Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (22): 4718-4731.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.012

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Green Manure Mixed Cropping on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield

ZHANG MingLong1(), CHAI Qiang1, HAN Mei2, FAN ZhiLong1, YIN Wen1, FAN Hong1, HE Wei1, SUN YaLi1, HU FaLong1(), TAN Yan3()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070
    2 College of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016
    3 College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070
  • Received:2025-01-03 Accepted:2025-03-27 Online:2025-11-16 Published:2025-11-21
  • Contact: HU FaLong, TAN Yan

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to screen a suitable green manure configuration mode to reduce the amount of nitrogen applied to wheat, so as to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for improving soil quality and increasing wheat yield and stable yield in Qinghai Plateau. 【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the experimental base of the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University from 2022 to 2023. The main plot was set as nitrogen application level, namely 225 kgN·hm-2 (N2, customary nitrogen application), and 158 kgN·hm-2 (N1, 30% reduction of customary nitrogen application); the split plot was divided into four green manure configuration modes, namely common vetch monoculture (CV), common vetch and highland barley mixed cropping (CV×CH), common vetch and hairy vetch mixed cropping (CV×HV), and common vetch and rapeseed mixed cropping (CV×RS). 【Result】The soil bulk density and pH of common vetch mixed with highland barley were 8.6%-10.5% and 3.3%-3.4% lower than those of common vetch monoculture, 3.3%-5.8% and 1.6%-1.9% lower than those of common vetch mixed with hairy vetch, and 4.9%-7.5% and 2.3%-2.4% lower than those of common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the mixed cropping of common vetch were 20.0%-22.3%, 8.3%-9.7%, 11.2%-15.6%, 14.6%-16.4%, 14.8%-20.1%, 16.8%-18.9%, 16.4%-19.4%, 23.8%-24.6% higher than those in the single cropping of common vetch, 12.6%-13.8%, 3.9%-4.2%, 3.1%-4.9%, 4.8%-5.5%, 7.5%-8.2%, 8.2%-8.7%, 6.1%-7.7%, 6.9%-10.7% higher than those of common vetch mixed with hairy vetch, and 26.7%-35.4%, 14.3%-14.4%, 7.0%-8.2%, 7.9%-9.8%, 23.5%-28.0%, 23.5%-25.3%, 11.5%-12.3%, 16.5%-19.6% higher than those of common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The activities of soil sucrase and catalase were increased by 3.2%-4.1% and 4.5%-4.9%, respectively, in the 30% nitrogen reduction treatment compared with the conventional nitrogen application. In addition, the activities of soil sucrase, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased by 20.1%-24.7%, 10.5%-14.4%, 12.2%-16.9%, and 12.2%-12.6%, respectively, in the common vetch mixed cropping of highland barley compared with the common vetch monoculture, 12.0%-12.5%, 4.2%-5.2%, 6.4%-7.6%, 4.7%-6.2% compared with the common vetch mixed with hairy vetch, and 28.1%-33.6%, 15.2%-19.1%, 18.7%-24.2%, 5.7%-5.8% compared with the common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The soil quality index of 30% nitrogen reduction treatment was 17.1% higher than that of the traditional nitrogen application. Furthermore, the soil quality index for the intercropping of common vetch with hulless barley and the intercropping of common vetch with hairy vetch were 142.3% and 76.6% higher, respectively, compared with the single cropping of common vetch. Under the condition of a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, the wheat grain yield of the treatment with common vetch intercropped with hulless barley did not show significant difference compared to traditional nitrogen application. However, it was 10.4%-12.5% and 4.8%-5.9% higher, respectively, than that of single cropping of common vetch and intercropping of common vetch with hairy vetch. The Mantel test indicates that soil quality index and wheat yield were significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nutrients, available nutrients, and enzyme activity, while they were significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density and pH. Additionally, the random forest model identified soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, sucrase activity and urease activity were the key factors influencing wheat yield. 【Conclusion】The 30% nitrogen reduction treatment combined with common vetch mixed with highland barley could improve soil quality and wheat yield by improving soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity, which could be used as a suitable production mode in Qinghai Plateau.

Key words: nitrogen reduction, green manure, mixed cropping, soil quality, wheat yield

Fig. 1

Dynamic of precipitation and average air temperature in the study area in 2022 and 2023"

Fig. 2

Effects of different treatments on soil bulk density and pH Different lowercase letters indicated that there was a significant difference between treatments at the 0.05 level. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; NS: No significant difference. N2 and N1 represented customary nitrogen application and 30% reduction of customary nitrogen application, respectively. CV, CV×CH, CV×HV and CV×RS represented common vetch monoculture, common vetch mixed with highland barley, common vetch mixed with hairy vetch and common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The same as below"

Fig. 3

Effects of different treatments on soil organic matter"

Fig. 4

Effects of different treatments on soil total nitrogen (a), total phosphorus (b) and total potassium (c)"

Table 1

Effects of different treatments on soil quick nutrients"

年份
Year		 施氮水平
N application
level		 绿肥配置模式
Green manure cropping pattern		 硝态氮
NO3--N
(mg∙kg-1)		 铵态氮
NH4+-N
(mg∙kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg∙kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg∙kg-1)
2022 N2 CV 17.9d 8.2e 9.4cd 173.5d
CV×CH 20.2b 9.8b 10.8a 214.1a
CV×HV 18.8c 9.2c 10.2ab 194.5b
CV×RS 16.0f 7.8f 9.7bcd 175.9d
N1 CV 17.9d 8.6d 9.6d 170.1d
CV×CH 21.0a 10.3a 11.2a 214.1a
CV×HV 19.2c 9.2c 10.5abc 192.2bc
CV×RS 17.3e 8.2e 10.1bcd 182.0cd
2023 N2 CV 18.5e 8.8d 10.3c 186.0c
CV×CH 22.5b 10.5a 12.0a 231.2a
CV×HV 21.2c 9.6b 11.2b 216.6b
CV×RS 17.8f 8.3f 10.9b 197.6c
N1 CV 19.4d 9.1c 10.0c 186.9c
CV×CH 23.2a 10.5a 12.1a 230.6a
CV×HV 21.3c 9.7b 11.2b 215.4b
CV×RS 17.9f 8.7e 10.6bc 198.5c
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
施氮水平N application level (N) 0.061 0.052 0.265 0.977
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
施氮水平×种植模式 N×C 0.018 0.000 0.821 0.801

Table 2

Effects of different treatments on soil enzyme activities"

年份
Year		 施氮水平
N application level		 绿肥配置模式
Green manure cropping pattern		 蔗糖酶
Sucrase
(mg∙g-1∙d-1)		 脲酶
Urease
(μg∙g-1∙d-1)		 过氧化氢酶
Catalase
(μmol∙g-1∙h-1)		 碱性磷酸酶
Alkaline phosphatase
(nmol∙g-1∙h-1)
2022 N2 CV 12.2d 376.8d 1789.4bcd 181.0d
CV×CH 14.9a 425.1b 2105.2a 201.0ab
CV×HV 13.2bc 408.8c 1914.7b 192.4bcd
CV×RS 11.3e 355.0f 1685.7d 192.3bcd
N1 CV 12.6cd 376.2d 1869.2bc 183.8cd
CV×CH 15.1a 436.5a 2172.2a 208.6a
CV×HV 13.5b 410.1c 2059.8a 193.2bcd
CV×RS 12.1de 368.6e 1759.4cd 195.1bc
2023 N2 CV 13.4de 410.9de 1963.6bc 191.7c
CV×CH 16.6a 447.6b 2141.9ab 215.9a
CV×HV 14.8bc 430.9c 2026.1bc 207.0a
CV×RS 12.5e 391.2f 1850.3c 203.8bcd
N1 CV 13.8cd 418.7cd 1999.6bc 192.4bc
CV×CH 17.5a 469.8a 2303.1a 216.7a
CV×HV 15.4b 449.5b 2151.5ab 206.4ab
CV×RS 12.9de 405.0e 1892.2c 204.9bcd
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
施氮水平N application level (N) 0.035 0.051 0.026 0.560
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
施氮水平×种植模式 N×C 0.509 0.042 0.728 0.926

Fig. 5

Soil quality index"

Fig. 6

Grain yield of wheat under different treatments"

Fig. 7

Mantel test and random forest model prediction"

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