Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (3): 493-506.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.007

• PLANT PROTECTION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

The Relationship Between Occurrence of Hulless Barley Ear Rot and Population Migration of Grass Mite (Siteroptes spp.)

TONG ZhaoYang1(), LIU WenHua1, ZHANG GuoXin1, DONG ChunYan1, ZHANG YanXia2, XU XiaoWei1, HE Dong3, LIU HeChun4, LI Yang4, WANG FengTao1, FENG Jing1, YAO XiaoBo4, LIU MeiJin5, LIN RuiMing1()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193
    2 Haibei Integrated Service Center for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai, Haiyan 810299, Qinghai
    3 Shigatse City Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science Research and Promotion Center, Shigatse 857000, Xizang
    4 Institute of Agriculture, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032
    5 Agricultural Science Research Institute of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Hezuo 747000, Gansu
  • Received:2024-10-10 Accepted:2024-11-10 Online:2025-02-01 Published:2025-02-11
  • Contact: LIN RuiMing

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Abstract:

【Background】Hulless barley ear (or spike) rot epidemically occurs only in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, which has been getting heavier and spreading more widely in recent years. It has become one of the major diseases in the staple food crop, hulless or naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), referred to as Qingke in local areas. It seriously threatens the guarantee of high yield and stable production of hulless barley crops. Grass mite (Siteroptes spp.) plays the role of inoculum transmission vector of the pathogen Dactylobotrys graminicola. The disease cycle is still unclear, and a control method is not available at present. 【Objective】In this study, the migration and clustering of grass mites were investigated in order to disclose the processes of pathogen inoculum transmission and the infection of inflorescence of hulless barley. The results obtained here will serve as a scientific basis for developing technologies for ear rot control. 【Method】Variations in the number of mites in samples of surface soil and on hulless barley plants, as well as their distributions, were detected. The fungi carried by grass mites were microscopically observed and isolated for species identification, and the infection processes of hulless barley inflorescences were also detected under a microscope. The fungal spores stored in the sporothecae of grass mite vectors near the lesions of inflorescences and those collected from the soil were tested using the lactophenol cotton blue dyeing method. The initial invasion time of grass mites into hulless barley seedlings and their distribution within the plants were verified in the greenhouse. The pathogen D. graminicola was inoculated onto hulless barley tissues for testing its pathogenicity. 【Result】The overwintering mites initially moved in from the horn-shaped opening of the first leaf after the blade unfolded and gathered at the adaxial side of its basal part. About 87.63%-99.34% of the grass mites found in hulless barley plants were distributed in their main stems, with only 0.66%-12.37% in tillers. The majority of mites in the main stems (95.48%-99.74%) were gathered around the basal parts of young leaves, over 30% of which moved onto inflorescences at the early booting stage. The incidence of ear rot in the main stem was 6.37 times that of the tiller. Greenish yellow, water-soaked lesions appeared on the glumes and awns of young spikelets, and adult mites were usually found near them at the early booting stage; 28.57% of these mites contained fungal spores in their sporothecae, significantly lower than the 46.70% ratio of spore-carrying mites in the soil. After seedling emergence, the mite density in the soil remained at a relatively low level for a long time until hulless barley was harvested, and it abruptly increased by 2.85 times compared to before sowing. About 88.66% of the fungal isolates from grass mites and 76.47% of those from lesion tissues of inflorescences were identified as D. graminicola, and the pathogen was only strongly pathogenic to the inflorescences. 【Conclusion】The overwintering mites mainly migrated from the soil and flocked to hulless barley seedlings during the early stage after plant emergence, first entering the basal part of the first leaf through the horn-shaped opening formed after leaf blade unfolded. Over 30% of mites clustering around the newly born leaves of a main stem subsequently moved onto the inflorescence at the early booting stage and then released D. graminicola spores to cause infection. The disease cycle of D. graminicola was completed with the essential aid of grass mite mediator. Ear rot mainly infected the main stems of hulless barley plants. It was not until at the repining stage that there were plenty of adult mites produced on the diseased ears, resulting in a significant increase in the mite density in surface soil after harvesting. Therefore, ear rot of hulless barley is a monocyclic disease mediated by vector grass mite.

Key words: hulless barley, ear rot, Dactylobotrys graminicola, Siteroptes spp., cycle of infection, pathogenicity

Fig. 1

Symptom characteristics of hulless barley ear rot at different growth stages"

Fig. 2

Invasion progresses of grass mites of S. qinghaiensis into hulless barley plants and reproduction on the diseased ear"

Fig. 3

Grass mite investigation in hulless barley plants at different growth stages Different lowercase letters on the columns indicate significant differences at the P<0.05 level. The same as below"

Fig. 4

Distribution of grass mites in hulless barley plants from the seedling to the early booting stages"

Fig. 5

Changes of grass mite density in the surface soil of hulless barley ear rot epidemic field throughout the cropping season"

Fig. 6

Incidences of hulless barley main stem and tiller infected by ear rot"

Fig. 7

Microscopic observation of fungal conidia contained in sporothecae of grass mites and species identification"

Fig. 8

Disease cycle of the pathogen D. graminicola causing hulless barley ear rot transmitted by grass mite vector Siteroptes spp. The red box shows the position of shoots or diseased ears of hulless barley plants, where most grass mites gathered around"

Fig. 9

Pathogenicity of D. graminicola on hulless barley plants"

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