秋闲期秸秆覆盖与减氮优化根系分布提高冬小麦产量及水氮利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.14.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Frequent drought in winter and spring as well as excessive application of nitrogen limited wheat yield and sustainable development in rainfed farming areas of dryland in southwest China. The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of straw mulching from autumn fallow and reducing nitrogen application on root distribution, wheat yield, water and nitrogen utilization of dryland winter wheat, so as to provide a basis for optimizing wheat tillage system and green, high quality and efficient production of winter wheat in dryland of Sichuan province. 【Method】 The experiment was carried out at Renshou experiment station of Sichuan Agricultural University in Sichuan province from 2016 to 2018. The spilt plot design was employed with main plot of maize straw mulching (mulching from autumn fallow to wheat harvesting: SM) and no mulching (NM), and sub-plot of different nitrogen application rates (N₀: 0; reducing nitrogen rate (RN): 120 kg N·hm^-2, and conventional nitrogen rate (CN): 180 kg N·hm^-2). Soil moisture, root length, root distribution, wheat yield, water consumption (ET), water and nitrogen use efficiencies were investigated. 【Result】Compared with NM, SM significantly increased the soil water content in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers from sowing to booting stage and the soil water storage in 0-100 cm layer at sowing and jointing, and the soil water retention effect of straw mulching lasted until booting and anthesis stage. SM also promoted the wheat root growth at jointing and anthesis stage with higher root diameter and significantly higher root length density in 0-10 cm layer. The mean values of total ET, WUE (water use efficiency), nitrogen accumulation amount of wheat plant, nitrogen accumulation rate from sowing to jointing, nitrogen accumulation rate from jointing to anthesis, nitrogen use efficiency for grain production (NUEg), agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer (AEN), nitrogen fertilizer partial factor productivity (NPFP) and wheat yield under SM increased by 11.4%, 71.8%, 73.1%, 119.0%, 100.0%, 3.6%, 264.7%, 78.2% than that under NM, respectively, and the recovery efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer (REN) under SM increased by 44.4 percentage points compared with NM. The wheat yield under SM increased by 92.9% because of the significantly increased average spike number (31.8%) and grains per spike (44.4%). The effect of straw mulching was greater than that of nitrogen application. Compared with CN, RN did not significantly decrease the wheat root length density, ET, WUE and wheat yield. Combining with SM, RN significantly improved the NUEg, physiological efficiency of nitrogen (PEN), AEN, NPFP, and REN. 【Conclusion】Straw mulching from autumn fallow improved soil water content and storage and optimized root distribution in 0-10 cm layer with higher root length density and root diameter, thus to increase the nitrogen absorption and utilization, wheat yield, and the utilization of water and fertilizer. Straw mulching combined with 120 kg N·hm^-2 was a high yield cultivation mode with reducing nitrogen application and high water and nitrogen use efficiency for dryland winter wheat in Sichuan province, China.

Key words: dryland winter wheat, straw mulching, reducing nitrogen application, root distribution, grain yield, water and nitrogen utilization

GAO RenCai, CHEN SongHe, MA HongLiang, MO Piao, LIU WeiWei, XIAO Yun, ZHANG Xue, FAN GaoQiong. Straw Mulching from Autumn Fallow and Reducing Nitrogen Application Improved Grain Yield, Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Winter Wheat by Optimizing Root Distribution[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(14): 2709-2725.

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	有效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2016-2017	7.62	17.46	1.03	0.59	18.90	93.35	11.27	153.91
2017-2018	7.69	16.17	1.04	0.56	21.07	84.52	12.38	174.87

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮素吸收量 N accumulation amount (kg·hm^-2)			氮素积累速率 N accumulation rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期 Jointing	开花期 Anthesis	成熟期 Maturity	播种—拔节期Sowing-jointing	拔节—开花期Jointing-anthesis	开花—成熟期Anthesis-maturity
2016- 2017	NM+N₀	21.2e	39.1e	54.3e	0.27e	0.32b	0.26c
	NM+RN	34.3d	56.7d	91.1d	0.44d	0.40b	0.59a
	NM+CN	36.3d	59.6d	97.3d	0.47d	0.42b	0.65a
	均值Mean	30.6	51.8	80.9	0.4	0.38	0.5
	SM+N₀	55.5c	79.6c	118c	0.72c	0.43b	0.66a
	SM+RN	74.6b	119.7b	144.9b	0.97b	0.81a	0.43b
	SM+CN	83.4a	132.9a	166.2a	1.08a	0.88a	0.57a
	均值Mean	71.2	107.6	143	0.92	0.71	0.56
	F值F values
	覆盖类型 M	1599.2**	497.7**	2495.7**	1626.4**	580.9**	32.2*
	施氮量 N levels	118.6**	116.2**	170.9**	117.4**	21.3**	5.9*
	覆盖类型×施氮量 M×N levels	9.5**	19.2*	4.6*	9.5**	9.0**	22.9**
2017- 2018	NM+N₀	27.2e	48.2e	76.2e	0.31e	0.40c	0.56b
	NM+RN	37.7d	64.5d	103.6d	0.42d	0.52bc	0.85a
	NM+CN	41.5d	65.7d	102.3d	0.47d	0.46c	0.80a
	均值Mean	35.5	59.5	94	0.4	0.46	0.74
	SM+N₀	57.6c	92.4c	132.3c	0.65c	0.67b	0.87a
	SM+RN	77.0b	130.6b	162.0b	0.87b	1.03a	0.68ab
	SM+CN	87.1a	151.6a	184.9a	0.98a	1.20a	0.81a
	均值Mean	73.9	124.9	159.7	0.83	0.97	0.79
	F值F values
	覆盖类型 M	3806**	5785.9**	759.8**	3579.1**	1470.1**	ns
	施氮量 N levels	45.7**	131.6**	102.2**	45.6**	12.4**	ns
	覆盖类型×施氮量 M×N levels	5.3*	35.1**	13.2**	5.3*	7.0*	11.4**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Spike numbers (spike/m²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2016-2017	NM+N₀	224.0b	24.4d	57.1a	2553d
	NM+RN	232.7b	28.8c	56.7ab	3163c
	NM+CN	216.7b	29.2c	55.8c	3178c
	均值Mean	224.5	27.5	56.5	2965
	SM+N₀	306.6a	38.6b	56.1c	6517b
	SM+RN	313.3a	44.1a	56.6b	6712ab
	SM+CN	309.3a	44.8a	56.9ab	7063a
	均值Mean	309.7	42.5	56.5	6764
	F值F values
	覆盖类型 M	396.7**	221.5**	ns	1051.0**
	施氮量 N levels	Ns	20.4**	5.2*	9.8**
	覆盖类型×施氮量 M×N levels	Ns	ns	41.5**	ns
2017-2108	NM+N₀	263.1b	29.3c	48.9d	2800c
	NM+RN	266.6b	33.3c	50.9b	4457b
	NM+CN	262.2b	33.3c	51.9a	4609b
	均值Mean	264	32	50.6	3955
	SM+N₀	330.8a	39.4b	49.2d	6340a
	SM+RN	332.6a	44.8a	50.3c	6621a
	SM+CN	339.3a	46.1a	49.3d	6801a
	均值Mean	334.2	43.4	49.6	6587
	F值F values
	覆盖类型 M	417.1**	59.3*	201.8**	3179.3**
	施氮量 N levels	Ns	10.8**	74.6**	18.3**
	覆盖类型×施氮量 M×N levels	Ns	ns	50.3**	7.5*

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	氮素籽粒生产效率 NUEg (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥生理效率PEN (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥农学效率 AEN (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥回收率 REN (%)
2016- 2017	NM+N₀	13.4d	47.1a	—	—	—	—
	NM+RN	16.7c	34.7c	16.5b	5.1c	26.4c	30.7c
	NM+CN	17.1c	32.7c	14.4b	3.5c	17.7d	23.9c
	均值Mean	15.7	38.2	15.4	4.3	22	27.3
	SM+N₀	32.3b	33.6c	—	—	—	—
	SM+RN	33.6ab	46.5a	46.1a	34.7a	55.9a	75.5a
	SM+CN	34.2a	42.6b	40.4a	25.1b	39.2b	62.2b
	均值Mean	33.3	40.9	43.3	29.9	47.6	68.9
	F值F values
	覆盖类型 M	627.5**	42.7*	95.8*	1052.4**	987.7**	983.6**
	施氮量 N levels	10.3**	Ns	ns	53.3**	323.6**	18.6*
	覆盖类型×施氮量M×N levels	ns	56.7**	ns	27.1**	32.1**	ns
2017- 2018	NM+N₀	19.1e	37.8d	—	—	—	—
	NM+RN	28.6d	41.9bc	53.6ab	12.7c	36.1c	24.6c
	NM+CN	30.9c	44.7ab	62.9a	9.9d	25.4d	15.7d
	均值Mean	26.2	41.5	58.2	11.3	30.8	20.2
	SM+N₀	36.5b	47.5a	—	—	—	—
	SM+RN	39.9a	40.9c	43.5bc	31.8a	55.2a	73.3a
	SM+CN	39.6a	36.8d	36.2c	22.2b	37.8b	61.6b
	均值Mean	38.7	41.7	39.8	27	46.5	67.4
	F值F values
	覆盖类型 M	879.7**	ns	21.6*	1025**	1100.5**	490.7**
	施氮量 N levels	97.9**	ns	ns	183.1**	871.5**	38.7*
	覆盖类型×施氮量M×N levels	59.6**	43.7**	ns	52.6**	49.9**	ns

项目Item			GY	WUE	TN	NUEg	PEN	AEN	NPFP	REN
拔节期 Jointing	总根长TRL		0.75^*	0.87**	0.82**	0.18	0.59	0.73*	0.67*	0.61
	根长密度RLD	0-10 cm	0.77^*	0.80**	0.81**	0.18	0.65	0.87**	0.78*	0.72*
		10-20 cm	0.00	0.16	0.22	-0.20	-0.52	-0.23	-0.19	-0.02
		20-30 cm	0.41	0.72*	0.43	0.21	0.57	0.23	0.25	0.09
		30-40 cm	0.60	0.86**	0.59	0.28	0.68*	0.45	0.45	0.28
开花期Anthesis	总根长TRL		0.51	0.79*	0.54	0.21	0.60	0.25	0.27	0.10
	根长密度RLD	0-10 cm	0.53	0.80**	0.56	0.19	0.62	0.24	0.25	0.07
		10-20 cm	0.33	0.65	0.37	0.27	0.52	0.21	0.24	0.09
		20-30 cm	0.51	0.76*	0.57	0.19	0.35	0.35	0.34	0.31
		30-40 cm	0.36	0.61	0.34	0.47	0.62	0.42	0.41	0.28

Straw Mulching from Autumn Fallow and Reducing Nitrogen Application Improved Grain Yield, Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Winter Wheat by Optimizing Root Distribution

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