都市圈“土壤-饲料-动物”系统养分流动与环境效应——以北京市为例

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.03.004

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】With the accelerated process of urbanization and the rapid development of economy, people’s demand for food and diet has changed greatly, especially the demand for livestock products increased significantly. The intensive development of crop-livestock production in the suburbs meets the increasing demand for animal products and high-quality plant products, but it also brings serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to analyze the nutrient flow and environmental emission characteristics of peri-urban area and provide scientific suggestions for the integrated management of nutrient resources, promoting the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and protecting the ecological environment.【Method】 In this study, the survey data about the farm management, feed sources and inputs, manure management and land use of a total of 200 farms in Beijing (92 pig farms, 28 dairy farms, 11 beef cattle farms, 27 layer farms, 26 broiler farms and 16 duck farms) were used to summarize the characteristics of different scales of farming system Beijing. The performance of nitrogen and phosphorus flow characteristic, use efficiency and environmental loss of “soil-feed-livestock” production system in Beijing from 1980 to 2013 was assessed, using data of farm survey, historical statistics data and literature and nutrient flows in food chains, environment and resources model (NUFER) and calculations with the NUFER model. The spatial and temporal variations of nutrient flow characteristics, use efficiency and environmental emission characteristics of farming and animal system in 1980 and 2013 were compared. 【Result】 The result of characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus flow showed that the ratio of the input and output of nitrogen and phosphorus in the system had a great change. The main nutrient input was main feed import from other place in 2013, while the main inputs for nitrogen and phosphorus were from by-products feed import in 1980. The nitrogen and phosphorus loss was the main output in 2013, while the manure land use was the main output in 1980. The reason for the change is that with the development of urbanization and intensive farming system, more and more nutrients are concentrated in the urban area, resulting in a greater proportion of environmental loss. Nitrogen use efficiency of “soil-feed crop-livestock” production system in 2013 was 29.0% which was similar with 1980. Among them, NUE_C of crop system in 2013 was 33.0%, lower than that in 1980 (39.5%), while NUE_A of animal system in 2013 was 20.6%, higher than that of 1980 (17.8%). Nitrogen and phosphorus loss of per hectare and the ways of loss have great changes. In 2013, loss of nitrogen and phosphorus per hectare of arable land was 436.5 and 37.5 kg·hm^-2, respectively, while the nitrogen and phosphorus loss in 1980 was 77.5 and 3.2 kg·hm^-2, respectively. In 2013, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in cultivated land increased 4.6 and 10.7 times as compares with 1980, respectively. In 2013, nitrogen loss from gas emission accounted for 61.1% of the total nitrogen loss, followed by direct discharge (31.3%) and leaching and runoff (7.6%). Compared with 1980, the proportion of gas loss decreased significantly, while the proportion of discharge losses increased significantly which exceeding leaching runoff became the second largest loss. In 2013, the ratio of direct phosphorus emissions exceeded that of leaching runoff to become the largest proportion of emission. Meanwhile, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in “soil-feed-animal” system in Beijing increased rapidly in the suburbs and decreased rapidly in the urban center. 【Conclusion】 During 1980-2013, the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus flow in “soil-feed-animal” system changed greatly. These changes are closely related to the changes in planting and breeding structure, the scale of animal farming, and environmental protection policies.

Key words: “soil-feed-livestock&rdquo, system, nutrient use efficiency, nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss, NUFER model

WEI Sha, BAI ZhaoHai, WU DiMei, XIA LiJiang, JIANG RongFeng, MA Lin. Nutrient Flow and Environmental Effects of “Soil-Feed-Livestock” System in Metropolis: A Case Study in Beijing[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(3): 430-441.

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