芽变选种推动世界苹果和柑橘产业优质高效发展案例解读

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.011

Abstract

Abstract:

This review summarized the research progress of plant epigenetics and fruit tree bud sports selection, and analyzed the classic cases of bud sports selection promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the word’s apple and citrus industries. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Epigenetics caused by DNA methylation and histone modification, etc., was widely involved in various plant growth and development processes and adversity stress responses; (2) The selection of fruit tree bud sports was the best among the best. It had six characteristics, such as high efficiency, reproducibility, stability, diversity and pleiotropy, epigenetic characteristics, and practical effects. At present, more than 600 varieties of fruit tree bud sports have been selected, such as apples and citrus; (3) In response to the problems of the four varieties of Fuji, Delicious, Navel Oranges and Satsuma Mandarin, a series of new varieties have been bred using continuous multi-generation bud sports selection technology, forming a huge variety group and promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the industry. Therefore, two aspects should be further studied in the future: one is to further strengthen the mechanism of fruit tree bud sports and to promote the innovation of breeding technology; The second is to further enhance the awareness of the innovation of fruit tree bud sports selection and to further strengthen the understanding of the importance of the fruit tree industry, and the technical route of combining Mendelian inheritance and epigenetic inheritance should be adopt, combining conventional and molecular technology as well as hybrid breeding and bud sports selection, so as to increase the research efforts of fruit tree bud sports selection and new varieties breeding, and provide varieties support for the high-quality development of the fruit tree industry.

Key words: Mendelian inheritance, epigenetics, selection of fruit tree buds, Fuji and Delicious apples, navel orange and Satsuma mandarin

CHEN XueSen, YIN HuaLin, WANG Nan, ZHANG Min, JIANG ShengHui, XU Juan, MAO ZhiQuan, ZHANG ZongYing, WANG ZhiGang, JIANG ZhaoTao, XU YueHua, LI JianMing. Interpretation of the Case of Bud Sports Selection to Promote the High-Quality and Efficient Development of the World’s Apple and Citrus Industry[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(4): 755-768.

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Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

The diversity of fruit buds change and the varieties of buds bred by bud change selection"

类型 Type	变异性状 Variant trait	果树种类 Fruit tree species	芽变品种数量 Number of sports varieties	芽变机理 Mechanism of sports
果实成熟期 Fruit maturity	早熟 Early ripening	苹果^[55]、柑橘^[22]、梨^[56,57]、葡萄^[58]、桃^[59] Apple^[55], citrus^[22], pear^[56,57], grape^[58], peach^[59]	18+11+15+1+3=48	不详 Unknown
果实成熟期 Fruit maturity	晚熟 Late ripening	苹果^[55]、柑橘^[1,22]、梨^[56,57] Apple^[55], citrus^[1,22], pear^[56,57]	64+9+20=93	不详 Unknown
果实形状 Fruit shape	多倍体变异 Polyploid variation	葡萄^[28]、梨^[29,30] Grape^[28], pear^[29,30]	1+2=3	染色体加倍 Chromosome doubling
	大果型 Large fruit	苹果^[60]、柑橘^[1,14]、梨^[56,57] Apple^[60], citrus^[1,14], pear^[56,57]	88+1+5=94	不详 Unknown
	高桩型 High pile	苹果^[55,60,61] Apple^[55,60,61]	60	不详 Unknown
果皮颜色 Peel color	红色 Red	苹果^[55,60,61]、梨^[37-38,56] Apple^[55,60,61], pear^[37-38,56]	122+64=186	DNA甲基化 DNA methylation
	白色 White	葡萄^[58] Grape^[58]	1	反转录转座子的插入 Retrotransposon insertion
	褐色 Brown	梨^[62] Pear^[62]	1	不详 Unknown
果肉颜色 Flesh color	红色 Red	柑橘^[1,24]、猕猴桃^[63] Citrus^[1,24], kiwifruit^[63]	11+5=16	基因结构的突变 Gene structure mutations
果肉颜色 Flesh color	黄色 Yellow	桃^[64] Peach^[64]	1	不详 Unknown
果肉质地 Fruit texture	脆肉 Crispy	苹果^[65] Apple^[65]	1	不详 Unknown
果肉风味 Fruit flavor	高糖 High sugar	梨^[57]、龙眼^[66] Pear^[57], longan^[66]	1+2=3	不详 Unknown
果肉风味 Fruit flavor	香味浓 Strong flavor	柑橘^[14] Citrus^[14]	2	不详 Unknown
树型 Tree type	短枝型 Short branch	苹果^[2,55,61] Apple^[2,55,61]	87	表观遗传 Epigenetic
树型 Tree type	柱型 Cylindricality	威赛克苹果^[54] Wijcik^[54]	1	反转录转座子的插入 Retrotransposon insertion
抗性 Resistance	抗寒 Cold resistance	苹果^[55]、梨^[57]、葡萄^[58] Apple^[55], pear^[57], grape^[58]	20+15+2=37	不详 Unknown
抗性 Resistance	抗病 Disease resistance	柑橘^[1,14]、梨^[57]、香蕉^[67] Citrus^[1,14], pear^[57], banana^[67]	1+36+1=38	不详 Unknown

Table 1

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品种名称 Variety name	1984		1987		1990
品种名称 Variety name	面积（万公顷） Area (Ten thousand hm²)	占比 Proportion (%)	面积（万公顷） Area (Ten thousand hm²)	占比 Proportion (%)	面积（万公顷） Area (Ten thousand hm²)	占比 Proportion (%)
国光Ralls	6.7	34.4	11.8	25.9	8.8	18.1
金帅Golden Delicious	4.2	21.5	8.2	18.1	7.1	14.6
元帅系Delicious	3.2	16.4	11.2	24.7	14.5	29.8
红富士Red Fuji	0.0	0.0	7.8	17.1	10.8	22.2
青香蕉White Winter Pearmain	1.9	9.9	1.9	4.2	2.6	5.4
秋花皮BenDavis	1.2	6.1	0.8	1.7	0.0	0.0
红玉Jonathan	0.8	4.0	0.5	1.2	0.7	1.5
祝光American Summer pearmain	0.5	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
白粉皮Baifenpi	0.2	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
伏花皮Fuhuapi	0.2	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
印度Indian Green	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.5	0.7	1.4
乔纳金Jonagold	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5
北斗Hokuto	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.9
其他Others	0.5	2.4	2.9	6.4	2.7	5.6
合计Total	19.5	100	45.4	100	48.7	100

国家 Country	果树种类 Fruit tree species	果实类型 Types of fruit	芽变主要性状 Main trait of sports varieties	不变性状 Invariable	周年供应的技术途径 Technical channels of annual supply
美国 US	‘元帅’苹果 Delicious	呼吸跃变型 Respiratory Climacteric	红色、短枝型 Red, short branch type	中熟、不耐贮 Medium ripening, poor storage tolerance	以优质、不耐贮、中熟“元帅系”品种群为主的品种结构+发达的冷链贮藏保鲜技术与设备 Variety structure dominated by high-quality, non storable and medium ripening “Delicious” variety groupd + eveloped cold chain storage and preservation technology and equipment
中国 China	‘长富2号’苹果 Changfu 2	呼吸跃变型 Respiratory Climacteric	红色、短枝型 Red, short branch type	晚熟、耐贮 Late ripening, good storage tolerance	以优质、耐贮、晚熟“富士系”品种群为主的品种结构+适当的贮藏保鲜技术与设备 Variety structure dominated by high-quality, storable and late ripening “Fuji” + appropriate storage and preservation technology and equipment
日本、美国、澳大利亚和中国等 Japan, US, Australia and China	脐橙和温州蜜柑 Navel orange and Satsuma mandarin	非呼吸跃变型 Non- Respiratory Climacteric	早熟、晚熟 Early ripening, late ripening	鲜食品质 Fresh eating quality	熟期配套品种+生态布局+留树保鲜等栽培措施 Supporting varieties at maturity + ecological layout + tree preservation and other cultivation measures

Interpretation of the Case of Bud Sports Selection to Promote the High-Quality and Efficient Development of the World’s Apple and Citrus Industry

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