“优标”水稻体系对稻田土壤环境的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In view of the fertilizer-pesticide reduction approaches in rice production, the rice good quality standard system (GQS) was developed independently in the early stage. The objective of this study is to analyze the rice yield, rice contaminant content and soil quality characteristics under GQS application, evaluate the effect of applying GQS in agricultural practices, and to provide scientific basis for the reasonable design and timely adjustment of GQS.【Method】 The fixed-point rice growing areas with continuous application of GQS for 1-5 years in Jiangsu and Shanghai were selected. The adjacent areas with conventional rice cultivation system (CCS) were taken as control. The rice samples and soil samples were collected at harvest stage for analysis. The rice yield was measured. The contents of pesticide residues and toxic heavy metals were determined by SGS. Soil fertility was evaluated by using Nemerow index method. The activity of dehydrogenase, urease, and sucrase in soil was determined by using TTC reduction method, indophenol blue colorimetric method, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method, respectively. Soil microbial diversity was analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.【Result】 Compared with the CCS, the application of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 46.8% in GQS with organic fertilizer, EM bacteria agent, foliar fertilizer, and zinc fertilizer as alternatives. The high safety standard of rice in GQS was ensured by using biological agents and chemical pesticides with low toxicity and low residues. Applying GQS significantly increased soil total nitrogen and organic matter content without compromised rice yield and quality. The comprehensive score of soil fertility of the GQS was higher than that of the CCS after 1-4 years of continuous implementation, but the comprehensive score of soil fertility of the GQS was lower than that of the CCS at the fifth year. Applying GQS for two consecutive years resulted in the increase of urease, dehydrogenase and sucrase activity in rice paddy soil than CCS, and it was also found that the diversity and abundance of bacterial community increased in rice paddy soil with the application of GQS. Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi showed repeated changes in the increasing ratio of soil bacterial richness after the one-year and the five consecutive years application of GQS. Terrimonas and Flavobacterium were the dominant genera. Correlation analysis showed that the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi were positively correlated with soil pH fertility index and total P fertility index after one-year implementation of GQS. Soil pH fertility index was positively correlated with the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, respectively, after five consecutive years implementation of GQS. In addition, soil dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, respectively.【Conclusion】 The application of GQS was helpful for the restoration of rice soil fertility by effectively improving the soil quality and the diversity of soil bacterial community without compromised rice yield and safety.

Key words: good quality standard system, rice yield and quality, soil fertility, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial diversity

XIA QianWei,CHEN Hao,YAO YuTian,DA Da,CHEN Jian,SHI ZhiQi. Effects of ‘Good Quality Standard’ Rice System on Soil Environment of Paddy Field[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3343-3354.

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References 36

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时期Stage	施用肥料量Amount of fertilizer applied (kg·hm^-2)
时期Stage	常规体系 Conventional system	优标体系 Good quality standard system
基肥Base fertilizer	复合肥Compound fertilizer 15-15-15 600	复合肥Compound fertilizer 15-15-15 450
基肥Base fertilizer	46%尿素Urea 225	有机肥Organic fertilizer 3000
返青肥Resume growth fertilizer	46%尿素Urea 112.5	46%尿素Urea 112.5
返青肥Resume growth fertilizer	—	EM菌剂EM bacteria agent 37.5
分蘖肥Tiller fertilizer	46%尿素Urea 112.5	46%尿素Urea 75
拔节期 Jointing stage	—	磷酸二氢钾KH₂PO₄ 1.5
拔节期 Jointing stage	—	锌肥Zinc fertilizer 2.25
破口期（抽穗期前） Rupturing stage (Before heading stage)	—	磷酸二氢钾KH₂PO₄ 1.5
齐穗期Full heading stage	46%尿素Urea 75	大量元素水溶肥Water soluble fertilizer 2.25
灌浆期Filling stage	—	海藻叶面肥Seaweed foliar fertilizer 3000
化学肥料总量Total chemical fertilizer	N：331.5,P：90,K：90	N：176.25,P：68.18,K：68.36

时期 Stage	用药量Amount of pesticides applied (/hm²)
时期 Stage	常规体系 Conventional system	优标体系 Good quality standard system
浸种 Soaking	25%咪鲜胺乳油30 mL兑水75 L,浸种45—60 kg 25% Prochloraz EC 30 mL with 75 L water, and then soaked 45-60 kg seed	25%氰烯菌酯300 mL兑水1500 L,浸种1500 kg 25% Phenamacril 300 mL with 1500 L water, and then soaked 1500 kg seed
浸种 Soaking	—	0.136%碧护300 g兑水1500 L,浸种1500 kg 0.136% Bihu 300 g with 1500 L water, and then soaked 1500 kg seed
拔节期 Jointing stage	10%阿维菌素Avermectin 75 g	40%甲氧茚虫威Methoxyfenozide-indoxacarb 300 g
	35%己唑嘧菌酯Hexaconazole+Azoxystrobin 300 g	15%井冈噻呋 Validamycin-thifluzamide 750 g
	70%吡虫啉Imidacloprid 75 g	20%呋虫胺Dinotefuran 300 g
破口期 Rupturing stage	2.5%溴氰菊酯Deltamethrin 450 g	5%甲维盐Emamectin benzoate 75 g
	40%稻瘟灵Isoprothiolane 1125 g	2%春雷霉素Kasugamycin 1500 g
	45%马拉硫磷Malathion 1500 g	50%烯啶虫胺Nitenpyram 150 g
	8%井冈霉素Validamycin 1500 g	24%井冈霉素Validamycin A 600 g
齐穗期 Full heading stage	90%杀虫单Monosultap 900 g	3.2%苏云金杆菌Bt 1500 g
	40%三环唑Tricyclazole 750 g	2%春雷霉素Kasugamycin 1500 g
	—	50%吡蚜酮Pymetrozine 150 g
	—	1%蛇床子素Osthole 450 g
除草剂 Herbicide	30%苄嘧·丙草胺Benzyl pyrimethole·prochlor 1500 g+2.4% 五氟磺草胺Penoxsulam 300 g+40%氰氟草酯Cyhalofop- butyl 300 g	30%苄嘧·丙草胺Benzyl pyrimethole·prochlor 1500 g+2.4%五氟磺草胺Penoxsulam 300 g+氰氟草酯Cyhalofop-butyl 300 g

实施年限 Application time	采样地区Sampling site		试验田面积 Test plot area (hm²)
1年 One year	江苏 Jiangsu	淮安市淮阴区马头镇双闸村Shuangzha, Matou, Huaiyin, Huaian	10
2年Two years	江苏 Jiangsu	盐城市亭湖区黄建港镇新洋港闸北Zhabei, Xinyanggang, Huangjiangang, Tinghu, Yancheng	20
3年Three years	上海 Shanghai	浦东新区书院镇里灶村Lizao, Shuyuan, Pudong	10
4年Four years		浦东新区书院镇李雪村Lixue, Shuyuan, Pudong	8
5年Five years		浦东新区书院镇石南村Shinan, Shuyuan, Pudong	7.33

土壤属性 Soil property	内梅罗分级指标 Classification index of Nemorow
土壤属性 Soil property	x_a	x_e	x_p
有机质SOM (g·kg^-1)	10	20	30
全氮TN (g·kg^-1)	0.75	1.5	2
全磷TP (g·kg^-1)	0.4	0.6	1
碱解氮AN (mg·kg^-1)	60	120	18
速效磷AP (mg·kg^-1)	5	10	20
速效钾AK (mg·kg^-1)	50	100	200
pH≤7	4.5	5.5	6.5
pH>7	9	8	7

检测项目Test item	限量标准Limit standard	SGS检测结果SGS test result
520项农药残留520 pesticide residues	GB 2763—2021	未检出Not detected
重金属-镉Heavy metal-Cadmium	≤0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017） ≤0.4 mg·kg^-1（出口标准Export standard）	0.032 mg·kg^-1
重金属-铅Heavy metal-Plumbum	≤0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）	未检出Not detected
重金属-铬Heavy metal-Chromium	≤1.0 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）	未检出Not detected
重金属-无机砷Heavy metal-Inorganic arsenic	≤0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）	未检出Not detected
重金属-汞Heavy metal-Hydrargyrum	≤0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）	未检出Not detected

Effects of ‘Good Quality Standard’ Rice System on Soil Environment of Paddy Field

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