中国特色水稻栽培学发展与展望

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Rice is the most important food crop in China, and plays an important role in ensuring national food security. At present, the transformation of the traditional small-scale production to rice production mechanization, intelligent, standardization and modern large-scale production with the intensification are faced. In this important historical node, this review summarized the development of rice cultivation with Chinese characteristics and the main scientific and technological achievements in nearly 70 years, and explored the future of rice cultivation technology development direction is of great significance. Over the past 70 years, the rice agronomist hold the bottleneck problem and key cultivation technology in the large-scale production, and researched the law of rice growth and yield and quality formation and its relationship with environmental conditions and cultivation measures, and explored rice growth regulation, culture optimization decision and some new methods of cultivation and management. A large number of widespread application cultivation technique and theory and its achievements had obtained in nearly 70 years. Ten mainly aspects of rice cultivation scientific and technological achievements were emphatically expounded in China since the reform and opening up, such as rice leaf age model cultivation theory and technology, population quality cultivation and its control, accurate quantitative cultivation, light simplified cultivation, mechanized cultivation, super-high-yield cultivation, high quality cultivation, green cultivation and adversity cultivation, regional cultivation. And the important direction of development of the future Chinese rice cultivation and innovation was pointed out: (1) To strengthen the coordination of rice green, high quality and high yield and extensive cultivation research; (2) To strengthen the research on high quality cultivation of multi-purpose rice; (3) To strengthen the research on synergistic rules and practical cultivation of super high yield and quality improvement of rice; (4) To strengthen the research on the mechanized cultivation of direct seeding rice and reproducing rice with high yield and high quality; (5) To strengthen the intelligent and unmanned cultivation of rice.

Key words: rice, cultivation, characteristic, scientific and technological achievements, development direction

ZHANG HongCheng,HU YaJie,YANG JianChang,DAI QiGen,HUO ZhongYang,XU Ke,WEI HaiYan,GAO Hui,GUO BaoWei,XING ZhiPeng,HU Qun. Development and Prospect of Rice Cultivation in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1301-1321.

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Figures/Tables 2

Table 1

The development course of rice cultivation and some landmark achievements"

年代 Time	代表性栽培技术名称 Representative cultivation technique	技术原理或内容 Technical principle or content	备注 Note
20世纪50—60年代 1950s-1960s	单季晚粳“三黄三黑”看苗诊断及千斤高产经验 Seedling diagnosis “three yellow and three black” of single season late japonica and its high-yield experience	总结出“好种壮秧、小株密植、合理施肥、浅水勤灌”等技术,对水稻生产发挥了积极作用。特别是陈永康的单季晚粳“三黄三黑”看苗诊断及千斤高产经验,既揭示了高产规律,又提出了栽培理论研究的新思路 The technology of “good variety and strong seedling, small plants and dense planting, rational fertilization and frequent irrigation in shallow water” was summarized, which played a positive role in rice production. In particular, Chen Yongkang proposed the seedlings diagnosis “three yellow and three black” of single season late japonica and his high-yield experience, which revealed the rule of high yield and put forward a new idea of cultivation theory research
20世纪70—80年代 1970s-1980s	矮秆水稻品种高产栽培 The technology of high-yield cultivation for dwarf rice	矮秆品种多熟制增密增氮高产栽培技术 The technology of high-yield cultivation “high density and increased nitrogen” for dwarf rice
	水稻品种不同生育类型叶龄模式 Leaf age models of different growth types in rice varieties	根据叶龄进程模式化揭示不同类型品种生长发育进程;对应叶龄进程数量化地确定了不同类型品种在不同栽培制度下的高产生育指标;把优化决策后的技术单元按叶龄等组装、配套、发展成趋向规范化的技术体系 According to the pattern of leaf age process, the growth and development of different varieties were revealed. The high-yielding growth indexes of different varieties under different cultivation systems were quantitatively determined according to leaf age process. The optimized technological units were assembled, matched and developed into a standardized technology system	1985年国家科技进步三等奖 The third prize of national science and technology progress in 1985
	水稻品种源库类型划分与栽培对策 Classification of source-sink types of rice varieties and cultivation strategies	依据水稻品种的产量源库特征,将其划分为源限制、库限制和源库互作三种类型,形成了一个以产量源库关系为基线,分析品种生产能力、产量形成限制因素和因种制定栽培策略的理论体系 According to the characteristics of source-sink of rice varieties, which were divided into three types: source-limit, sink-limit and source-sink interaction, and a theoretical system was formed to analyze the yield capacity of rice varieties, the limiting factors of yield formation and the cultivation strategies according to rice variety	1991年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 1991
20世纪90年代 1990s	水稻群体质量及其调控 Population quality of rice and its regulation	提出了水稻群体质量概念,建立了水稻高产群体质量指标体系。提出了优化群体质量的“小群体、壮个体、高积累”栽培途径。创立了基本苗计算公式,改革了种植规格,建立了“控制无效低效生长、增加产量形成期生长量”的肥水促控模式,配套集成了水稻群体质量调控技术 The concept of rice population quality was put forward and the index system of high yield population quality was established. The cultivation approach of “small population, strong individual and high accumulation” to optimize population quality was put forward. The basic seedling calculation formula was established, the planting specifications were reformed, the fertilizer-water pattern of “controlling ineffective and inefficient growth and increasing the amount of growth during the yield formation period” was established, and the rice population quality control technology was integrated
20世纪90年代 1990s	新型耕作栽培技术及其应用研究 Study on new cultivation technology and its application	创立了不同农区以少耕为主体的少免交替、定期深耕的多熟制稻田轮耕新制度,建立了减基蘖肥、增拔节孕穗肥的少免耕防早衰栽培技术,创立了南方多熟制水稻抛秧高产栽培技术,创建了南方地区多熟制轻简化栽培耕作技术体系,推进了水稻传统栽培耕作向现代轻简化栽培的历史性转变,实现了持续增产增效 The new system of rice rotation “reduced tillage, less and free tillage, deep tillage” was founded in different agriculture regions. The technology “reduced base and tiller fertilizer, and increased jointing and booting fertilizer” of prevent premature aging was established. The technology of high-yield cultivation for throwing transplanted rice was founded in the southern. The simplified cultivation farming system was also created, which promoting the historic change for traditional rice farming to the modern simplified cultivation	1993年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 1993
2000—2010	水稻大面积高产综合配套技术研究开发与示范 Development and demonstration of comprehensive technology of high yield for rice in large area production	创立和示范推广了双季稻一次性全层施肥、双季稻“旺壮重”高产栽培、高蛋白饲料稻“三壮三高”栽培、优质食用稻“三高一少”栽培、旱育抛秧技术等数套高产综合配套技术,取得了显著效益 Several sets of high-yield comprehensive supporting technologies for double cropping rice, such as one-time whole-layer fertilization, high-yield cultivation with “vigorous root, strong culm and weighty panicle”, high-protein feed rice with “three strong and three high”, high-quality rice with “three high and one low”, dry seedling throwing, were established and demonstrated, and achieved remarkable benefits	2002年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2002
2000—2010	基于模型的作物生长预测与精确管理技术 Model based crop growth prediction and accurate management techniques	创建了具有动态预测功能的作物生长模型及具有精确设计功能的作物管理知识模型。提出了精确作物管理系统,实现了作物生长与生产力预测的数字化及作物管理方案设计的精确化 Crop growth model with dynamic prediction function and crop management knowledge model with precise design function were established. The precise crop management system was proposed, which realized the digitization of crop growth and productivity prediction and the precision of crop management program design	2008年国家科技进二等步奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2008
2011—2020	水稻丰产定量栽培技术及其应用 Quantitative cultivation techniques for high yield of rice and its application	建立了水稻生育进程、群体动态指标、栽培技术措施“三定量”与作业次数、调控时期、投入数量“三适宜”为核心的水稻丰产精确定量栽培技术体系,使水稻生产管理“生育依模式、诊断有指标、调控按规范、措施能定量”。被农业部列为全国水稻高产主推技术 The precise quantitative cultivation technology system of rice was established, which consisted of rice growth process, population dynamic index, “three quantification” of cultivation technology and “three suitability” of operation times, regulation period, so that the rice production management could be “fertility according to pattern, diagnosis according to index, regulation according to standard and cultivation measures according to quantity”. The Ministry of Agriculture had listed as the main technology to promote high yield of rice in China	2011年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2011
	长江中游东南部双季稻丰产高效关键技术与应用 The key technology and application for high yield and high efficiency of double cropping rice in the south- eastern middle reaches of Yangtze River	创建双季稻“早蘖壮秆强源”“三高一保”等栽培技术模式;确立了双季超级稻产量18 t·hm^-2以上的群体指标;创造了在相同田块连续9年双季18.75 t·hm^-2以上的超高产典型 The cultivation technology models of double cropping rice, such as “early tiller, strong stem and strong source” and “three high and one safe”, were established. The population index of double cropping super rice yield of 18 t·hm^-2 was established. The super high yield of 18.75 t·hm^-2 under double cropping for nine consecutive years was created in the same field	2013年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2013
	超级稻高产栽培关键技术及区域化集成应用 The key techniques of high- yield cultivation for super rice and its regional integrated application	研究并构建了与不同稻区和种植方式相适应的超级稻高产栽培技术,并进行大面积推广应用,提高了单产水平 The high-yield cultivation techniques of super rice for different production areas and planting patterns were constructed, and were widely applied to improve the yield per unit area	2014年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2014
	稻麦生长指标光谱监测与定量诊断技术 Spectral monitoring and quantitative diagnosis of rice and wheat growth index	基于光谱监测系统,在稻麦主要生长指标特征光谱波段及敏感光谱参数、多路径稻麦生长实时诊断与精确调控技术、作物生长监测诊断技术体系的规模化示范应用上取得新进展。集成了农作物空间信息获取-信息分析-信息应用与服务,多源多尺度,作物品种识别,农作物种植面积、长势、产量和土壤墒情的动态监测等方面的遥感监测技术 Based on the spectral monitoring system, the new progress had been made in the characteristic spectral bands and sensitive spectral parameters of main growth indicators of rice-wheat, real-time diagnosis and precise regulation technology of multi-path rice-wheat growth, and large-scale demonstration application of the technical system of crop growth monitoring and diagnosis. It integrated the remote sensing monitoring technology of spatial information acquisition of crops, information analysis, information application and service, multi-source and multi-scale, crop variety identification, crop planting area, growth, yield and dynamic monitoring of soil moisture	2015年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2015
	促进稻麦同化物向籽粒转运和籽粒灌浆的调控途径与生理机制 Regulation and physiological mechanism of rice-wheat assimilate transport and grain filling	首创了协调光合作用、同化物转运和植株衰老关系和促进籽粒灌浆的水分调控方法,为解决谷类作物衰老与光合作用的矛盾以及既高产又节水的难题提供了新的途径和方法;率先探明了适度提高体内脱落酸（ABA）及其与乙烯、赤霉素比值可以促进籽粒灌浆,为促进谷类作物同化物转运和籽粒灌浆的生理调控开辟了新途径;首次明确了ABA促进同化物装载与卸载及籽粒灌浆的生理生化机制 The water regulation method of coordinating the relationship between photosynthesis, assimilate transport and plant senescence and promoting grain filling was created, which provided a new way and method for solving the contradiction between crop senescence and photosynthesis and the problem of both high yield and water saving. It was firstly proved that moderate increase of abscisic acid (ABA) and its ratio to ethylene and gibberellin could promote grain filling, which opened a new way for promoting assimilate transport and physiological regulation of grain filling in cereal crops. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of ABA promoting assimilate loading and unloading as well as grain filling were identified for the first time	2017年国家自然科学二等奖 The second prize of national natural science award in 2017
	多熟制地区水稻机插栽培关键技术创新及应用 The key technology innovation and application of rice mechanical transplanting in multi-cropping region	创建了机插毯苗、钵苗两套“三控”育秧新技术;阐明了毯苗、钵苗机插水稻生长发育与高产优质形成规律,创立了“三协调”高产优质栽培途径及生育诊断指标体系;同时以上述关键技术的突破性创新为主体,创建了毯苗、钵苗机插水稻“三协调”高产优质栽培技术新模式,集成应用了适应不同稻区的毯苗、钵苗机插高产优质栽培技术 Two sets of new techniques of “three control” seedling raising were established, namely, machine-transplanting, carpet seedling and pot seedling. The growth and development of carpet and pot mechanically transplanting rice and the formation rules of high yield and high quality were expounded. The “three coordinated” cultivation technology of high yield and high quality and the fertility diagnosis index system were established. At the same time, with the breakthrough innovation of the above key technologies, a new cultivation model of “three coordinated” high-yield and high-quality rice planting technology of machine-transplanting carpet seedling and pot seedling was established, and the high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology of machine-transplanting carpet seedling and pot seedling in different rice regions was integrated and applied	2018年国家科技进步二等奖 The second prize of national science and technology progress in 2018

Table 1

Table 2

Record of super high yield in some main rice producing areas in China"

年份 Year	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	地点 Site	面积 Area (hm²)	应用品种或栽培技术 Rice varieties or cultivation techniques	来源 Source
1998	12.10	黑龙江 Heilongjiang province	18.00	三超栽培技术 Three “super” cultivation technology	文献[26] Reference[26]
2002	12.26	湖南龙山县 Longshan county, Hunan province	8.47	超级稻组合P88S/0293 Super rice combination P88S/0293	文献[29] Reference[29]
2003	12.15	湖南隆回县 Longhui county, Hunan province		超级稻组合P88S/0293 Super rice combination P88S/0293	文献[30] Reference[30]
2004	13.92	福建尤溪县 Youxi county, Fujian province		Ⅱ优航1号 ⅡYouhang 1	文献[31] Reference[31]
2004	17.95	云南永胜县 Yongsheng county, Yunnan province		Ⅱ优明86 ⅡYouming 86	文献[31] Reference[31]
2004	17.81	云南永胜县 Yongsheng county, Yunnan province		Y两优1号 Y Liangyou 1	文献[31] Reference[31]
2004	19.25	云南永胜县 Yongsheng county, Yunnan province		协优101 Xieyou 101	文献[31] Reference[31]
2006	19.30	云南永胜县 Yongsheng county, Yunnan province		协优107,精确定量栽培技术 Xieyou 107, the technology of accurate and quantitative cultivation	新闻报道 News report
2008	13.50	江苏兴化 Xinghua county, Jiangsu province	6.67	甬优8号,水稻超高产精确定量栽培技术 Yongyou 8, the technology of precision and quantitative cultivation for super high yield of rice	文献[32] Reference[32]
2012	13.85	江苏兴化 Xinghua county, Jiangsu province	6.67	甬优2640,水稻钵苗机插超高产精确定量栽培技术 Yongyou 2640, the technology of precision and quantitative cultivation for super high yield of pot seedling mechanical transplanting rice	文献[33] Reference[33]
2012	14.45	浙江宁波 Ningbo, Zhejiang province	6.67	甬优12,单季籼粳杂交晚稻 Yongyou 12, single season indica-japonica hybrid late rice	新闻报道News report
2013	14.26	江苏兴化 Xinghua county, Jiangsu province	6.67	甬优2640,水稻钵苗机插超高产精确定量栽培技术 Yongyou 2640, the technology of precision and quantitative cultivation for super high yield of pot seedling mechanical transplanting rice	文献[33] Reference[33]
2017	13.67	江苏沭阳 Shuyang county, Jiangsu province		嘉优中科1号 Jiayouzhongke 1	新闻报道News report

Table 2

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