Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (7): 1260-1271.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.07.013

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Short-Term Effect of Biochar Amendments on Total Bacteria and Ammonia Oxidizers Communities in Different Type Soils

ZHANG MengYang1,XIA Hao1,LÜ Bo1,CONG Ming1,SONG WenQun2,JIANG CunCang1()   

  1. 1 Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
    2 Xinfeng’s Agricultural Technology Promotion Station, Ganzhou 341600, Jiangxi;
  • Received:2018-09-10 Accepted:2018-10-29 Online:2019-04-01 Published:2019-04-04
  • Contact: CunCang JIANG E-mail:jcc2000@mail. hzau.edu.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】Ammonia oxidation is the first step in nitrification and the rate-limiting step in nitrification. It is a key link in the global nitrogen cycle. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of peanut shell biochar application on bacteria and ammonia oxidation in different type soils in China, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion and use of biochar.【Method】Yellow-brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil and black soil were utilized as the tested soil. Through short-term culture experiments, 16SrRNA sequencing was used to study the effects of biochar on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, bacterial community structure and related enzyme gene expression in different type soils. Four treatments for each soil included CK (no fertilizer and biochar), F (single fertilization), C (single 2% peanut shell biochar), and FC (application of fertilizer + 2% peanut shell biochar).【Result】Acid soil pH increased significantly by 0.5-1.0 units after application of biochar (C, FC), but alkaline soil pH decreased significantly by 0.5-0.6 units; the microbial abundance and diversity of yellow-brown soil increased significantly caused by single application of biochar (C). The fluvo-aquic only significantly increased the microbial diversity index of the soil when it was applied to biochar alone (C). Biochar and chemical fertilizers did not significantly change soil abundance and diversity in black soil; the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in three soils was higher than that of ammonia-oxidizing archaea. The measured OTU abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was about 8.1 times that of ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Biochar and chemical fertilizers did not significantly alter the OTU abundance in the thaumarchaeota, but had a significant effect on the OTU abundance in the beta and gamma proteobacteria. The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the three soils were mainly β-proteobacteria, accounting for about 60%. In addition, the application of biochar (C, FC) significantly changed the microbial community structure of yellow-brown soil on PC1 (40.4%), and significantly changed the microbial community structure of fluvo-aquic soil on both PC1 (42.3%) and PC2 (21.3%). After application of biochar (C, FC), the expression of ammonia synthesis related enzyme gene in fluvo-aquic soil decreased significantly by 14.7%-39.9% in a short period of time, and the ammoxidation archaea abundance decreased by 70.5% and 48.7% under C treatment and FC treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】After application of biochar, the microbial community structure of yellow-brown soil and fluvo-aquic soil was significantly changed, and the ammoxidation of fluvo-aquic soil was obviously inhibited in a short period of time.

Key words: biochar, chemical fertilizer, ammonia oxidation, microbial community structure, yellow-brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil, black soil

Table 1

Basic properties of tested soil"

土壤类型
Soil type		 质地
Soil texture		 pH 碱解氮
Available nitrogen
(mg·kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg·kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g·kg-1)
黄棕壤Yellow-brown soil (YB) 黏土Clay 5.2 77.7 49.2 169.4 13.3
潮土Fluvo-aquic soil (FA) 壤土Loam 5.6 43.9 9.3 84.7 8.7
黑土Black soil (B) 黏土Clay 8.8 125.5 3.6 259.2 32.5

Fig. 1

The pH of different soil under different treatment conditions YB: Yellow-brown soil; FA: Fluvo-aquic soil; B: Black soil. CK, F, C, FC represent control treatment, single application of chemical fertilizer, single application of biochar and combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P<0.05). The same as below"

Table 2

P value and F value based on a three-way ANOVA for soil pH"

因素Factor F P value
单施化肥处理F treatment 38.379 0.000
单施生物炭处理C treatment 271.157 0.000
土壤类型Soil type 4304.294 0.000
F×C 11.815 0.002
F×Soil type 57.887 0.000
C×Soil type 121.239 0.000
F×C×Soil type 0.204 0.817

Fig. 2

Histogram of difference between Alpha index groups in different soils *Represents a significant difference at the 0.05 level, **Represents a significant difference at the 0.01 level"

Table 3

Sequence number of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms"

处理
Treatment		 奇古菌Thaumarchaeota β和γ变形菌β, γ- Proteobacteria
YB FA B YB FA B
CK 152a 216a 763a 4768ab 6156ab 2141ab
F 285a 194a 873a 4744ab 5726b 1937b
C 219a 63a 1259a 3997b 6626a 1918b
FC 130a 110a 1121a 5267a 6417a 2969a

Fig. 3

Histogram of abundance changes of thaumarchaeota, betaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria in different soil"

Fig. 4

Principal component analysis of each soil treatment"

Fig. 5

KEGG metabolic pathway of nitrogen metabolism"

Table 4

Nitrogen metabolism pathway abundance in different soils under different treatments"

土壤类型Soil type CK F C FC
YB 260856a 250203a 238879a 230877a
FA 263525a 253256ab 242993bc 234804c
B 225273a 220124a 223533a 226165a

Table 5

Gene expression of soil ammonia synthesis related enzymes and ammonia oxidation related enzymes"

酶
Enzyme		 EC（编号）EC (number) YB FA B
CK F C FC CK F C FC CK F C FC
甲酰胺酶
Formamidase		 1.7.2.1 1073a 1384a 1014a 1083a 1077a 1069a 892a 933a 361b 328b 329b 477a
腈水解酶
Nitrilase		 3.5.1.49 4513ab 5000a 4044b 4582ab 5402a 6062a 5352a 5025a 5849a 5448a 5232a 6008a
氰酸裂合酶
Cyanate lyase		 3.5.5.1 7036ab 7303ab 5903b 7985a 9535a 8958a 9566a 9398a 9240ab 8538bc 8168c 9710a
氨基甲酸酯激酶
Carbamate kinase		 4.2.1.104 4006ab 3632b 3521b 4448a 4539a 4761a 4592a 4837a 4657a 4547a 4384a 4533a
谷氨酸脱氢酶
Glutamate dehydrogenase		 2.7.2.2 4984ab 5332a 4574ab 4200b 5148a 5068a 3263b 3092b 9561a 9745a 10561a 10095a
谷氨酸脱氢酶(NAD(P)+)
Glutamate dehydrogenase ((NAD(P)+)		 1.4.1.2 9631ab 10188a 8444b 9389ab 10659a 11757a 8684b 8277b 17594a 16898a 16405a 16705a
谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADP+)
Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)		 1.4.1.3 43350a 42063a 41901a 35676a 43520a 39070b 36778b 37143b 29553a 32706a 35500a 32690a
亚硝酸还原酶 (不分解)
Nitrite reductase (No-forming)		 1.4.1.4 13424a 11436a 10945a 12922a 12085bc 14166a 13367ab 10763c 13604a 13240a 14048a 13256a
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