze River summer maize), and 2.39 (Southwestern maize zone), respectively. The difference between calculated the theoretical N rate based on the national average N100 (2.34) and that based on regional-specific N100 was -22-31 kg N·hm-2. Aboveground N uptake, yield, and mean annual temperature were the most important factors affecting N100. The N100 showed a significant quadratic decrease with increasing yield (P<0.01), and grain yield was a good predictor of N100. Varieties significantly affected maize N100, the N100 of common Chinese maize varieties Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335, and Denghai 605 are 2.42, 2.12, and 2.39, respectively. New varieties had a significant lower N100 than old varieties. The application of N fertilizer significantly increased the N100 of maize, and the greatest increase effect of N100 caused by N fertilizer application was observed at 200-300 kg N·hm-2. Once application of slow and controlled release fertilizer, deep placement, reduction of the ratio of basal N fertilization and increasing the frequency of N fertilizer application all significantly increased N100. 【Conclusion】 When calculate the rational N fertilization, we need to considerate the regional differences of N100, thus to obtain accurate fertilizer N rate, and the N100 of maize is mainly driven by variation in aboveground N uptake, yield and mean annual temperature.

Key words: maize, aboveground N uptake in per hundred kilograms grain, yield levels, rational N fertilization, agro-ecological zones

Fig. 1

Frequency distribution of maize grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 OP: Optimized N management; NOP: Non-optimized N management. M, SE and n denote the mean, standard errors and sample sizes, respectively. The curve is a Gaussian distribution fitted to frequency data and P<0.01 suit for the distribution. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 of maize in different agro-ecological zones under optimized N management NEC: Northeast China; NWC: Northwest China; NCP: North China Plain; MLYR: Middle and Lower Yangtze River; SWC: Southwest China; SP: Spring maize; SU: Summer maize. The red and black lines in this figure indicate the mean and median, respectively. The box boundaries indicate the 75% and 25% quartiles. Upper case letters compare the differences between spring and summer maize in China, and lower-case letters compare the differences between spring/summer maize in different agro-ecological zones. Different uppercase/lowercase letters indicate significantly different (P<0.05). The numbers in brackets represent the number of samples. The same as below"

Fig. 3

Grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 of maize in different agro-ecological zones under non-optimized N management"

Fig. 4

Relationship between aboveground N uptake, N100 and grain yield"

Fig. 5

Theoretical N rate of maize in different agro-ecological zones based on different N100 N100=2.34: The average N100 of maize in China under optimized N management in this study; N100=2.12—2.77: The average N100 of maize in different agro-ecological zones under optimized N management in this study, China, China-SP, China-SU, NEC-SP, NWC-SP, NWC- SU, NCP-SU, MLYR-SP, MLYR-SU and SWCM are 2.34, 2.21, 2.46, 2.19, 2.12, 2.54, 2.45, 2.77, 2.38 and 2.39, respectively"

Fig. 6

Grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 of new and old varieties Old: Old variety; New: New variety"

Fig. 7

Grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 of different varieties ZD958: Zhengdan 958; XY335: Xianyu335; ZH505: Zhenghong505; SD609: Shaandan609; LP206: Longping206; LY99: Liangyu99; DH605: Denghai605; CD418: Chuandan418; The numbers in brackets represent the number of samples"

Fig. 8

Pearson's correlation analysis of grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 with different factors MAT: Mean annual temperature; MAP: Mean annual precipitation; SOC: Soil organic carbon content; TN: Soil total nitrogen content; pH: Soil pH; N rate: Nitrogen application rate; P2O5 rate: Phosphorus application rate; K2O rate: Potassium application rate; Yield: Grain yield; Nuptake: Aboveground N uptake; N100: Aboveground nitrogen uptake in per hundred kilograms grain. *, ** and *** indicate significant correlation at the levels of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively. The same as below"

Fig. 9

Relative importance of different factors on grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100"

Fig. 10

Effect of nitrogen rate on grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 Dots with error bars denote the percent change and 95% CI, respectively. The 95% CI that do not overlap zero line means significant difference between treatment and control. The numbers in brackets represent the number of samples. The same as below"

Fig. 11

Effect of different N fertilizer types on grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100 U+NI: Urea with nitrification inhibitor; U+SCRF: Urea with Slow and controlled release fertilizer; SCRF: Slow and controlled release fertilizer; U+M: Urea with manure; M: Manure"

Fig. 12

Effect of different N application methods on grain yield, aboveground N uptake and N100"

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