鸡蛋与鸭蛋的蛋壳力学特性、超微结构及蛋壳组分的比较

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.24.013

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The research was conducted to study the comparison of shell mechanical property, ultrastructure and component between chicken and duck eggs. 【Method】160 eggs at the average weight from laying hens (Hy-Line grey) or ducks (Longyan Shanma) in aged 45 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups, respectively. Each group had 20 eggs with 8 replicates. The laying hens and ducks were fed with maize-soybean meal basal diet, and the nutritional levels were formulated according to the national standard. The eggshell strength was measured by eggshell strength analyzer, the thickness of eggshell membrane and calcified eggshell was measured by digital micrometer, and then the eggshell ratio and toughness were calculated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the ultrastructure of eggshell and to measure the effective thickness, mammillary thickness and width, and then to calculate the total thickness, the ratio of effective or mammillary thickness relative to total thickness. The mammillary structure was also observed by SEM and the degree of variation was scored. After crushing and extracting the eggshell, the content of matrix protein was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue method. After microwave digestion, the content of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper and zinc in eggshell were determined according to the national standard method. 【Result】In comparison with chicken eggshell, the weight of duck egg and eggshell were increased (P<0.01), but the shell ratio was not changed (P>0.05); the eggshell breaking strength, toughness and eggshell membrane thickness were increased (P<0.01), but the thickness of the calcified eggshell (without shell membrane) was not changed (P>0.05). In respect to the ultrastructure, the thickness of mammillary layer and the number of mammillary knobs in per unit were decreased, but the mammillary knob width and mammillary layer ratio in duck eggshell were increased in relative to those of chicken eggs (P<0.001). No differences were observed in total and effective thickness (P>0.05), but the ratio of effective layer relative to total thickness was increased in duck eggshell (P<0.001). About the ultrastructure of mammillary knobs, there were no significant differences in the mammillae density, type B, type A, aragonite, cuff and pitted structure scores of the duck eggshell (P>0.05), the scores of the variations such as caps, early fusion and late fusion, and the total score of knobs were decreased in duck eggshell compared with chicken eggshell (P<0.05). There was higher frequency of mammillary structure variation in the chicken eggshell than the duck eggshell. The groove-like traces on the cap structure of the duck eggshell were deeper and clearer, the early fusion was more extensive, and the bonding between the knobs and the shell membrane fibers were denser than that in chicken eggshell. The contents of phosphorus, copper and manganese in duck eggshell were increased (P < 0.05), but the magnesium and matrix protein contents were decreased in duck eggshells relative to those in chicken eggshell (P<0.001), and there were no significant differences in calcium and zinc content (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】Above all, the eggshell quality of chicken and duck eggs were similar, and there were no differences in eggshell ratio, thickness of calcified layer, calcium and zinc content in eggshells. Compared with the chicken eggshell, the mechanical properties of duck eggshell were better, for shell breaking strength and toughness of duck eggshell were increased, which mainly due to the improvement of shell ultrastructure by increasing effective thickness and the ameliorate of mammillary knobs in duck eggshell. In addition, the phosphorus, copper and manganese content in duck eggshell were increased, but the content of magnesium and matrix proteins were decreased. In some content, the quality of duck eggshell could be improved by regulating the mineral elements and matrix protein content in eggshell, and modulated the process of eggshell formation, especially the deposition of calcium carbonate in the mammillary and palisade layers, and increased effective thickness and improved structure of the mammillary layer.

Key words: chicken eggshell, duck eggshell, mechanical properties, ultrastructure, eggshell components

ZHANG YaNan,JIN YongYan,ZHUANG ZhiWei,WANG Shuang,XIA WeiGuang,RUAN Dong,CHEN Wei,ZHENG ChunTian. Comparison of Shell Mechanical Property, Ultrastructure and Component Between Chicken and Duck Eggs[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(24): 4957-4968.

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References 41

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原料Raw material	含量Content (%)	营养成分Nutritional ingredient^②	含量Content
玉米Corn (CP 7.8%)	64.21	代谢能ME (MJ·kg^-1)	11.29
豆粕Sbean meal (CP 43%)	25.55	粗蛋白质CP (%)	16.49
石粉Limestone	8.35	钙Ca (%)	3.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	1.14	总磷TP (%)	0.52
食盐NaCl	0.30	赖氨酸Lys (%)	0.84
蛋氨酸Met (98%)	0.11	蛋氨酸Met (%)	0.38
预混料Premix^①	0.34	蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 (%)	0.65
合计Total	100.00

原料Raw material	含量Content (%)	营养成分Nutritional ingredient^②	含量Content
玉米Corn (CP 7.8%)	53.79	代谢能ME (MJ·kg^-1)	10.46
豆粕Soybean meal (CP 43%)	23.19	粗蛋白CP (%)	16.50
麦麸Wheat bran	11.73	钙Ca (%)	3.60
石粉Limestone	8.57	总磷TP (%)	0.60
蛋氨酸Met (98%)	0.16	非植酸磷NPP (%)	0.34
赖氨酸Lys	0.03	赖氨酸Lys (%)	0.84
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	1.23	蛋氨酸Met (%)	0.41
食盐NaCl	0.30
预混料Premix^①	1.00
合计Total	100.00

指标Item	等级及评分Grade and score
帽子Caps	好Good (1)	好^－Good^- (3)	差^＋Poor^＋(6)	差Poor (8)	差^-Poor^- (10)
汇流Confluence	无None (3)	孤立Isolated (4)	中等Moderate (6)	广泛Extensive (1)
B型Type B	无None (1)	孤立Isolated (2)	中等Moderate (5)	广泛Extensive (8)
A型Type A	无None (1)	孤立Isolated (2)
霰石Aragonite	无None (1)	孤立Isolated (2)	中等Moderate (5)
早期融合Early fusion	孤立Isolated (4)	中等Moderate (2)	广泛Extensive (1)
晚期融合Late fusion	孤立Isolated (1)	中等Moderate (3)	广泛Extensive (6)
袖口Cuffing	无None (5)	独立Isolated (4)	中等Moderated (1)
凹陷Pitted	无None (1)	坑洼Depression (5)	侵蚀Erosion (7)	孔洞Hole (12)
总分Total score	优秀Excelle (<20)	好Good (20-29)	好^－Good^- (30-34)	差^＋Poor⁺ (35-39)	差Poor (40-49)	差^-Poor^-- (>50)

项目Item	鸡蛋Chicken egg	鸭蛋Duck egg	P值 P-value
蛋重Egg weight (g)	57.57±0.28	66.60±0.28	<0.001
蛋壳重Eggshell weight (g)	5.33±0.033	6.11±0.043	<0.001
蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio (%)	9.25±0.073	9.17±0.055	0.430
蛋壳韧性Eggshell toughness (N/mm^2/3)	425.99±5.17	466.91±7.89	0.001
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength (N)	33.99±0.49	38.66±1.01	0.001
蛋壳膜厚Eggshell membrane thickness (mm)	0.062±0.00078	0.10±0.0013	<0.001
蛋壳厚度Eggshell calcification thickness (mm)	0.35±0.0031	0.35±0.0038	0.222

项目Item	鸡蛋Chicken egg	鸭蛋Duck egg	P值P-value
总厚度Total thickness (μm)	304.27±3.56	304.54±3.14	0.958
有效厚度Effective thickness (μm)	233.16±3.66	238.45±3.14	0.325
有效层比例Effective layer ratio (%)	76.61±0.93	78.17±0.31	0.004
乳突厚度Mammillary thickness (μm)	71.11±0.56	66.45±0.93	0.001
乳突层比例Mammillary layer ratio (%)	23.39±0.33	21.83±0.31	0.004
乳突个数Mammillary knobs (个/mm)	15.41±0.18	13.79±0.30	<0.001
乳突宽度 Mammillary width (μm)	65.37±0.60	73.21±1.61	<0.001

Comparison of Shell Mechanical Property, Ultrastructure and Component Between Chicken and Duck Eggs

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项目Item	鸡蛋Chicken egg	鸭蛋Duck egg	P值P-value
乳突密度 Mammillae (mm²)	227.33±3.31	224.88±6.32	0.710
帽子结构 Caps	2.86±0.45	1.54±0.14	0.015
汇流 Confluence	3.82±0.17	3.40±0.070	0.038
B型 Type B	1.50±0.63	1.13±0.040	0.133
A型 Type A	1.25±0.091	1.11±0.055	0.213
霰石 Aragonite	1.42±0.070	1.28±0.052	0.130
早期融合 Early fusion	1.86±0.084	1.60±0.073	0.035
晚期融合 Late fusion	3.89±0.23	3.25±0.16	0.038
袖口 Cuffing	3.61±0.15	3.64±0.31	0.935
凹陷 Pitted	1.28±0.14	1.00±0.00	0.073
总分 Total score	21.46±0.98	17.95±0.43	0.006

项目Item	鸡蛋Chicken egg	鸭蛋Duck egg	P值P-value
钙 Calcium (%)	34.11±0.37	33.95±0.41	0.765
磷 Phosphorus (%)	0.193±0.018	0.294±0.033	0.017
镁 Magnesium (%)	0.29±0.0041	0.092±0.0016	<0.001
铜 Copper (mg/kg)	0.53±0.033	17.66±0.53	0.004
锰 Manganese (mg/kg)	0.22±0.013	0.67±0.018	0.001
锌 Zinc (mg/kg)	2.57±0.43	1.74±0.17	0.375
蛋白 Protein (mg/g)	9.10±0.49	6.12±0.16	<0.001

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