Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (7): 1480-1491.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.07.008

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Co-Utilization of Chinese Milk Vetch and Rice Straw on Soil Phosphorus Composition and Phosphorus Activation of Paddy Field in Southern China

YUAN HaoLiang1,2,3(), NIE Jun1,2,3, LI Peng2,3, LU YanHong1,2,3, LIAO YuLin1,2,3, XU ChangXu4, LI ZhongYi5, CAO WeiDong6, ZHANG JiangLin1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1 Hunan Cultivated Land and Agricultural Eco-Environment Institute, Changsha 410125
    2 Longping Branch of the School of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125
    3 Hunan Farmland Conservation Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410125
    4 Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200
    5 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007
    6 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2025-05-30 Accepted:2025-08-15 Online:2026-04-08 Published:2026-04-08
  • Contact: ZHANG JiangLin

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Abstract:

【Objective】Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) and rice straw are high-quality organic resources in southern rice-growing regions. Their combined application plays a significant role in enhancing rice yield and improving soil fertility. However, the specific processes and mechanisms by which this practice activates insoluble phosphorus (P) in the soil remain unclear. This study systematically investigated the effects of combined incorporation of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw on soil P fraction composition, P activation coefficient, and rice P accumulation in paddy fields, aiming to provide the theoretical support for promoting this practice and managing P nutrients. 【Method】Long-term field positioning experiments were conducted in Hunan, Jiangxi (initiated in 2016), and Guangxi (initiated in 2019). Four treatments were established: (1) Winter fallow+Conventional fertilization (F); (2) Chinese milk vetch incorporation+Conventional fertilization (FM); (3) Winter fallow+Rice straw return+Conventional fertilization (FS); (4) Chinese milk vetch incorporation+Rice straw return+Conventional fertilization (FMS). After early rice harvest, soil samples (0-20 cm plough layer) were collected. Soil P fractions and phosphatase activities were measured. The soil P activation coefficient was calculated. Actual rice yield was recorded, and rice P accumulation was calculated. 【Result】Compared with the F treatment, the FMS treatment increased grain yield by 9.7%-29.5% and rice P accumulation by 20.6%-51.4% across the three experimental sites. The FMS treatment significantly increased the proportion of the active P pool in the total soil P pool by 13.5%-30.1%, while decreasing the proportion of the stable P pool by 2.3%-6.0%. Specifically, compared with the F treatment, the FMS treatment primarily increased the content of inorganic P fractions: NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi increased by 13.5%-33.3% and 10.7%-17.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the soil P activation coefficient under FMS increased by 5.4%-18.2%. Soil phosphatase activities were also significantly enhanced, compared with the F treatment, acid phosphatase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity increased by 2.1%-21.5% and 2.2%-26.3%, respectively, thereby promoting organic P mineralization. 【Conclusion】Long-term combined incorporation of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw enhanced soil P availability by increasing the content of active P forms and boosting phosphatase activity. Compared with their individual application, the combined use of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw further improved soil P fertility, promoted rice P uptake, and consequently achieved synergistic growth in rice yield.

Key words: Chinese milk vetch, rice straw, Olsen-P, phosphorus fractions, phosphatase activity, paddy field in Southern China

Table 1

The initial chemical properties of three experimental regions"

指标 Item

土壤类型
Soil type		 湖南 Hunan 江西 Jiangxi 广西 Guangxi
土壤类型
Soil type		 第四纪红色黏土发育而成的红黄泥田
Red-yellow clay paddy soil from Quaternary red clay		 第四纪红色黏土发育而成的黄泥田
Yellow clay paddy soil from Quaternary red clay		 第四纪红色黏土发育而成的浅红泥田
Light red paddy soil from Quaternary
red clay
pH 5.2 5.8 6.8
有机质 SOC (g·kg-1) 19.8 23.5 27.6
全氮 TN (g·kg-1) 1.7 1.0 1.6
全磷 TP (g·kg-1) 0.5 0.4 0.8
有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg-1) 16.7 12.5 24.9
速效钾 AK (mg·kg-1) 66.0 49.8 173.0

Table 2

Total nutrient input in each treatment (kg·hm-2)"

地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 化肥
Fertilizer		 稻草 Rice straw 紫云英 Chinese milk vetch 总投入量
Total input
还田量
Application rate		 磷含量
P content		 磷投入量
P input		 还田量
Application rate		 磷含量
P content		 磷投入量
P input
湖南
Hunan		 F 75.0 75.0
FM 75.0 2250 3.2 7.2 82.2
FS 75.0 原位还田
In situ return		 1.7 10.0 85.0
FMS 75.0 原位还田
In situ return		 1.8 10.5 2250 3.2 7.2 92.7
江西
Jiangxi		 F 75.0 75.0
FM 75.0 2250 3.8 8.6 83.6
FS 75.0 6000 1.6 9.5 84.5
FMS 75.0 6000 1.8 10.7 2250 3.8 8.6 94.3
广西
Guangxi		 F 90.0 90.0
FM 90.0 原位还田
In situ return		 3.6 8.1 98.1
FS 90.0 原位还田
In situ return		 1.7 12.9 102.9
FMS 90.0 原位还田
In situ return		 1.9 14.1 原位还田
In situ return		 3.6 8.1 112.2

Table 3

Rice yield and phosphorus accumulation under different treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 稻谷产量 Rice yield (kg·hm-2)
 磷素积累量 P accumulation (kg·hm-2)
湖南 Hunan 江西 Jiangxi 广西 Guangxi 湖南 Hunan 江西 Jiangxi 广西 Guangxi
2021 F 4817±204 a 7008±698 a 6320±399 b
FM 4941±155 a 7483±274 a 6953±350 ab
FS 4815±155 a 7617±176 a 6478±239 b
FMS 5058±146 a 7717±238 a 7329±288 a
2022 F 3725±205 a 5542±213 b 6913±205 b 18.9±1.9 b 24.7±1.8 c 32.8±1.8 c
FM 3849±300 a 6183±342 b 7480±464 ab 20.6±1.3 ab 31.1±1.8 b 35.9±1.0 b
FS 3958±112 a 5708±732 b 7052±406 b 19.5±1.6 ab 27.8±3.4 bc 33.2±1.4 c
FMS 4088±162 a 7175±263 a 7809±318 a 22.8±2.7 a 37.4±0.6 a 39.0±1.8 a

Fig. 1

The content of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus under different treatments Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05). The same as below"

Table 4

Soil phosphorus fractions under different treatments"

地点
Site		 处理
Treatment		 活性态磷 Labile P (mg·kg-1) 中等活性态磷 Moderately labile P (mg·kg-1) 稳定态磷 Stable P (mg·kg-1)
H2O-Pi NaHCO3-Pi NaHCO3-Po NaOH-Pi NaOH-Po HCl-Pi Residual-P
湖南
Hunan		 F 4.8±0.3b 30.4±1.9b 11.2±0.6b 121.7±0.3c 65.5±7.9a 23.6±0.9ab 256.7±0.5a
FM 4.8±0.3b 27.0±0.7c 10.3±1.5b 118.6±1.5c 55.7±6.2a 20.0±2.3b 254.0±2.0ab
FS 5.5±0.1a 36.5±1.6a 12.2±1.9b 136.0±3.5b 57.3±1.9a 24.7±2.6a 252.0±1.0b
FMS 5.5±0.2a 34.5±2.1a 15.9±2.6a 142.9±1.6a 56.0±2.5a 22.2±2.2ab 247.3±3.5b
江西
Jiangxi		 F 3.0±0.7a 27.7±0.6b 20.2±0.7ab 124.7±1.8c 83.3±5.8b 29.9±4.8b 247.5±2.9a
FM 3.7±0.5a 33.2±3.4a 17.8±2.6b 140.8±0.3a 100.9±2.7a 37.0±2.2a 230.2±19.3ab
FS 3.5±0.5a 29.5±3.2ab 19.8±3.3ab 133.2±5.4b 81.0±7.0b 37.0±3.3a 224.9±3.2b
FMS 3.2±0.3a 33.6±1.5ab 22.6±1.8a 139.1±4.7ab 81.2±2.7b 36.3±1.0a 227.3±0.5b
广西
Guangxi		 F 4.3±1.0a 22.8±2.6b 12.2±0.8b 160.0±10.9a 111.7±11.6a 14.9±0.5a 512.8±6.9a
FM 2.8±0.1c 28.4±1.4a 15.8±0.1a 171.5±14.9a 88.6±6.6b 13.0±1.6a 511.7±6.0a
FS 3.3±0.1bc 28.4±1.2a 9.4±1.4c 171.3±13.6a 90.1±8.9b 14.1±0.5a 508.6±4.4a
FMS 4.1±0.1ab 30.4±2.6a 14.6±0.7a 177.1±9.9a 76.6±6.5b 13.0±1.2a 489.3±1.4b

Fig. 2

Proportions of various forms of phosphorus under different treatments"

Fig. 3

Phosphorus activation coefficient and Pi/Po under different treatments"

Fig. 4

Phosphatase activity under different treatments"

Fig. 5

Random forest model prediction and correlation analysis In the correlation analysis panel, yellow circles indicate positive correlations, whereas green circles indicate negative correlations. In the random forest panels, yellow indicate variables with significant effects (P<0.05), whereas green indicate variables with non-significant effects"

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