引黄灌区连续减施化肥对春小麦籽粒品质稳定性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous reducing chemical fertilizer on the stability of spring wheat grain quality, to evaluate the sustainability of chemical fertilizer reduction techniques, and then to provide a theoretical basis for the rational reduction of chemical fertilizers in spring wheat in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia. 【Method】A positioning field experiment on the reduction of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers was conducted with Ningchun 4 cultivar of spring wheat as the test crop from 2019 to 2023. According to the fertilizer response functions established in previous experiments on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium application rates, the treatments of the upper limit of fertilizer reduction (RF1: applying 180 kg of N, 45 kg of P₂O₅, and 30 kg of K₂O per hectare) and the lower limit of fertilizer reduction (RF2: applying 225 kg of N, 75 kg of P₂O₅, and 45 kg of K₂O per hectare) were designed. Additionally, a conventional fertilization treatment (CF: applying 270 kg of N, 150 kg of P₂O₅, and 75 kg of K₂O per hectare) and a no- fertilization (CK) were set as controls. The variations in the SPAD value, leaf area, dry matter allocation, and photosynthetic capacity of spring wheat flag leaves from 2021 to 2023 were measured to analyze the stability of grain quality. 【Result】During 2022-2023, compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the SPAD value and leaf area under RF1 treatment did not decrease significantly (P>0.05), and those under RF2 treatment tended to increase, yet without reaching a significant level. As for the photosynthetic indicators, in 2021 and 2023, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were the highest under RF2 treatment, which was increased by 29.8% and 25.0%, 6.1% and 6.9%, 5.4% and 16.6%, compared with CF treatment, respectively, while RF1 treatment showed a certain degree of decline compared with CF treatment. From 2021 to 2023, the total dry matter of spring wheat presented the order of RF2 > CF > RF1 > CK. In 2021, CK treatment significantly decreased by 53.3%, 50.1% and 56.6% compared with CF, RF1 and RF2 treatment, respectively, and significantly decreased by 67.2%, 57.9% and 67.3% in 2023, respectively. In 2021 and 2023, the distribution rate of dry matter to grain was the highest under RF2, which was 38.3% and 38.6%, respectively. For grain quality, appropriate reducing chemical fertilizer application (RF2) was conducive to and continuously increases the crude protein content and soluble sugar content in spring wheat grains; compared with the CF treatment, in 2021 and 2023, they increased by 6.3% and 1.0%, 14.4% and 1.8%, and 12.2% and 1.4%, respectively. However, excessive reduction of chemical fertilizer application (RF1) led to a decreasing trend in crude protein and soluble sugar content. Except for the no-fertilization control, the RF1 treatment resulted in the lowest protein yield, which was significantly reduced by 46.68% and 38.72% compared to the CF treatment in 2021 and 2023, respectively.The protein stability index was based on the lowest RF2. There was little difference in the soluble-sugar stability index among different treatments, and the starch stability index was the minimum under RF1 treatment. The crude protein content in grains was extremely significantly and positively correlated with the SPAD value, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs and grains of the flag leaves during the grain-filling period of spring wheat. Meanwhile, there were extremely significant positive correlations among the SPAD value, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs and grains at the maturity stage. The soluble sugar content in grains was positively correlated with stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and transpiration rate. Through principal component analysis, it was found that the load values of grain dry matter mass, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, crude protein content, starch content, and leaf area were relatively high, and the quality of spring wheat under RF2 treatment was the best. 【Conclusion】In the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia, the continuous and appropriate reduction of chemical fertilizers (applying 225 kg N·hm^-2, 75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 45 kg K₂O·hm^-2, with a 17.0% reduction in N, a 50.0% reduction in P₂O₅, and a 40.0% reduction in K₂O compared to CF) could, to a certain extent, increase the SPAD value and leaf area of the flag leaves during the grain-filling stage of spring wheat, improve its photosynthetic efficiency, and promote dry matter accumulation and its translocation and distribution to grains, thereby stably improving the quality of grain, especially for the content of crude protein and soluble sugar.

Key words: spring wheat, continuous reduction of fertilizer application, photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and distribution, quality stability of grain

QIAN ZhiJin, WANG XiNa, TIAN HaiMei, WANG YueMei, HAO WenYue, ZHOU Hui, TAN JunLi. Effects of Continuous Reduction Fertilization on the Stability of Spring Wheat Grain Quality in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(22): 4703-4717.

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References 46

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	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	145.5	181.4	160.6	136.5	146.6
生育期降水量 Growth period precipitation (mm)	74.5	70.1	92.6	126.4	68.9
年均气温 Average annual temperature (℃)	10.9	11.2	11.0	10.7	14.8
生育期平均气温 Average temperature during growth period (℃)	14.3	15.7	19.0	13.5	13.3

施肥方式 Fertilization pattern	处理 Treatment	施肥量 Amount of fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
施肥方式 Fertilization pattern	处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
基肥 Basal fertilizer (60%)	不施肥CK Unfertilized	0	0	0
	常规施肥CF Conventional fertilization	162	150	75
	减肥上限RF1 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	108	45	30
	减肥下限RF2 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	135	75	45
追肥 Top dressing (40%)	不施肥CK Unfertilized	0	0	0
	常规施肥CF Conventional fertilization	108	0	0
	减肥上限RF1 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	72	0	0
	减肥下限RF2 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	90	0	0

年份 Year	播种时间Sowing time	播种量 Seeding rate (kg·hm^-2)	宽窄行 Wide and narrow row (cm)	播深 Sowing depth (cm)	播种方式 Sowing method	除草时间 Weeding time	除草剂 Herbicide	除虫时间 Deworming time	除虫剂 Insecticide
2021	3月3日 March 3	375.0	16×12	3-5	机械条播 Drilling	4月21日 April 21	唑草酮 Carfentrazone-ethyl 苯磺隆 Tribenuron-methyl	6月10日 June 10	联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid
2022	3月6日 March 6	337.5	16×11	3-5	机械条播 Drilling	4月10日 April 10 5月10日 May 10	麦草畏 Dicamba 2,4-D异辛酯 2,4-D isooctyl ester 二甲溴苯腈 Bromoxynil octanoate	6月11日 June 11	氟啶٠吡蚜酮 Flonicamid and pymetrozine mixture 联菊٠啶虫脒 Bifenthrin and acetamiprid mixture
2023	3月1日 March 1	375.0	16×12	3-5	机械条播 Drilling	4月9日 April 9 5月11日 May 11	麦草畏 Dicamba 2,4-D异辛酯 2,4-D isooctyl ester 二甲溴苯腈 Bromoxynil octanoate	6月11日 June 11	氟啶٠吡蚜酮 Flonicamid and pymetrozine mixture 联菊٠啶虫脒 Bifenthrin and acetamiprid mixture

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	净光合速率 Pn (μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Gs (mmolH₂O·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmolCO₂·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmolH₂O·m^-2·s^-1)
2021	不施肥 Unfertilized	3.45±0.62b	0.09±0.03b	258.31±17.76a	3.39±0.95b
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	10.16±1.20a	0.33±0.08ab	298.69±18.83a	9.04±1.70a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	12.05±0.82a	0.21±0.02a	270.10±10.72a	7.79±0.25a
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	13.19±0.93a	0.35±0.02a	296.84±6.20a	9.53±0.27a
2022	不施肥 Unfertilized	4.79±0.14c	0.13±0.04b	289.45±4.61b	10.97±2.53b
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	10.78±0.25ab	0.25±0.03a	321.85±8.20a	16.19±0.28a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	10.32±0.32b	0.23±0.01a	297.83±5.16b	15.18±0.98ab
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	11.83±0.75a	0.31±0.02a	327.41±3.74a	17.59±0.36a
2023	不施肥 Unfertilized	5.46±0.17c	0.13±0.01c	233.34±4.20b	6.20±0.73c
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	9.76±0.32b	0.29±0.02a	258.62±9.69a	10.11±0.95ab
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	9.65±0.18b	0.23±0.01b	241.47±7.07ab	8.31±0.60bc
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	12.20±0.19a	0.31±0.01a	255.07±3.21ab	11.79±0.34a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	粗蛋白质 Crude protein (%)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	淀粉 Starch (%)	籽粒蛋白产量 Grain protein yield (kg·hm^-2)
2021	不施肥 Unfertilized	8.78±0.18d	5.01±0.09a	65.61±2.32a	297.3±1.35c
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	14.40±0.20b	4.55±0.27a	62.92±3.17a	918.23±48.12a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	11.51±0.15c	4.59±0.21a	66.95±0.68a	626.02±22.72b
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	15.31±0.10a	4.59±0.22a	65.08±0.84a	1015.21±36.81a
2022	不施肥 Unfertilized	7.93±1.67b	4.54±0.04b	62.81±2.09a	227.83±49.72b
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	13.70±0.50a	4.92±0.10ab	66.03±1.33a	616.54±56.08a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	12.77±1.46a	4.69±0.21ab	63.79±3.38a	548.06±41.49ab
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	15.67±0.37a	5.01±0.05a	66.60±2.17a	845.24±181.84a
2023	不施肥 Unfertilized	7.23±1.46c	4.44±0.07c	59.45±6.94a	267.09±13.68c
	常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	14.89±0.80ab	5.00±0.08ab	62.34±7.05a	1005.66±84.59a
	减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	11.41±1.55b	4.72±0.15bc	63.32±2.70a	724.96±93.51b
	减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	16.70±0.93a	5.07±0.07a	65.19±7.00a	1140.81±92.12a

Effects of Continuous Reduction Fertilization on the Stability of Spring Wheat Grain Quality in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia

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处理 Treatment	标准差 Standard deviation			平均含量 Average content			稳定性指数 Index of stability
处理 Treatment	粗蛋白质 Protein	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar	淀粉 Starch	粗蛋白质 Protein	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar	淀粉 Starch	粗蛋白质 Protein	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar	淀粉 Starch
不施肥 Unfertilized	1.93	0.27	6.84	7.98	4.66	62.62	0.24	0.06	0.11
常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	0.93	0.31	6.43	14.33	4.82	63.76	0.07	0.06	0.10
减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	1.85	0.28	3.94	11.89	4.67	64.69	0.16	0.06	0.06
减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	1.01	0.29	6.06	15.89	4.89	65.62	0.06	0.06	0.09

处理 Treatment		PC2得分 PC2 score	综合得分 Overall score	综合排名 Overall ranking
减肥下限 Minimum fertilizer reduction target	2.702	-0.231	2.292	1
常规施肥 Conventional fertilization	1.782	-0.319	1.487	2
减肥上限 Maximum fertilizer reduction limit	0.057	0.808	0.162	3
不施肥 Unfertilized	-4.541	-0.257	-3.941	4

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