苹果栽培品种不同族系香气特征分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.03.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Apple cultivars have been classed into Fuji-strain, Delicious-strain, Golden Delicious-strain and Ralls-strain according to their parents in China. In this study, the fruit aroma characteristics of different strains were analyzed, so as to provide the reference for studying fruit quality and aroma breeding. 【Method】 Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) were used to detect the fruit aroma components and their content of 50 apple cultivars belonging to 4 strains. Coefficient of variation (CV) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to compare the significance and characteristics of aroma substances among the different strains. 【Result】 A total of 146 aroma components were detected from 50 cultivars. Esters (38), aldehydes (29) and alcohols (19) played a dominant role in all aroma components, which accounted for 72.82% of the total content. CV of esters was the highest in number and content of three ruling aroma components. The number of total aroma components of Fuji-strain and Delicious-strain were significantly more than that of other strains (P<0.05). The number of Fuji-strains and Delicious-strains were meaningfully more than that of Golden Delicious-strain and Ralls-strain (P<0.05). However, the number of aldehydes and alcohols did not show a significant level among the different strains. 28 characteristic aroma components were identified from 146 aroma components according to the criterion of aroma value greater than 1, eight components of which were detected in more than 40 cultivars, and they were defined as typical aroma components of apple. The eight principal components (PCs) were extracted from 28 characteristic aromas by PCA. 50 cultivars were scattered to four regions, which represented different flavor types. According to the smell characteristics of aroma components, Fuji-strain and Delicious-strain were distributed in four regions; Golden Delicious-strain and Ralls-strain were mainly distributed in green and light flavor regions, respectively; Rich fragrance regions were primarily Delicious-strain, and sweet fragrance region were mainly Fuji-strain. Different breeding methods had stronger effects on Golden Delicious-strain and Ralls-strain, as the similarity coefficient and the proportions of aroma components shared with the controls in the hybrid cultivars were significantly lower than those of the bud sport cultivars (P<0.05). In all the strains, the number of transgressive phenomena in the bud sport cultivars was more than that in the hybrid cultivars. 【Conclusion】 The fruit flavor of Golden Delicious-strain and Ralls-strain was more abundant. Fuji-strain, Delicious-strain, Golden Delicious-strain and Ralls-strain could be classed as sweet fragrance type, rich fragrance type, green fragrance type and light fragrance type, respectively. Hybridization could increase the content of aroma components and increase the complexity of aroma composition. Bud sport breeding had less effect on aroma composition, but more effect on aroma content to the progenies, and the transgressive phenomena was more obvious than that of hybridization breeding.

Key words: apple, aroma, strain, characteristic aroma, smell, breeding methods

LU Xiang, GAO Yuan, WANG Kun, SUN SiMiao, LI LianWen, LI HaiFei, LI QingShan, FENG JianRong, WANG DaJiang. Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Different Cultivated Apple Strains[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(3): 543-557.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/EN/Y2022/V55/I3/543

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Apple cultivars used in the study"

族系 Strain	数量 Number	编号 No.	品种 Cultivar	育种方法 Breeding method
富士族系 Fuji-strains	19	1	富士 Fuji	国光×元帅 Ralls×Delicious
		2	华富 Huafu	富士花药培养 Fuji anther culture
		3	千秋 Senshu	东光×富士 Toko×Fuji
		4	4-23	富士×{（印度×金冠）×旭} Fuji×{(Indo×Golden Delicious)×Xu}
		5	新世界 Shinsekai	赤城×富士 Akagi×Fuji
		6	姬神 Himekami	富士×红玉 Fuji×Jonathan
		7	寒富 Hanfu	东光×富士 Dongguang×Fuji
		8	Florina	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
		9	秋富5号 Qiufu 5	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
		10	秋富1号 Qiufu 1	着色系富士芽变 Fuji color bud sport
		11	长富7 Changfu 7	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
		12	短枝富士 Spur Fuji	短枝型富士芽变 Fuji spur bud sport
		13	秋富39 Qiufu 39	短枝型富士芽变 Fuji spur bud sport
		14	丰村富士 Fengcun Fuji	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
		15	长富2 Changfu 2	着色系富士芽变 Fuji color bud sport
		16	由里香 Uruka	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
		17	黄富士 Huang Fuji	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
		18	极早熟富士 Jizaoshu Fuji	早熟型富士芽变 Fuji precocity bud sport
		19	山岛富士 Shandao Fuji	富士芽变 Fuji bud sport
元帅族系 Delicious-strains	14	20	元帅 Delicious	自然实生 Natural seedling
		21	香红 Xianghong	元帅×混合花粉 Delicious×Mixed pollen
		22	边墙子2号 Bianqiangzi 2	元帅族系芽变,代数不详 Delicious bud sport,algebra unknown
		23	侯家店短枝红星 Houjiadian Spur Starking	元帅族系芽变第三代 Third bud sport generation
		24	张家口短枝红星 Zhangjiakou Spur Starking	元帅族系第三代 Third bud sport generation
		25	青岛1号 Qingdao 1	元帅族系芽变,代数不详 Delicious bud sport,algebra unknown
		26	矮红 Red Spur	元帅族系芽变第三代 Third bud sport generation
		27	泗水短枝红星 Sishui Spur Starking	元帅族系芽变第三代 Third bud sport generation
		28	锦丽 Jinli	元帅族系芽变第三代 Third bud sport generation
		29	顶红 Top red	元帅族系芽变第三代 Third bud sport generation
		30	新红星 Starkrimson Delicious	元帅族系芽变第三代 Third bud sport generation
		31	阿斯矮生 Acespur Red	元帅族系芽变第五代 Fifth bud sport generation
		32	南山4号 Nanshan 4	元帅族系芽变,代数不详 Delicious bud sport, algebra unknown
		33	康屯短枝 Kangtun Spur	元帅族系芽变,代数不详 Delicious bud sport, algebra unknown
金冠族系 Golden Delicious-strains	11	34	金冠 Golden Delicious	自然实生 Natural seedling
		35	新苹4号 Xinping 4	金冠×新光 Golden Delicious×Xinguang
		36	蜜金 Honey gold	金冠×北星 Golden Delicious×Haralson
		37	葵花 Kuihua	金冠×红星 Golden Delicious×Starking Delicious
		38	王林 Orin	金冠实生选育 Golden Delicious seedling
		39	秦冠 Qinguan	金冠×鸡冠 Golden Delicious×Jiguan
		40	陆奥 Mutsu	金冠×印度 Golden Delicious×Indo
		41	华月 Huayue	金冠×华富 Golden Delicious×Huafu
		42	矮金冠 Spur Golden Delicious	金冠短枝型芽变 Golden Delicious spur bud sport
		43	恩维尔金矮生 Enweier Golden Spur	金冠短枝型芽变 Golden Delicious spur bud sport
		44	里司金 Lysgolden	金冠辐射育种 Golden Delicious radiation
国光族系 Ralls-strains	6	45	国光 Ralls	自然实生 Natural seedling
		46	岩木 Iwaki	国光×君袖 Ralls×Northenspy
		47	国庆 Guoqing	国光×青香蕉 Ralls×White Pearmain
		48	嵌合体国光 Chimera Ralls	国光嵌合体芽变 Ralls chimera bud sport
		49	新国光 New Ralls	国光芽变 Ralls bud sport
		50	垂直国光 Vertical Ralls	国光垂直芽变 Ralls vertical bud sport

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 4

Characteristic root, contribute proportion and additive contribute proportion of principal component (PC) for characteristic aroma components of 4 apple strains"

项目/化合物 Item/Compound	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6	PC7	PC8
特征根 Characteristic root	7.218	3.991	2.861	2.127	1.458	1.312	1.180	1.071
贡献率 Contribute proportion (%)	25.779	14.254	10.217	7.597	5.207	4.687	4.215	3.825
累计贡献率 Additive contribute proportion (%)	25.779	40.033	50.250	57.847	63.053	67.740	71.955	75.780
6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	0.741	0.181	0.385	-0.342	0.047	-0.024	0.197	-0.100
大马酮 α-Damascenone	-0.116	-0.318	-0.103	-0.159	-0.225	0.264	-0.261	-0.022
乙酸2-甲基丁酯 2-Methyl-1-butyl acetate	0.630	0.312	-0.603	-0.009	0.037	-0.095	-0.031	0.185
丁酸丙酯 Propyl butyrate	0.649	0.250	-0.372	0.017	-0.282	0.135	-0.198	0.047
丁酸丁酯 Butyric acid butyl ester	0.847	0.142	-0.163	-0.039	-0.127	-0.070	-0.084	-0.066
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate	0.434	-0.436	-0.198	0.670	-0.031	-0.091	0.064	-0.111
正己酸乙酯 Ethyl caproate	0.208	-0.236	-0.239	0.410	0.106	-0.393	0.121	-0.180
2-甲基丁酸丁酯 2-Methyl-butanoic acid butyl ester	0.920	0.136	0.041	-0.177	-0.090	-0.088	0.046	-0.048
丙酸己酯 Propionicacid, hexyl ester	0.629	0.169	-0.543	0.269	0.039	-0.051	0.095	0.052
丁酸己酯 Butyricacid, hexyl ester	0.411	0.561	-0.147	0.049	0.179	0.381	0.202	-0.074
辛酸乙酯 Ethyl caprylate	0.424	-0.417	0.106	0.144	-0.097	-0.277	-0.344	-0.278
异戊酸己酯 Butyricacid, 2-methyl-, hexyl ester	0.824	-0.054	0.376	-0.114	-0.007	-0.228	0.022	-0.169
己酸戊酯 Hexanoic acid, pentyl ester	0.486	-0.274	0.236	-0.002	0.318	-0.213	0.408	0.068
己酸己酯 Hexyl hexanoate	0.421	0.061	0.107	0.086	0.776	0.077	-0.307	0.070
辛酸己酯 Hexyl caprylate	0.379	-0.501	-0.036	0.572	-0.231	0.283	0.030	-0.009
己醛 Hexanal	0.380	0.726	0.026	0.183	-0.262	-0.058	0.067	-0.052
2-己烯醛 2-Hexenal	0.259	0.656	0.142	-0.102	0.192	-0.008	-0.415	-0.196
正庚醛 Heptanal	-0.149	0.090	0.016	0.052	0.163	0.190	0.553	-0.363
2-庚烯醛 2-Heptenal	-0.253	0.678	0.180	0.368	0.010	0.011	0.019	0.090
辛醛 Octanal	0.150	-0.119	0.354	-0.042	0.037	-0.187	0.117	0.668
反-2-辛烯醛 (E)-2-Octenal	-0.295	0.661	0.326	0.392	-0.113	-0.097	-0.055	-0.043
壬醛 Nonanal	0.333	-0.122	0.763	-0.109	-0.200	-0.064	-0.086	-0.184
癸醛 Decanal	-0.214	0.261	0.267	0.394	-0.259	-0.262	0.005	0.301
2-壬烯醛 2-Nonenal	0.472	-0.245	0.550	0.066	-0.308	0.357	0.095	0.025
正丁醇 1-Butanol	0.668	-0.009	0.107	0.122	0.032	0.550	0.007	0.204
2-甲基-1-丁醇 2-Methyl-1-butanol	0.752	0.219	-0.029	-0.256	-0.124	-0.164	0.069	0.176
正己醇 1-Hexanol	0.408	-0.444	0.320	0.363	0.331	0.121	-0.230	0.124
1-辛烯-3-醇 1-Octen-3-ol	-0.309	0.545	0.426	0.412	0.114	0.048	-0.033	-0.085

Table 4

Fig. 4

Table 5

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成分 Component	数量 Number			含量 Content (µg·kg^-1)
成分 Component	平均值 Mean	变化范围 Variation range	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	变化范围 Variation range	变异系数 CV (%)
醛类 Aldehydes	9.92a	4-14	25.01	2437.61a	240.20-10101.39	97.70
酯类 Esters	8.68b	0-21	55.31	1806.37ab	0-10768.24	121.96
醇类 Alcohols	6.12c	3-10	26.13	1514.29b	1135.98-5329.67	74.88
酮类 Ketones	2.68d	1-5	46.13	634.43c	49.74-3119.33	91.03
羟类 Hydrocarbons	2.68d	0-8	78.50	415.06c	0-4495.06	181.68
酸类 Acids	2.28d	0-5	47.75	519.62c	0-1934.81	85.66
杂环 Heterocycles	1.78d	0-7	119.74	571.74c	0-3741.03	154.20
醚类 Ethers	0.08e	0-1	342.56	5.16c	0-139.21	420.01
总和 Total	34.22	19-50	22.24	7904.29	1534.63-26183.29	71.15

族系 Strain	品种份数 Number of cultivars	变幅与均值 Range and mean	总和 Total	醛类 Aldehydes	酯类 Esters	醇类 Alcohols	酮类 Ketones	羟类 Hydrocarbons	杂环 Heterocycles	酸类 Acids	醚类 Ethers
富士族系 Fuji-strain	19	范围 Range	20-45	4-12	3-21	3-10	1-5	0-5	0-7	1-5	0-1
		平均值 Mean	37.16a	9.74	10.53a	6.32	2.79a	2.26b	2.58	2.84a	0.11
		变异系数CV (%)	16.69	23.18	42.88	26.94	42.38	62.21	94.38	37.57	299.54
元帅族系 Delicious- strain	14	范围 Range	22-50	4-14	4-15	3-10	1-5	1-8	0-6	1-4	—
		平均值 Mean	37.21a	9.64	10.43a	6.29	3.29a	4.57a	1.00	2.00ab	—
		变异系数CV (%)	18.44	38.13	31.40	27.61	36.66	55.42	183.97	43.85	—
金冠族系 Golden Delicious- strain	11	范围 Range	20-41	8-13	1-13	3-7	1-5	0-3	0-6	0-4	0~1
		平均值 Mean	28.00b	10.10	4.82b	5.73	2.36ab	1.27b	1.82	1.73b	0.18
		变异系数CV (%)	21.37	19.04	68.09	29.31	47.39	79.28	117.49	68.95	222.49
国光族系 Ralls-strain	6	范围 Range	19-41	9-14	0-14	5-7	1-3	0-4	0-2	1-3	—
		平均值 Mean	29.33b	10.83	5.83b	5.83	1.50b	2.17b	1.00	2.17ab	—
		变异系数CV (%)	27.16	16.94	104.79	12.90	55.78	67.94	63.25	34.74	—

族系 Strain	品种份数 Number of cultivars	变幅与均值 Range and mean	总和 Total	醛类 Aldehydes	酯类 Esters	醇类 Alcohols	酮类 Ketones	羟类 Hydrocarbons	杂环 Heterocycles	酸类 Acids	醚类 Ethers
富士族系 Fuji-strain	19	范围 Range	20-45	4-12	3-21	3-10	1-5	0-5	0-7	1-5	0-1
		平均值 Mean	37.16a	9.74	10.53a	6.32	2.79a	2.26b	2.58	2.84a	0.11
		变异系数CV (%)	16.69	23.18	42.88	26.94	42.38	62.21	94.38	37.57	299.54
元帅族系 Delicious- strain	14	范围 Range	22-50	4-14	4-15	3-10	1-5	1-8	0-6	1-4	—
		平均值 Mean	37.21a	9.64	10.43a	6.29	3.29a	4.57a	1.00	2.00ab	—
		变异系数CV (%)	18.44	38.13	31.40	27.61	36.66	55.42	183.97	43.85	—
金冠族系 Golden Delicious- strain	11	范围 Range	20-41	8-13	1-13	3-7	1-5	0-3	0-6	0-4	0~1
		平均值 Mean	28.00b	10.10	4.82b	5.73	2.36ab	1.27b	1.82	1.73b	0.18
		变异系数CV (%)	21.37	19.04	68.09	29.31	47.39	79.28	117.49	68.95	222.49
国光族系 Ralls-strain	6	范围 Range	19-41	9-14	0-14	5-7	1-3	0-4	0-2	1-3	—
		平均值 Mean	29.33b	10.83	5.83b	5.83	1.50b	2.17b	1.00	2.17ab	—
		变异系数CV (%)	27.16	16.94	104.79	12.90	55.78	67.94	63.25	34.74	—

族系 Strain	选育方式Breeding way	数量 Amount	相似系数Similarity coefficient (%)	与对照共有的香气成分数量及占比 The number and proportion of aroma components shared with the controls (%)								超亲遗传的数量及占比 Transgressive inheritance amounts and proportion (%)
				总和 Total		酯类 Ester		醛类 Aldehyde		醇类 Alcohol		数量 Number	占比 Proportion
				数量Number	占比Proportion	数量Number	占比Proportion	数量 Number	占比 Proportion	数量 Number	占比 Proportion	数量 Number	占比 Proportion
富士族系 Fuji- strains	杂交Hybrid	7	57.48	22.50	66.18	10.43	59.38	9.14	72.22	4.57	72.22	10.67	48.78
富士族系 Fuji- strains	芽变 Bud sport	12	53.48	20.66	60.76	8.00	50	8.58	71.5	4.08	68.00	11.25	54.45
元帅族系 Delicious-strains	杂交Hybrid	1	56.25	18.00	94.74	11.00	100	4.00	100	3.00	75.00	0.00	0.00
元帅族系 Delicious-strains	芽变 Bud sport	12	47.91	15.24	80.21	8.58	78b	3.83	95.75a	2.83	70.75b	1.92	12.60
金冠族系 Golden Delicious- strains	杂交Hybrid	7	43.40	11.99	57.10	1.71	34.2b	7.14	79.33a	3.14	44.86b	6.86	57.21
金冠族系 Golden Delicious- strains	芽变 Bud sport	3	55.78**	16.33	77.76**	3.33	66.6*	7.33	81.44	5.67	81.00**	10.67	65.34
国光族系 Ralls- strains	杂交Hybrid	2	37.34	12.50	78.13	—		8.00	72.73	4.50	90.00	3.5	28.85
国光族系 Ralls- strains	芽变 Bud sport	3	59.88*	13.34	83.38	—		8.67	78.81	4.67	93.40	4.33	32.46

Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Different Cultivated Apple Strains

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