Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (14): 2738-2750.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.009

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Different Straw Returning Patterns on Soil CO2 Emission and Carbon Balance in Maize Field

LI Jin(), REN LiJun, LI XiaoYu, BI RunXue, JIN XinXin, YU Na, ZHANG YuLing, ZOU HongTao(), ZHANG YuLong   

  1. College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shenyang 110866
  • Received:2022-07-08 Accepted:2022-11-14 Online:2023-07-16 Published:2023-07-21
  • Contact: ZOU HongTao

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Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of different straw returning patterns on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission characteristics and carbon balance were discussed, which provided a scientific basis for carbon (C) sequestration and emission reduction as well as the selection of straw returning patterns in Northeast China. 【Method】 A field micro-plot experiment were conducted with maize as the experimental crop, and three straw returning patterns were set up, including straw shallow returning (QH), straw deep returning (SH), and straw mulching (FG). No straw returning (CK) was used as the control treatment. The LI-8100A automatic soil C flux tester was used to monitor soil CO2 emission characteristics under different straw returning patterns during the maize growth period. Effects of soil temperature, soil moisture content, pH, MBC, available nutrients and total nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on soil CO2 emissions were analyzed, and soil carbon balance was investigated too. 【Result】 During the maize season, soil CO2 emission rates showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing under different straw returning patterns. The cumulative soil CO2 emissions were as follows: FG>QH>SH>CK treatment. Compared with SH treatment, the cumulative soil CO2 emissions under FG and QH treatments increased by 14.0% and 6.4%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the treatments (P<0.05). The single factor model fitting of soil CO2 emission rates, soil temperature and soil moisture content under different straw returning patterns showed a quadratic function correlation, and reached a significant level (P<0.05), soil temperature could explain the variation of soil CO2 emission rate of 68.2%-73.7%, and soil moisture content could explain 21.3%-37.5%. However, the two-factor composite model of soil temperature and soil moisture content could better explain the variation of soil CO2 emission rate, with an explanation of 78.5%-82.8%. Correlation analysis showed that cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly correlated with available potassium and MBC (P<0.01), and significantly correlated with soil organic matter, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, and pH (P<0.05). The soil carbon balance was positive under different straw returning patterns, which were the "sink" of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The soil carbon balance and carbon sequestration potential under the SH treatment were significantly higher than the QH and FG treatments by increased of 23.4%, 475.7% and 7.1%, 30.7% (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with other treatments, the SH treatment showed a strong carbon "sink" function. In the two-year harvest period, straw returning treatments significantly increased maize yield, SH treatment had the highest maize yield, but there was no significant difference with QH and FG treatments. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, taking into account the carbon sequestration and emission reduction effect and yield, SH was a better straw returning pattern compared with the three patterns.

Key words: straw returning patterns, soil CO2 emission, soil temperature, soil moisture content, maize yield

Table 1

Experimental treatment"

处理Treatment 操作Operation
秸秆浅层还田
Straw shallow returning (QH)		 20—40 cm土层翻动后填回，0—20 cm土层翻动并与秸秆混合
The 20-40 cm soil layer was turned and filled back, the 0-20 cm soil layer was turned and mixed with straw
秸秆深层还田
Straw deep returning (SH)		 20—40 cm土层翻动并与秸秆混合，0—20 cm土层翻动后填回
The 20-40 cm soil layer was turned and mixed with straw, the 0-20 cm soil layer was turned and filled back
秸秆覆盖还田
Straw mulching (FG)		 20—40和0—20 cm土层翻动后分层填回，表面覆盖秸秆
The 20-40 cm soil layer and the 0-20 cm soil layer were turned and filled back in layers, the surface was covered with straw
无秸秆还田
No straw returning (CK)		 20—40和0—20 cm土层翻动后分层填回
The 20-40 cm soil layer and the 0-20 cm soil layer were turned and filled back in layers

Fig. 1

Dynamic changes of soil CO2 emission rates under different straw returning patterns"

Fig. 2

Cumulative emission of soil CO2 under different straw returning patterns Different letters represent significant difference (P<0.05)"

Fig. 3

Dynamic changes of soil temperature under different straw returning patterns"

Fig. 4

Model analysis with soil temperature and soil CO2 emission rates under different straw returning patterns *Represent significant correlation at the level of 0.05 (n=60). The same as below"

Fig. 5

Dynamic changes of soil moisture content under different straw returning patterns"

Fig. 6

Model analysis with soil moisture content and soil CO2 emission rates under different straw returning patterns"

Fig. 7

Effects of soil temperature and moisture content on soil CO2 emission rates under different straw returning patterns"

Table 2

Fitting parameters of soil temperature and soil moisture content composite model under different straw returning patterns"

处理 Treatment z a b c d R2
CK -23.785 0.556 1.610 -0.011 -0.029 0.820
QH -17.005 0.489 1.342 -0.009 -0.026 0.785
FG -14.226 -0.007 1.716 0.002 -0.035 0.828
SH -21.720 0.489 1.734 -0.010 -0.035 0.821

Fig. 8

Correlation analysis of soil CO2 cumulative emission and soil physicochemical properties"

Table 3

Carbon balance under different straw returning patterns during maize season"

处理
Treatment		 NPPa
(kg·hm-2)		 NPPC
(kg·hm-2)		 RmC
(kg·hm-2)		 NEPC
(kg·hm-2)		 Cs
CK 8226.67±122.20c 5464.85±81.17c 3877.45±25.10d 1587.40±97.45b 1.22±0.02a
QH 10133.33±115.47a 6731.43±76.70a 5207.75±59.70b 1523.67±67.09b 1.12±0.01b
FG 8893.33±100.66b 5907.71±66.86b 5581.18±28.03a 326.53±40.07c 0.92±0.01c
SH 10200.00±200.10a 6775.72±132.85a 4895.84±20.19c 1879.87±124.66a 1.20±0.02a

Table 4

Maize yield and its components under different straw returning patterns"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗行数
Kernel row number (No.)		 穗粒数
Kernel number (No.)		 百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg·hm-2)
2020 CK 17.20±0.35a 576.15±5.38c 30.37±0.73c 8201.12±145.50c
QH 17.50±0.50a 634.42±14.40b 31.34±0.81bc 9055.20±67.39b
FG 17.85±0.79a 685.02±10.61a 32.83±0.65b 10007.21±346.17a
SH 18.20±0.34a 689.23±15.19a 34.35±0.98a 10117.79±99.42a
2021 CK 17.22±1.07a 694.67±10.26b 29.69±0.81c 11466.67±611.01b
QH 17.67±0.33a 727.33±10.01a 31.13±0.37b 13066.67±115.47a
FG 17.56±0.51a 718.00±10.53a 31.86±0.72b 12933.33±230.94a
SH 18.33±0.66a 737.67±12.89a 33.17±0.24a 13533.33±115.47a
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