长期秸秆还田对双季稻田不同土层有机碳、养分和团聚体的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.07.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Long-term direct returning of straw to the field improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil and is conducive to soil carbon and nitrogen retention. However, there are differences among various soil layers. This study aimed to clarify the variation characteristics of soil organic carbon, nutrients and structure at different soil depths. 【Method】The study was based on a long-term straw returning experiment established in 2009, with a double rice system as the research object. Four treatments were set up: no straw returning and no fertilizer control (CK), chemical fertilizer only (F), straw burning and returning (SBR), and full returning (SR). In 2021, samples were taken to analyze the physical properties of the soil, aggregate structure, the content of carbon, nitrogen and available nutrients in each soil layer, and the formation of double-cropping rice yield. 【Result】Compared with CK, all fertilization treatments could improve soil physical and chemical properties and carbon and nitrogen contents. Compared with SBR and F treatments, SR significantly increased the soil moisture content and total porosity of double-cropping paddy fields, while reducing soil bulk density, with a decrease of 12.0%-17.3% in early rice and 10.7%-16.0% in late rice. SR treatment significantly increased the content of large aggregates (>2 mm) and the average mass diameter and geometric diameter of soil in the 0-15 cm layer of double-cropping paddy fields, which was conducive to promoting the formation and stability of large aggregates, and the effect was the most significant in the 0-5 cm layer of soil. SR treatment also significantly increased the organic carbon content in each soil layer of 0-30 cm and promoted the increase of total nitrogen content in the 10-30 cm layer of soil, while there was no significant difference in organic carbon and total nitrogen between SBR and F treatments. At the same time, SR treatment significantly increased the content of available nutrients, such as ammonium nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in the 0-10 cm layer of soil, but the nitrate nitrogen content only significantly increased in the 0-10 cm layer of soil in the early rice season. In addition, compared with F treatment, SR significantly increased the content of slow-release potassium in each soil layer in the late rice season, thereby significantly increasing the yield of late rice. 【Conclusion】Overall, direct straw returning to the field was beneficial to increase the content of large soil aggregates in the 0-15 cm soil layer of double-cropping rice fields, promote the increase of available nutrients in the 0-10 cm soil and the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and slow-release potassium in deep soil, and achieve stable and high yields.

Key words: long-term straw returning, ash returning, soil physical and chemical properties, carbon and nitrogen retention, soil layer, soil aggregate, double cropping rice field

XU YangHaoJun, CHEN LiMing, YANG ShiQi, TANG YiFan, TAN XueMing, ZENG YongJun, PAN XiaoHua, ZENG YanHua. Effects of Long-Term Different Straw Returning Methods on Soil Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Aggregate Formation in Different Soil Layers of Double Cropping Rice Field[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(7): 1492-1506.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 3

The influence of straw returning to the field on soil pH, carbon-nitrogen ratio and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient contents at different soil depths in early paddy fields"

土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	pH	碳氮比 C/N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	碱解氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	缓效钾 SAK (mg·kg^-1)
0-5	CK	5.45±0.01a	9.0±0.12b	11.86±1.32d	0.19±0.05b	215.4±5.67c	5.4±0.03d	46.3±1.59d	147.3±1.47b
	F	5.23±0.01c	8.8±0.12b	16.12±0.94c	0.17±0.03b	299.9±8.03a	20.1±0.46b	89.4±2.47b	204.2±7.83a
	SBR	5.16±0.01d	8.8±0.13b	21.68±0.80b	0.17±0.05b	251.0±5.20b	19.0±0.25c	94.0±1.47a	221.1±8.76a
	SR	5.38±0.02b	9.8±0.15a	26.30±1.16a	0.30±0.03a	280.1±10.55a	22.7±0.56a	74.4±3.18c	214.6±1.73a
5-10	CK	5.55±0.03a	9.8±0.04b	6.40±0.29c	0.12±0.01b	202.2±7.63c	5.7±0.88d	40.9±0.47d	180.1±7.19c
	F	5.36±0.01b	10.5±0.17a	15.93±1.86b	0.18±0.05ab	166.7±3.16b	12.2±0.10c	103.2±7.63b	199.2±6.72b
	SBR	5.29±0.02c	7.9±0.16d	12.43±0.55b	0.14±0.02b	254.9±0.52a	16.8±0.99b	124.0±1.47a	202.6±4.50b
	SR	5.44±0.05b	9.2±0.20c	20.27±1.91a	0.22±0.05a	263.3±13.05a	21.8±1.26a	91.7±1.10c	225.5±6.90a
10-20	CK	5.95±0.01a	9.8±0.12b	3.20±0.16c	0.19±0.03a	92.5±4.01c	5.8±0.46b	39.0±0.45d	247.8±12.60b
	F	5.88±0.02b	7.9±0.10c	4.05±0.43b	0.15±0.06a	102.0±8.22b	7.9±0.45a	85.1±1.64b	245.8±7.68b
	SBR	5.74±0.04c	9.7±0.21b	4.36±0.59b	0.18±0.03a	134.6±8.64a	7.9±0.13a	108.3±0.87a	245.7±11.96b
	SR	5.89±0.01b	10.5±0.10a	6.36±0.94a	0.17±0.0a	123.0±8.35a	8.2±0.19a	77.3±1.65c	279.5±6.62a
20-30	CK	6.06±0.10a	11.7±0.46ab	1.67±0.30d	0.04±0.03b	54.3±0.65c	3.5±0.25c	38.4±1.02d	170.7±8.26c
	F	5.98±0.06a	11.8±0.67a	3.06±0.26b	0.10±0.05ab	61.8±0.83b	4.4±0.39b	64.2±0.63b	203.0±7.84b
	SBR	5.91±0.08a	10.3±0.84b	2.55±0.42c	0.10±0.01ab	81.1±19.99a	4.7±0.17b	82.7±1.84a	218.1±9.93b
	SR	6.00±0.02a	11.2±0.72ab	6.27±0.34a	0.14±0.02a	71.9±2.18a	5.4±0.42a	46.4±1.07c	240.5±5.04a

Table 3

Table 4

The influence of straw returning to the field on soil pH, carbon-nitrogen ratio and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient contents at different soil layers in late paddy fields"

土层深度 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	pH	碳氮比 C/N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	碱解氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	缓效钾 SAK (mg·kg^-1)
0-5	CK	5.21±0.01b	8.9±0.52a	4.20±0.30d	0.02±0.01b	189.4±5.80c	3.1±0.40b	54.0±0.35c	251.3±6.00b
	F	5.23±0.01b	8.9±0.05a	8.09±0.70b	0.08±0.01a	254.3±4.56b	17.9±0.97a	129.5±5.71a	269.4±7.51a
	SBR	5.30±0.01a	9.1±0.18a	5.53±0.36c	0.07±0.01a	249.6±12.2b	17.3±0.74a	137.9±3.61a	279.9±8.12a
	SR	5.29±0.00a	9.5±0.06a	15.81±0.80a	0.08±0.02a	275.6±6.30a	17.0±0.43a	103.1±8.23b	274.0±3.19a
5-10	CK	5.21±0.02c	9.4±0.30a	3.47±0.23d	0.04±0.02b	152.2±10.6b	4.1±0.90c	41.7±1.64d	253.9±2.79c
	F	5.24±0.02c	8.2±0.37b	8.25±0.35b	0.06±0.02a	243.0±13.5a	14.6±0.94b	100.6±4.27b	288.8±14.7b
	SBR	5.30±0.01b	8.5±0.14b	4.14±0.31c	0.07±0.02a	242.0±14.1a	14.5±0.30b	139.9±3.41a	303.6±8.42b
	SR	5.40±0.03a	9.6±0.12a	9.14±0.16a	0.09±0.03a	240.4±2.25a	16.1±0.43a	87.3±1.25c	326.0±12.1a
10-20	CK	6.09±0.08b	9.4±0.42a	3.11±0.12b	0.04±0.01b	87.9±3.46c	4.1±0.64d	40.0±0.76d	283.6±9.01d
	F	5.72±0.01d	9.7±0.91a	4.14±0.68b	0.05±0.05a	119.4±10.8b	6.7±0.34b	87.6±2.08b	332.4±6.69c
	SBR	6.00±0.02c	9.4±0.13a	3.62±0.14b	0.04±0.01a	120.1±4.29b	5.7±0.31c	109.4±3.62a	354.6±15.7b
	SR	6.26±0.03a	10.4±0.38a	5.15±0.49a	0.06±0.01a	139.3±4.18a	7.7±0.19a	76.9±2.92c	372.2±4.92a
20-30	CK	6.98±0.02a	11.3±0.35b	2.44±0.38b	0.05±0.02b	27.2±0.38b	2.3±0.29b	40.8±1.40c	168.1±11.0c
	F	6.38±0.02c	13.0±0.56a	3.26±0.38a	0.06±0.02a	47.7±0.94a	2.3±0.18b	77.3±1.36a	271.2±16.5b
	SBR	6.35±0.02c	11.3±0.70b	3.03±0.19a	0.06±0.03a	48.2±6.30a	2.6±0.19ab	72.4±2.58a	272.7±11.1b
	SR	6.68±0.02b	13.1±0.38a	3.31±0.26a	0.06±0.01a	47.2±4.68a	3.0±0.22ab	51.0±4.42b	331.3±7.43a

Table 4

Table 5

Fig. 4

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季别 Season	处理 Treatment	含水量 Moisture content (%)	容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%)	非毛管孔隙度 Noncapillary porosity (%)
早稻 Early rice	CK	69.2±2.43b	0.88±0.01a	64.9±0.41b	54.6±1.03bc	10.4±0.73ab
	F	68.4±3.02b	0.84±0.04a	66.1±1.39b	53.6±1.07c	12.5±1.06a
	SBR	67.4±2.20b	0.84±0.02a	66.2±0.76b	55.8±0.76b	10.5±1.12ab
	SR	74.2±3.07a	0.75±0.01b	69.3±0.72a	59.3±0.60a	10.0±1.31b
晚稻 Late rice	CK	64.6±0.07b	0.87±0.01a	65.3±0.26c	56.1±0.49a	9.2±0.75b
	F	64.3±3.19b	0.83±0.01a	66.6±0.39b	53.3±1.95a	13.4±1.60ab
	SBR	64.2±2.24b	0.83±0.02a	66.5±0.71b	53.5±2.12a	13.0±2.56ab
	SR	69.3±3.30a	0.75±0.01b	69.2±0.23a	52.1±2.93a	17.1±3.15a

土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	平均质量直径 Mass weight diameter mm (MWD)	几何平均直径 Geometric mean diameter mm (GMD)
0-5	CK	1.22±0.09c	0.79±0.12d
	F	1.29±0.09c	0.89±0.11c
	SBR	1.40±0.09b	0.99±0.09b
	SR	1.66±0.08a	1.35±0.12a
5-10	CK	1.32±0.05c	0.88±0.05c
	F	1.43±0.04b	1.05±0.02b
	SBR	1.45±0.03b	1.06±0.03b
	SR	1.65±0.01a	1.31±0.03a
10-15	CK	1.18±0.02c	0.74±0.04c
	F	1.29±0.04b	0.88±0.04b
	SBR	1.32±0.03b	0.89±0.04b
	SR	1.48±0.03a	1.10±0.03a

季别 Season	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	结实率 Grain filling (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yields (t·hm^-2)
早稻 Early rice	CK	163.6±4.98b	80.5±9.60b	86.3±1.30a	23.0±0.40a	3.08±0.09b
	F	309.7±11.81a	145.4±7.13a	77.7±4.68b	22.8±0.09a	7.39±0.04a
	SBR	319.7±10.74a	142.3±9.31a	76.6±4.52b	22.3±0.44a	7.52±0.11a
	SR	305.5±13.82a	141.4±4.68a	79.7±0.78b	23.2±0.23a	7.69±0.15a
晚稻 Late rice	CK	174.7±8.13c	146.1±6.49b	91.5±1.58a	22.3±0.47a	5.46±0.33c
	F	225.6±2.560b	183.3±4.26a	88.0±1.82ab	22.4±0.28a	8.79±0.11b
	SBR	240.9±1.27a	185.9±8.16a	84.3±1.06b	22.2±0.47a	9.37±0.16a
	SR	247.1±9.04a	179.6±0.70a	85.9±2.72b	22.3±0.21a	9.27±0.17a

Effects of Long-Term Different Straw Returning Methods on Soil Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Aggregate Formation in Different Soil Layers of Double Cropping Rice Field

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