Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (18): 3903-3918.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.010

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response of Wheat Yield and Protein Concentration to Soil Nitrate in Northern Wheat Production Region of China

MA Yue1(),TIAN Yi1,YUAN AiJing1,WANG HaoLin1,LI YongHua1,HUANG TingMiao1,HUANG Ning1,LI Chao1,DANG HaiYan1,QIU WeiHong1,HE Gang1,WANG ZhaoHui1,2(),SHI Mei1()   

  1. 1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    2Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2020-09-30 Accepted:2020-12-17 Online:2021-09-16 Published:2021-09-26
  • Contact: ZhaoHui WANG,Mei SHI E-mail:381495288@qq.com;w-zhaohui@263.net;meishi@nwafu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】The changes of wheat grain yield and protein concentration caused by reduced nitrogen (N) fertilizer at different soil nitrate N residue levels were clarified, for the purpose of N fertilizer reduction and soil residual nitrate N decline in northern wheat production region of China.【Method】In our research, 43-site field experiments from 2018 to 2019 were conducted in northern wheat region of China, to investigate the effects of reduced N fertilizer on grain yield, protein concentration, yield components, and N uptake and utilization of wheat at different soil nitrate N residue levels. 【Result】The results showed that the recommended fertilizer application based on soil nitrate test (RF) could reduce N rates by 55 kg·hm-2, correspond 26% of farmers’ fertilizer application (FF). Compared with the FF, the grain yield (5 885 kg·hm-2) of RF was increased by 3.1%, while no significant difference was observed for grain protein concentration between the two treatments. For the minimum of grain yield was found to be 4 252 kg·hm-2 when the soil nitrate N residue was less than 55 kg·hm-2, and the maximum was 7 186 kg·hm-2 at the soil nitrate N residue level of 55-100 kg·hm-2. Higher soil nitrate N residue was not capable to increase the grain yield sustainability. For recommended fertilizer application based on soil nitrate test without N added (RF-N), the grain yield was significantly decreased with the corresponding soil nitrate N residue less than 100 kg·hm-2, while no obvious reduction for grain yield for the RF regardless of nitrate N residue levels in soils. The grain protein concentration reached the highest when the soil nitrate-N residue was higher than 300 kg·hm-2. The grain protein concentration was significantly decreased in RF-N, when the soil nitrate N residue was less than 200 kg·hm-2, but it was not influenced obviously by soil nitrate N residue in the RF treatment. With soil nitrate N residue ranging from 55 to 100 kg·hm-2, the grain protein concentration of FF and RF was 124.5 and 123.1 g·kg-1, respectively. For RF, the N fertilizer uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity were 1.36 and 45.7 kg·kg-1, respectively; which were significantly increased by 61.5% and 57.1%, respectively, compared with the FF. 【Conclusion】For maintaining the higher grain yield and protein concentration of wheat, the residual nitrate N in 0-100 cm soil at harvest should be kept at 55-100 kg·hm-2 in northern wheat production region. Determination of reasonable N fertilizer rates, based on combination of target grain yield, grain protein concentration and soil nitrate testing, played important roles in achieving N fertilizer reduction and agricultural green production in wheat fields.

Key words: nitrate N residue, wheat, grain yield, grain protein, N fertilizer reduction

Table 1

Basic physical and chemical properties of the top 0-20 cm soil, annual precipitation, average temperature and fertilizer rates at each experimental site in northern wheat production region of China"

试验地点
Experimental site		 春/冬小麦
S/W		 年降水
Apre.
(mm)		 年均气温
AVT
(℃)		 有机质
OM
(g·kg-1)		 pH 全氮
TN
(g·kg-1)		 矿质氮
MN
(mg·kg-1)		 有效磷
AP
(mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
AK
(mg·kg-1)		 农户施肥量
FF rates
N-P2O5-K2O
(kg·hm-2)		 监控施肥量
RF rates
N-P2O5-K2O
(kg·hm-2)
甘肃天水
Tianshui Gansu		 冬小麦W 607 12.09 11.7 8.4 0.7 9.62 28.2 139.5 150-120-0 198-30-0
甘肃通渭1
Tongwei1 Gansu		 春小麦S 429 9.06 10.9 8.6 0.6 3.72 11.6 134.2 121-90-0 10-26-0
甘肃通渭2
Tongwei2 Gansu		 冬小麦W 405 9.19 10.0 8.6 0.7 5.64 7.3 134.9 120-90-0 74-31-0
甘肃通渭3
Tongwei3 Gansu		 冬小麦W 405 9.19 9.0 8.9 0.6 4.90 12.0 161.0 120-90-0 89-39-0
甘肃通渭4
Tongwei4 Gansu		 冬小麦W 405 9.19 10.5 8.6 0.6 9.26 8.0 121.0 150-120-0 79-24-0
甘肃武威
Wuwei Gansu		 春小麦S 212* 7.95 13.9 8.6 0.8 23.23 27.0 145.6 267-242-0 183-30-0
甘肃张掖
Zhangye Gansu		 春小麦S 172* 8.75 17.4 9.2 0.9 19.28 38.2 97.6 300-200-0 200-120-75
甘肃庄浪
Zhuanglang Gansu		 冬小麦W 568 8.83 14.5 8.4 0.9 31.62 26.4 135.7 180-120-0 120-90-0
黑龙江黑河
Heihe Heilongjiang		 春小麦S 689 1.67 38.2 5.5 2.1 18.54 33.9 166.5 80-75-38 73-73-20
黑龙江克山
Keshan Heilongjiang		 春小麦S 780 3.78 31.2 6.6 1.6 14.08 68.6 296.9 90-75-45 75-30-45
内蒙古临河
Linhe Neimenggu		 春小麦S 90* 9.40 15.1 8.6 0.8 23.98 70.3 206.9 302-207-0 177-62-60
内蒙古五原
Wuyuan Neimenggu		 春小麦S 105* 7.95 7.4 8.4 0.4 57.64 4.4 59.8 344-173-0 203-72-60
内蒙古海拉尔
Hailaer Neimenggu		 春小麦S 295 -0.13 31.9 8.3 1.6 18.54 47.1 208.1 90-60-39 120-68-14
宁夏贺兰
Helan Ningxia		 春小麦S 148* 9.98 13.3 8.4 0.6 11.86 20.7 129.7 300-120-75 218-120-75
宁夏永宁1
Yongning1 Ningxia		 春小麦S 226* 11.33 12.4 8.6 0.7 23.36 18.0 144.6 313-104-0 278-138-90
宁夏永宁2
Yongning2 Ningxia		 春小麦S 177* 12.37 14.6 8.6 0.8 16.94 29.0 135.9 240-120-75 225-113-45
宁夏永宁3
Yongning3 Ningxia		 春小麦S 226* 11.33 12.8 8.4 0.7 17.31 21.2 95.4 300-150-75 270-90-90
青海湟中
Huangzhong Qinghai		 春小麦S 465 4.80 18.1 8.6 1.2 14.77 28.8 103.2 90-93-0 198-30-50
山西洪洞1
Hongtong1 Shanxi		 冬小麦W 328 16.08 11.3 7.9 0.7 112.03 4.8 158.9 150-60-0 104-42-0
山西洪洞2
Hongtong2 Shanxi		 冬小麦W 237* 13.79 18.7 8.4 1.0 16.58 8.8 129.0 268-135-90 188-56-31
山西临汾
Linfen Shanxi		 冬小麦W 343* 15.24 19.0 8.5 0.8 13.59 11.7 160.0 266-120-66 179-111-30
山西闻喜1
Wenxi1 Shanxi		 冬小麦W 289 16.75 14.0 8.2 0.7 12.59 5.6 121.3 180-60-60 142-60-34
山西闻喜2
Wenxi2 Shanxi		 冬小麦W 289* 16.75 18.1 8.5 1.0 20.41 12.3 131.3 240-150-150 172-82-0
试验地点
Experimental site		 春/冬小麦
S/W		 年降水
Apre.
(mm)		 年均气温
AVT
(℃)		 有机质
OM
(g·kg-1)		 pH 全氮
TN
(g·kg-1)		 矿质氮
MN
(mg·kg-1)		 有效磷
AP
(mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
AK
(mg·kg-1)		 农户施肥量
FF rates
N- P2O5-K2O
(kg·hm-2)		 监控施肥量
RF rates
N- P2O5-K2O
(kg·hm-2)
山西永济
Yongji Shanxi		 冬小麦W 465* 14.82 14.8 8.5 0.8 14.23 10.1 145.5 268-180-90 251-75-0
陕西彬县
Binxian Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 366 10.01 12.3 8.3 0.3 33.92 16.1 181.2 234-129-44 77-75-30
陕西大荔
Dali Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 381 6.57 10.7 8.8 0.3 117.77 14.8 201.7 255-217-21 147-21-30
陕西合阳
Heyang Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 347 6.57 12.6 8.2 0.7 35.60 10.5 237.7 135-162-18 111-79-30
陕西蒲城
Pucheng Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 345 6.57 18.0 8.2 0.7 31.49 9.4 169.5 148-93-32 83-99-30
陕西岐山1
Qishan1 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 288 12.44 12.1 7.8 0.6 71.77 12.2 122.2 203-113-35 30-92-30
陕西岐山2
Qishan2 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 288* 12.44 18.2 8.5 1.1 7.23 7.7 119.8 180-144-35 150-90-0
陕西乾县
Qianxian Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 413 13.35 10.9 8.4 0.4 74.68 14.2 98.5 214-244-6 105-58-30
陕西武功1
Wugong1 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 561* 13.35 19.2 8.3 1.2 19.66 23.0 257.6 255-180-30 206-89-5
陕西武功2
Wugong2 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 561* 13.35 17.2 8.3 1.1 18.23 19.4 128.2 255-180-30 225-105-45
陕西永寿1
Yongshou1 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 370 13.35 12.0 8.1 0.7 92.00 9.8 178.0 189-132-28 98-63-30
陕西永寿2
Yongshou2 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 370 13.35 10.5 8.2 0.5 47.38 9.6 139.2 199-129-20 39-91-30
陕西永寿3
Yongshou3 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 370 13.35 13.5 8.3 0.8 27.28 15.6 80.7 138-105-0 126-51-30
陕西永寿4
Yongshou4 Shaanxi		 冬小麦W 370 13.35 11.1 8.4 0.6 49.27 13.4 116.5 193-117-20 64-41-30
新疆泽普1
Zepu1 Xinjiang		 冬小麦W 92* 12.31 14.4 8.6 0.7 12.92 29.2 126.4 296-173-0 295-68-68
新疆木垒
Mulei Xinjiang		 春小麦W 52* 7.33 9.6 8.3 0.7 17.50 7.0 198.1 240-105-38 224-81-0
新疆奇台
Qitai Xinjiang		 冬小麦W 528* 2.08 12.9 8.5 0.8 24.18 20.9 462.1 315-180-20 240-120-20
新疆塔城
Tacheng Xinjiang		 冬小麦W 255* 6.15 31.1 8.3 1.8 28.24 47.8 285.0 240-105-38 192-50-0
新疆石河子
Shihezi Xinjiang		 春小麦S 231* 8.43 15.5 8.3 0.9 32.33 36.2 391.2 300-133-0 216-30-0
新疆泽普2
Zepu2 Xinjiang		 冬小麦W 92* 12.31 9.7 8.7 0.6 12.03 22.5 95.9 295-173-0 282-138-0

Fig. 1

Frequency distribution (a) and N application rates (b) of nitrate N residue in 0-100 cm soil layer of farmers’ fields in northern wheat region of China Error bars are standard deviations of the means, and different lowercase letters above bars indicate significant differences among different ranges of nitrate N residue in soils at P<0.05 level"

Fig. 2

Relationship of wheat grain yield to nitrate N residue in 0-100 cm soil layer (a), and the response of grain yield to reduced N fertilizer (b) in northern wheat production region of China Fig.2-a: Data is composed of FF, RF, RF-N, RF-P, RF-K. Fig. 2-b: Error bars are standard deviations of the means. Different lowercase and capital letters represent significant differences among three treatments and different ranges of soil nitrate N residue at P< 0.05 level, respectively. The same as Fig. 3, Fig. 4"

Table 2

Biomass and harvest index of wheat at different nitrate N residue levels in 0-100 cm soil layer in northern wheat production region of China"

硝态氮残留
Nitrate N residue
(kg·hm-2)		 地上部生物量Aboveground biomass (kg·hm-2) 收获指数Harvest index (%)
农户施肥
FF		 监控施肥
RF		 监控无氮
RF-N		 平均
Average		 农户施肥
FF		 监控施肥
RF		 监控无氮
RF-N		 平均
Average
<55 10397 ab 11042 a 8223 b 9887 C 42.6 a 42.1 a 42.2 a 42.3 B
55-100 15244 a 15388 a 14230 b 14954 A 48.5 a 49.8 a 48.4 a 48.9 A
100-200 11470 b 11924 a 11612 ab 11669 BC 42.2 a 41.3 a 41.1 a 41.6 B
200-300 12539 a 14109 a 13578 a 13409 AB 45.9 a 44.9 a 44.6 a 45.1 AB
>300 14388 a 14722 a 12161 a 13757 AB 44.4 a 45.2 a 44.5 a 44.7 B
平均Average 12715 a 13257 a 12206 b 44.5 a 44.4 a 43.8 a

Table 3

Grain yield components of wheat at different nitrate N residue levels in 0-100 cm soil layer in northern wheat production region of China"

硝态氮残留
Nitrate N residue
(kg·hm-2)		 穗数Spike number (×104 ·hm-2) 穗粒数Grain per spike 千粒重1000 grain weight (g)
农户施肥FF 监控施肥RF 监控无氮RF-N 平均Average 农户施肥FF 监控施肥RF 监控无氮RF-N 平均Average 农户施肥FF 监控施肥RF 监控无氮RF-N 平均Average
<55 404 a 452 a 331 a 396 C 27 a 30 a 34 a 30 AB 42.8 a 40.1 a 36.0 a 39.6 A
55-100 534 a 543 a 553 a 543 A 34 a 34 a 31 b 33 A 42.2 a 42.4 a 42.9 a 42.5 A
100-200 389 ab 415 a 387 b 397 C 30 a 28 ab 28 b 29 AB 42.1 a 42.2 a 44.2 a 42.8 A
200-300 415 a 468 a 447 a 443 BC 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 AB 45.9 a 42.6 a 44.1 a 44.2 A
>300 481 a 559 a 452 a 497 AB 29 a 28 a 26 a 28 B 42.7 a 41.3 a 41.2 a 41.7 A
平均Average 439 ab 473 a 435 b 31 a 30 a 29 b 42.8 a 42.0 b 42.7 ab

Fig. 3

Relationships between wheat grain protein concentration and nitrate N residue in 0-100 cm soil layer (a), and the response of grain protein concentration to reduced N fertilizer (b) in northern wheat production region of China"

Table 4

N uptake in aboveground part, grain N uptake, and N harvest index of wheat at different nitrate N residue levels in 0-100 cm soil layer in northern wheat production region of China"

硝态氮残留
Nitrate N residue
(kg·hm-2)		 地上部吸氮量
N uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm-2)		 籽粒吸氮量
Grain N uptake (kg·hm-2)		 氮收获指数
N harvest index (%)
农户施肥FF 监控施肥RF 监控无氮RF-N 平均Average 农户施肥FF 监控施肥RF 监控无氮RF-N 平均Average 农户施肥FF 监控施肥RF 监控无氮RF-N 平均Average
<55 124 a 123 a 81 b 109 C 105 a 103 a 68 b 92 C 84.0 a 85.5 a 83.7 a 83.4 A
55-100 192 a 194 a 164 b 183 A 157 a 160 a 137 b 151 A 83.1 a 83.1 a 83.7 a 83.1 A
100-200 150 a 148 a 134 b 144 BC 113 a 112 a 103 b 110 BC 76.2 a 75.9 a 77.4 a 76.5 A
200-300 166 a 188 a 160 a 171 AB 132 a 146 a 128 a 135 AB 79.4 a 77.0 a 79.8 a 78.7 A
>300 198 a 203 a 163 a 188 A 160 a 159 a 129 a 149 A 81.7 a 79.5 a 80.1 a 80.5 A
平均Average 164 a 168 a 142 b 131 a 133 a 114 b 79.7 a 78.9 a 80.2 a

Fig. 4

Nitrogen rates (a), N partial factor productivity (b), N fertilizer uptake efficiency (c), and N utilization efficiency (d) at different nitrate N residue levels in 0-100 cm soil layer in northern wheat production region of China The error bar indicates standard deviation.* indicate significant differences among treatments at P<0.05"

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