覆膜和施氮肥对玉米产量和根层土壤硝态氮分布和去向的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.20.009

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application rate on root zoon nitrogen distribution, fate and maize yield for rational application of fertilizer and agricultural sustainable development in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. 【Method】 Six treatments were designed and applied: (1) A flat plot with no basal fertilizer, no top dressing and no mulching (CK); (2) Plastic film mulching with no basal fertilizer and no top dressing (MN0); (3) Basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) with no top dressing and no mulching (BN1); (4) Plastic film mulching and basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) with no top dressing (MN1); (5) Basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) and top dressing N (80 kg·hm^-2) with no mulching (BN2); and (6) Plastic film mulching with basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) fertilizer and top dressing N (80 kg·hm^-2) (MN2). The effect of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield, soil water content, soil nitrate-N distribution and the uptake of nitrogen of above-ground part of maize were analyzed.【Result】 The shoot dry matter accumulation of maize was increased with the increase of growth period, and the rate of dry matter accumulation was also increased. The shoot dry matter accumulation showed mainly the MN2＞BN2＞MN1＞BN1＞CK＞MN0. The more the shoot dry matter accumulated, the higher the grain yield of maize. Mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application had a significant effect on grain yield of maize. The yields of BN1 and MN1 treatments were 31.41% and 38.33% higher than the CK treatment, and the yields of BN2 and MN2 treatments were 49.89% and 79.06% higher than the CK treatment in 2012. Mulching was significantly increased the soil water content, the soil water content was increased first, and then reduced. The soil nitrate-N content decreased with the advance of growing period in no nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The upper soil nitrate-N content was slightly larger than subsoil layer, and the difference in quantity was decreased with the advance of growing period. Mulching had the function of slow the migration of soil nitrate-N move to sub soil layer in basal and top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen uptake rate of above ground dry matter accumulation was positively correlated with the level of nitrogen fertilizer. Mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application had a significant effect on the nitrogen uptake rate. There was no significant difference in nitrogen uptake rate in no-fertilizer treatment. The fate of nitrogen in mulching treatment showed mainly the nitrogen uptake rate＞nitrogen residual＞nitrogen loss rate. Nitrogen application significantly improved the nitrogen recovery rate, which was showed mainly that the MN2＞BN2＞MN1＞BN1 in both years.【Conclusion】The MN2 treatment significantly increased the maize yield and soil water content in top soil layers, and reduced the speed of nitrate-N from top soil layers to subsoil layers. Meanwhile, the MN2 treatment also reduced the nitrogen loss rate and improved the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake rate.

Key words: maize, mulching, fertilizer application, nitrate-N, nitrogen use efficiency

WANG Xiu-kang, XING Ying-ying, LI Zhan-bin. Effect of Mulching and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Yield，Distribution and Fate of Nitrogen in Root Layer[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(20): 3944-3957.

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