东北黑土区保护性耕作生态补偿机制优化路径

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.010

Abstract

Abstract:

In the new period, the protection of cultivated land quality in the black soil region should be the primary task to strengthen the “ballast stone” of national grain security, and to consolidate and to improve the comprehensive grain production capacity in Northeast China. Conservation tillage, while being a key technology for protecting and improving the quality of black soil, has practical constraints on its large-scale application at the policy and subject levels. The aim of this study was to understand scientifically the shortcomings of ecological compensation policies for conservation tillage in the black soil areas of Northeast China and to explore the optimization paths for the compensation policies for conservation tillage technology with a problem-oriented approach, which could provide a scientific basis for making up for the shortcomings of the system and achieving precise policy implementation. The subsidy standard of corn straw returning technology in northeast black soil region was summarized, the practical constraints of subsidy policy were qualitatively analyzed, and the main obstacle factors of current conservation tillage support policy were clarified by comprehensively utilizing literature analysis, normative analysis, and inductive deduction methods combined with field research. Three core issues were included the unclear direction of compensation policy, the unscientific basis for standard compensation pricing, and the incomplete management mechanism and institutional system. In response to the practical difficulties that ecological compensation for conservation tillage faces in black soil areas, three paths for optimizing the policy mechanism were proposed: first, the empowerment and systematization were strengthened to activate the subjectivity path of conservation tillage, and the supporting policies were established from two levels: improving empowerment positioning and cultivating new business entities. Second, a collaborative, quantitative, and standardized compensation evaluation method was constructed for environmental-economic attributes, external effects and subjective effects generated by technology were used as the theoretical basis for pricing compensation standards, and then an evaluation method system was established with integrated multiple methods, including alternative market technology, hypothetical market technology, and econometric statistical analysis. Third, a high-quality digital management and differentiated ecological compensation system was prepared for building an open and shared big data management platform, creating an ecological market picture of multi-agent collaboration and mutual benefit, and establishing multi-agent conservation tillage collaboration and a differentiated ecological compensation mechanism. In order to adapt to the new requirements for technical innovation and organizational changes in conservation tillage, a scientific evaluation system was established for the application of green technologies in conservation tillage agriculture, and optimizing the vertical management and vertical compensation mechanism, guiding enterprises and social capital to participate in market regulation, and building an ecological management system barrier for the protection and improvement of cultivated land quality in black soil areas, which provided references for optimizing the ecological compensation policy.

Key words: conservation tillage, ecological compensation mechanism, compensation standards, external effects, straw return, black soil region, Northeast China

ZHOU Ying, YANG Peng, WANG LiGang, LEI QiuLiang, ZHANG YaNan. Optimization Path of the Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Conservation Tillage in the Northeast Black Soil Region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(22): 4478-4489.

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Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Summary of subsidy policies for corn straw return technology in various provinces (areas) of the northeast black soil region"

地区 Region	实施时间 Implementation time	秸秆还田补贴标准 Subsidy standard for straw return	补贴对象 Subsidy recipients
黑龙江省 Heilongjiang Province	2017	玉米秸秆翻埋、碎混直接还田补助600元/公顷 Subsidy of 600 yuan/hm² for burying corn straw and directly returning it to the field after crushing and mixing	实施玉米秸秆翻埋、碎混直接还田作业，并安装具备秸秆还田远程自动检测仪器的本地农业社会化服务组织 Implement corn straw burying and directly return it to the field after crushing and mixing, and install the socialization of local agricultural of service organizations with remote automatic detection instruments for straw return
	2019	玉米秸秆全量翻埋和碎混还田作业补贴600元/公顷，秸秆覆盖还田作业补贴150元/公顷，省级和市、县（市、区）按4∶1的比例分担 Subsidy of 600 yuan/hm² for burying all corn straw and directly returning them to the field after crushing and mixing, subsidy of 150 yuan/hm² for straw mulch, which is undertaken by the provincial level and the city/county (city/district) level in a ratio of 4∶1
	2020-2022	玉米秸秆翻埋还田、松耙碎混还田作业补贴600元/公顷，玉米秸秆联合整地碎混还田作业补贴375元/公顷 Subsidy of 600 yuan/hm² for corn straw mulch and crushing and mixing by raking, and 375 yuan/hm² for corn straw combined and returned to the entire land after crushing and mixing
吉林省 Jilin Province	2019-2025	秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种作业及高留根茬秸秆覆盖还田免耕播种作业补贴450元/公顷（作业补贴435元/公顷，组织补贴15元/公顷） Subsidy of 450 yuan/hm² for no-tillage with straw mulching sowing operations and high stubble straw no-tillage with straw mulching sowing operations (subsidy of 435 yuan/hm² for operation, subsidy of 15 yuan/hm² for organization)	补贴范围内的农机作业者或接受作业服务的耕地承包经营者 Agricultural machinery operators within the subsidy scope or farmland contractors who receive operation services
	2020	秸秆覆盖还田保护性耕作方式补贴600元/公顷 Subsidy of 600 yuan/hm² for straw mulching conservation tillage method	实施保护性耕作的农机作业者或种植户，根据情况自行决定 Agricultural machinery operators or planters who implement conservation tillage, determined according to the actual situation
	2021	秸秆覆盖还田保护性耕作方式补贴600元/公顷 Subsidy of 600 yuan/hm² for straw mulching conservation tillage method
辽宁省 Liaoning Province	2020	秸秆覆盖还田免耕和秸秆覆盖还田少耕两种技术模式，实行差异化补助 Differentiated subsidies for the two technical models of no-tillage with straw mulching and less-tillage with straw mulching	自愿开展保护性耕作的农民和农业生产经营组织 Farmers and agricultural production and operation organizations who voluntarily carry out conservation tillage
辽宁省 Liaoning Province	2023	第一档秸秆少量覆盖作业补助不高于570元/公顷； First level: The subsidy for small-scale straw mulching shall not exceed 570 yuan/hm²; 第二档秸秆部分覆盖作业补助不高于870元/公顷； Second level: The subsidy for partial straw mulching shall not exceed 870 yuan/hm²; 第三档秸秆大量覆盖作业补助不高于1 350元/公顷 Third level: The subsidy for large-scale straw mulching shall not exceed 1 350 yuan/hm²	实施保护性耕作的农机合作社、农机户、家庭农场等自愿实施保护性耕作的土地经营者 Agricultural machinery cooperatives, agricultural machinery households, family farms, and other land operators who voluntarily implement conservation tillage
内蒙古自治区 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	2021	玉米秸秆全量覆盖免少耕模式补助标准为不超过945元/公顷，玉米作物秸秆部分覆盖免少耕模式补助标准为不超过510元/公顷 The subsidy standard for no-tillage or less-tillage with full corn straw mulching shall not exceed 945 yuan/hm², and the subsidy standard for no-tillage or less-tillage with partial corn straw mulching shall be no more than 510 yuan/hm²	实施区域内实际经营土地并自愿实施保护性耕作的个人和农业生产经营组织 Individuals and agricultural production and operation organizations who actually operate the land within the implementation area and voluntarily carry out conservation tillage

Table 1

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Optimization Path of the Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Conservation Tillage in the Northeast Black Soil Region

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