Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (9): 1646-1657.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.003

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Increasing Density on the Granule Size Distribution and Viscosity Parameters of Endosperm Starch in Spring Maize Kernel

LU MengLi1,2(), ZHANG YaTing1, REN Hong2, WANG TuJin2, HAN YiMing2, LI WenYang1(), LI CongFeng2()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Fengyang 233100, Anhui
    2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2022-08-16 Accepted:2022-12-05 Online:2023-05-01 Published:2023-05-10

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Abstract:

【Objective】Dense planting is one of the main measures to improve the high yield cultivation of maize, and density has a significant effect on the formation of maize starch. Therefore, this study analyzed the granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of different types of spring maize kernels under different increasing density conditions for improving the quality of maize starch. 【Method】 The field experiments were conducted at the Gongzhuling experimental base in Jilin province in 2019 and 2020. In the present experiments, eight main maize varieties in Northeast China, such as Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958 and Nonghua 101, etc, were selected as experimental materials, and two planting densities of 67 500 and 97 500 plants/hm2 were set. The granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of starch in different treatments were measured by diffraction particle size analyzer and viscosity analyzer, and the relative quality of maize was measured by near-infrared analyzer, and the correlation analysis was conducted to clarify the effects of increasing density on the granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of endosperm starch in spring maize.【Result】The results showed that with the increase of planting density, maize grain yield and starch content increased significantly, and the increase of density significantly increased the volume, surface area and number percentage of large (>17 μm) starch granules, while the opposite trend was observed in the volume, surface area and number percentage of small (<3 μm) starch granules. It could be seen that with the increase of planting density, the volume and number percentage of small starch granules in maize kernels decreased significantly, and the volume and number percentage of large starch granules increased, indicating that increasing density was beneficial to the increase of the volume ratio of large starch granules, that is, increasing density promoted the accumulation of starch and increased the number of large starch granules and the formation of individual volume. At the same time, it was found that the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity of maize starch were significantly increased after increasing density. The results of correlation analysis showed that the starch content, yield and viscosity parameters of maize grain were negatively correlated with the volume percentage of small starch granules, significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the volume percentage of medium (3-17 μm) starch granules, and significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with large (>17 μm) starch granules.【Conclusion】Increasing planting density could increase maize grain yield, starch content and its viscosity parameters by mainly affecting the granule size distribution of endosperm starch, namely increasing the proportion of large starch granules and reducing the proportion of small and medium-sized ones.

Key words: maize, starch content, particle size distribution, viscosity parameter, plant density

Table 1

Effects of densification on yield and quality of spring maize"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 品种
Cultivar		 产量
Yield (kg·hm-2)		 淀粉含量
Starch content (%)		 蛋白质含量
Protein content (%)		 淀粉产量
Starch yield (kg·hm-2)		 蛋白质产量
Protein yield (kg·hm-2)
2019 ND XY335 14542.72±199.21 76.62±0.47 7.25±0.03 11142.80±183.67 1054.81±12.31
ZD958 13118.24±252.36 74.75±0.31 8.25±0.08 9806.83±228.92 1082.56±10.78
NH101 12310.72±991.79 75.37±0.55 8.07±0.08 9281.93±805.05 992.57±70.36
BX809 9151.25±514.72 73.11±0.68 7.71±0.29 6691.60±409.98 705.34±49.36
XY368 10798.55±990.03 75.08±0.58 8.41±0.19 8107.94±751.07 907.86±87.25
JNY719 12880.92±201.19 73.21±0.82 7.72±0.12 9431.59±250.26 994.26±6.58
XY696 11351.73±864.96 71.64±0.21 7.28±0.12 8132.19±623.33 827.38±74.70
FM985 11687.08±935.30 74.90±0.59 7.61±0.19 8757.11±769.27 888.20±48.00
AV 11980.15 74.34 7.79 8919.00 931.62
HD XY335 16505.05±1214.83 76.37±0.41 6.84±0.05 12603.01±888.80 1128.60±75.74
ZD958 14512.7±211.56 76.81±0.90 6.67±0.38 11145.57±71.16 967.95±40.39
NH101 12976.84±254.71 75.94±0.35 7.51±0.12 9853.62±151.81 974.32±34.21
BX809 14465.65±180.01 75.58±0.72 7.86±0.05 10933.00±201.55 1136.47±9.00
XY368 13127.79±1008.59 73.23±0.46 9.12±0.17 9610.28±682.54 1196.58±80.34
JNY719 14145.47±120.22 75.88±0.49 7.37±0.19 10733.80±68.74 1042.07±29.75
XY696 13829.01±687.88 75.20±0.22 7.79±0.20 10399.44±532.14 1076.25±43.30
FM985 14361.26±1179.53 73.96±0.50 7.69±0.07 10618.48±824.02 1104.13±86.25
AV 14240.47 75.37 7.61 10737.15 1078.30
2020 ND XY335 12083.23±241.20 73.85±0.77 7.57±0.18 8921.87±92.68 914.69±28.12
ZD958 12493.99±179.65 73.11±0.25 8.41±0.06 9134.23±162.10 1051.14±14.43
NH101 11832.48±956.84 72.61±0.18 8.84±0.03 8592.72±715.15 1045.53±83.48
BX809 12495.70±808.13 73.57±0.89 7.84±0.27 9189.16±499.37 980.67±95.75
XY368 11444.96±593.52 74.93±0.57 7.82±0.19 8575.19±445.57 894.33±29.57
JNY719 10743.34±536.40 73.88±0.63 7.86±0.21 7935.40±334.59 845.45±62.42
XY696 12122.54±662.37 73.31±0.62 7.42±0.27 8883.97±415.32 901.04±79.97
FM985 12066.79±550.79 72.01±0.55 7.90±0.11 8687.68±328.62 953.33±47.29
AV 11910.38 73.41 7.96 8740.03 948.27
HD XY335 15301.08±981.53 75.21±0.32 7.26±0.2 11508.48±763.42 1109.15±45.94
ZD958 14916.35±800.14 74.28±0.56 8.41±0.06 11080.43±615.97 1254.87±65.21
NH101 15297.94±423.61 74.64±0.18 7.88±0.24 11418.55±326.59 1206.14±54.87
BX809 14353.95±120.33 73.66±0.49 7.95±0.16 10573.34±67.02 1140.66±24.74
XY368 14996.18±209.28 74.76±0.42 7.65±0.06 11211.41±143.89 1147.29±25.01
JNY719 14157.89±227.39 75.19±0.21 7.49±0.13 10644.62±151.61 1059.81±13.52
XY696 14306.67±207.41 74.32±0.72 7.35±0.30 10632.70±136.50 1052.19±51.72
FM985 13563.27±355.49 72.16±0.94 6.80±0.01 9785.83±165.71 922.76±24.70
AV 14611.67 74.29 7.60 10856.92 1111.61
F值
F value		 Y 1.24 88.15** 5.53* 0.09 5.07*
D 336.76** 78.39** 59.79** 392.47** 195.35**
C 12.62** 21.68** 48.45** 17.26** 8.81**
Y×D 2.66 0.58 6.34** 2.26 0.56
Y×C 9.57** 16.76** 36.57** 11.51** 9.70**
D×C 2.09 14.43** 18.54** 2.08 8.61**
Y×D×C 6.95** 9.019** 17.89** 8.28** 11.56**

Table 2

Effect of densification on volume distribution of spring maize starch granules"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 品种
Cultivar		 淀粉粒粒径 Diameter of starch granule (%) D (4,3)
(μm)		 峰值粒径
Peak diameter (μm)
<3 μm 3-17 μm >17 μm
2019 ND XY335 6.79±0.03 52.62±0.48 40.59±0.51 15.45±0.08 16.65±0.05
ZD958 6.44±0.07 48.54±0.31 45.02±0.35 15.93±0.06 17.42±0.02
NH101 6.77±0.02 51.03±0.09 42.20±0.11 15.58±0.03 17.10±0.02
BX809 4.64±0.02 43.88±0.28 51.48±0.27 16.98±0.04 18.04±0.05
XY368 6.74±0.03 49.41±0.01 43.85±0.03 15.76±0.01 17.40±0.01
JNY719 6.29±0.06 46.17±0.39 47.54±0.44 18.13±0.17 17.25±0.05
XY696 4.60±0.27 40.83±0.58 54.57±0.82 18.18±0.28 18.28±0.03
FM985 5.59±1.09 53.55±0.29 40.86±0.86 15.63±0.23 16.63±0.07
AV 5.98 48.25 45.76 16.45 17.35
HD XY335 6.78±0.04 51.54±0.09 41.68±0.07 15.71±0.15 16.82±0.09
ZD958 4.54±0.01 45.17±0.04 50.29±0.05 16.87±0.01 17.96±0.02
NH101 6.30±0.03 44.62±0.10 49.08±0.13 17.86±0.04 17.89±0.01
BX809 6.10±0.05 44.62±0.50 49.28±0.55 17.57±0.18 17.32±0.04
XY368 5.91±1.04 49.00±0.16 45.09±1.15 16.08±0.26 17.28±0.01
JNY719 4.35±0.01 41.24±0.02 54.42±0.02 17.37±0.01 18.39±0.01
XY696 4.44±0.01 43.22±0.14 52.34±0.15 17.14±0.02 18.06±0.04
FM985 4.94±0.01 55.52±0.10 39.54±0.11 15.61±0.01 16.26±0.03
AV 5.42 46.87 47.71 16.77 17.50
2020 ND XY335 4.71±0.02 46.27±0.10 49.02±0.10 16.68±0.02 17.73±0.04
ZD958 6.66±0.01 48.95±0.10 44.39±0.09 15.86±0.01 17.50±0.04
NH101 6.45±0.03 45.64±0.14 47.91±0.14 17.45±0.06 17.77±0.01
BX809 6.09±0.07 40.19±0.11 53.72±0.04 17.56±0.23 18.83±0.07
XY368 6.59±0.05 49.99±0.09 43.42±0.14 15.77±0.03 17.14±0.01
JNY719 4.57±0.01 46.69±0.12 48.74±0.13 16.62±0.01 17.66±0.03
XY696 6.26±0.02 43.36±0.12 50.38±0.14 16.67±0.03 18.30±0.04
FM985 6.69±0.02 51.77±0.03 41.54±0.05 15.52±0.01 16.92±0.01
AV 6.00 46.61 47.39 16.52 17.73
HD XY335 6.12±0.06 42.90±0.16 50.98±0.10 17.06±0.04 18.25±0.03
ZD958 6.47±0.03 50.34±0.07 43.19±0.07 15.73±0.01 17.23±0.03
NH101 6.11±0.07 41.85±0.31 52.04±0.24 17.27±0.04 18.62±0.09
BX809 4.37±0.01 40.67±0.18 54.96±0.16 17.44±0.01 18.71±0.09
XY368 4.50±0.02 47.32±0.06 48.18±0.07 16.61±0.01 17.51±0.02
JNY719 5.54±0.02 35.73±0.12 58.73±0.14a 19.36±0.07 19.10±0.01
XY696 5.52±0.06 36.35±0.10 58.13±0.15 19.10±0.16 19.12±0.09
FM985 4.65±0.05 48.30±0.44 47.05±0.49 16.28±0.32 17.45±0.01
AV 5.41 42.93 51.66 17.36 18.25
F值
F value		 Y 0.0069 3384.58** 1434.05** 165.06** 4028.41**
D 110.57** 2787.48** 1784.81** 534.95** 1391.87**
C 36.36** 3419.09** 1643.97** 562.35** 1838.64**
Y×D 0.08 569.31** 248.10** 107.25** 411.52**
Y×C 34.37** 500.32** 306.14** 54.34** 432.36**
D×C 20.51** 407.98** 171.02** 18.94** 418.09**
Y×D×C 40.37** 295.88** 154.57** 217.54** 128.56**

Table 3

Effect of densification on surface area distribution of spring maize starch granules"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 品种
Cultivars		 淀粉粒粒径 Diameter of starch granule (%)
<3 μm 3-17 μm >17 μm
2019 ND XY335 44.48±0.12 38.95±0.29 16.57±0.22
ZD958 43.53±0.06 37.54±0.30 18.94±0.34
NH101 44.53±0.13 38.31±0.07 17.16±0.09
BX809 36.98±0.09 37.50±0.17 25.52±0.13
XY368 44.22±0.15 37.95±0.09 17.83±0.07
JNY719 44.18±0.04 36.74±0.07 19.08±0.04
XY696 43.49±0.07 34.83±0.59 21.68±0.52
FM985 37.20±0.07 43.17±0.17 19.62±0.22
AV 42.33 38.13 19.55
HD XY335 44.51±0.26 38.53±0.14 16.96±0.16
ZD958 36.03±0.11 39.08±0.08 24.89±0.04
NH101 43.93±0.10 36.29±0.05 19.77±0.15
BX809 43.65±0.03 37.02±0.11 19.33±0.09
XY368 43.67±0.05 37.63±0.11 18.70±0.15
JNY719 35.63±0.06 36.43±0.05 27.93±0.02
XY696 36.15±0.01 37.33±0.06 26.52±0.06
FM985 36.93±0.04 44.08±0.05 18.99±0.08
AV 40.06 38.30 21.64
2020 ND XY335 36.79±0.07 39.20±0.07 24.01±0.02
ZD958 44.86±0.06 37.23±0.01 17.90±0.06
NH101 45.10±0.38 35.91±0.59 18.99±0.22
BX809 43.94±0.12 32.87±0.11 23.19±0.18
XY368 44.67±0.16 37.62±0.06 17.71±0.14
JNY719 35.85±0.06 40.13±0.08 24.02±0.08
XY696 43.68±0.07 34.91±0.07 21.41±0.09
FM985 43.88±0.49 39.14±0.64 16.98±0.16
AV 42.35 37.13 20.53
HD XY335 43.91±0.73 34.41±0.50 21.68±0.23
ZD958 43.10±0.05 38.95±0.05 17.95±0.04
NH101 43.78±0.77 34.22±0.60 22.00±0.23
BX809 35.95±0.10 35.99±0.03 28.07±0.11
XY368 35.28±0.04 40.70±0.04 24.02±0.07
JNY719 42.58±0.07 31.31±0.02 26.11±0.09
XY696 41.94±0.07 32.73±0.89 25.34±0.84
FM985 36.37±0.14 40.32±0.08 23.31±0.06
AV 40.36 36.08 23.56
F值
F value		 Y 10.95** 711.35** 1078.40**
D 1921.53** 52.26** 3366.24**
C 697.73** 621.16** 1290.18**
Y×D 8.14** 102.44** 114.65**
Y×C 526.37** 93.08** 557.08**
D×C 462.36** 180.84** 329.90**
Y×D×C 1316.48** 154.55** 646.63**

Table 4

Effect of densification on number distribution of spring maize starch granules"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 品种
Cultivar		 淀粉粒粒径 Diameter of starch granule (%)
<3 μm 3-17 μm >17 μm
2019 ND XY335 98.49±0.02 1.41±0.03 0.10±0.01
ZD958 98.39±0.02 1.49±0.02 0.12±0.01
NH101 98.47±0.01 1.42±0.01 0.11±0.01
BX809 98.31±0.01 1.50±0.01 0.19±0.00
XY368 98.35±0.02 1.54±0.02 0.11±0.00
JNY719 98.50±0.01 1.39±0.01 0.11±0.00
XY696 98.33±0.01 1.54±0.01 0.13±0.00
FM985 98.28±0.01 1.55±0.01 0.16±0.01
AV 98.39 1.48 0.13
HD XY335 98.46±0.04 1.44±0.03 0.10±0.01
ZD958 98.17±0.03 1.64±0.03 0.19±0.00
NH101 98.42±0.01 1.47±0.01 0.12±0.01
BX809 98.40±0.01 1.49±0.01 0.11±0.00
XY368 98.41±0.01 1.47±0.01 0.12±0.01
JNY719 98.22±0.01 1.56±0.01 0.22±0.00
XY696 98.31±0.01 1.48±0.01 0.21±0.00
FM985 98.31±0.01 1.54±0.01 0.15±0.00
AV 98.34 1.51 0.15
2020 ND XY335 98.65±0.01 1.22±0.01 0.13±0.01
ZD958 98.55±0.01 1.35±0.01 0.10±0.00
NH101 98.59±0.14 1.31±0.14 0.10±0.00
BX809 98.52±0.01 1.35±0.01 0.14±0.01
XY368 98.50±0.01 1.40±0.01 0.10±0.00
JNY719 97.97±0.01 1.84±0.01 0.19±0.00
XY696 98.33±0.02 1.54±0.02 0.13±0.00
FM985 98.22±0.01 1.67±0.01 0.11±0.00
AV 98.42 1.46 0.12
HD XY335 98.25±0.01 1.57±0.00 0.18±0.01
ZD958 98.31±0.00 1.57±0.00 0.12±0.00
NH101 98.46±0.02 1.41±0.02 0.13±0.01
BX809 98.25±0.04 1.56±0.08 0.19±0.04
XY368 98.04±0.01 1.76±0.01 0.20±0.00
JNY719 98.45±0.01 1.39±0.01 0.16±0.00
XY696 98.36±0.01 1.47±0.01 0.17±0.01
FM985 98.23±0.04 1.61±0.08 0.16±0.03
AV 98.29 1.54 0.16
F值
F value		 Y 2.1162 0.8098 1.2905
D 219.76** 69.54** 201.65**
C 86.50** 46.37** 36.75**
Y×D 33.06** 14.74** 12.94**
Y×C 35.00** 20.23** 26.28**
D×C 50.18** 38.12** 14.50**
Y×D×C 134.23** 65.98** 50.18**

Table 5

Effects of densification on viscosity parameters of spring maize starch (cP)"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 品种
Cultivar		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity (cP)		 稀懈值
Breakdown viscosity (cP)		 低谷黏度
Hold viscosity (cP)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity (cP)
2019 ND XY335 1702.00±56.35 590.00±15.62 1112.00±40.73 2268.67±31.13
ZD958 1454.00±53.81 498.67±40.07 955.67±16.26 2226.33±48.79
NH101 1731.00±62.23 620.67±18.61 1110.33±56.15 2327.00±73.18
BX809 1545.33±26.16 600.67±61.78 976.33±20.55 2105.67±27.50
XY368 1354.67±31.02 426.33±72.60 983.00±11.27 2105.33±41.26
JNY719 1623.33±10.97 578.67±63.54 1082.67±11.50 2242.00±25.00
XY696 1854.33±21.08 534.33±26.03 1123.33±14.05 2257.33±41.20
FM985 1341.67±26.54 437.33±69.01 969.33±22.50 1876.33±50.66
AV 1575.79 535.83 1039.08 2176.08
HD XY335 1788.33±38.28 598.67±6.03 1189.67±43.98 2504.33±73.66
ZD958 1658.33±48.17 564.67±38.63 1093.67±11.93 2299.67±48.64
NH101 1745.67±65.61 617.00±24.06 1128.67±41.55 2302.00±68.94
BX809 1736.00±30.45 680.00±52.00 1115.67±25.03 2395.33±51.54
XY368 1383.67±18.58 416.33±26.69 967.33±8.62 2101.67±13.32
JNY719 1743.33±30.89 612.67±16.26 1130.67±17.93 2306.33±31.21
XY696 1488.33±19.30 731.00±24.06 954.00±17.06 1973.67±19.66
FM985 1379.00±53.51 448.00±44.93 931.00±10.15 1895.00±38.43
AV 1615.33 583.54 1063.83 2222.25
2020 ND XY335 1081.67±15.28 201.00±17.35 880.67±6.66 1903.00±3.61
ZD958 813.33±9.07 19.33±4.16 794.00±13.00 1554.00±28.93
NH101 1087.67±40.07 164.00±18.03 923.67±22.59 1923.33±56.87
BX809 1298.67±16.77 325.67±36.17 973.00±31.19 2016.67±20.03
XY368 787.00±17.52 163.33±9.61 623.67±8.33 1295.00±18.33
JNY719 902.67±10.41 185.67±13.05 717.00±6.08 1566.67±17.24
XY696 1168.00±28.48 328.00±19.08 840.00±11.36 1676.33±25.42
FM985 907.33±7.02 131.33±11.93 776.00±5.20 1437.67±13.01
AV 1005.79 189.79 816.00 1671.58
HD XY335 1211.33±15.89 126.33±12.42 1085.00±3.61 2091.33±16.80
ZD958 792.67±31.01 70.67±29.14 722.00±9.17 1426.00±25.24
NH101 1177.67±88.27 221.33±41.40 956.33±47.01 1833.67±21.55
BX809 1003.67±16.86 182.00±8.72 821.67±8.14 1606.67±25.15
XY368 1018.00±31.43 113.33±20.11 904.67±39.15 1773.67±78.65
JNY719 1097.33±51.60 348.67±31.82 748.67±20.60 1664.33±56.41
XY696 1280.33±23.12 393.00±6.56 887.33±17.39 1897.67±17.93
FM985 1140.00±27.84 405.67±15.50 734.33±12.86 1450.00±27.62
AV 1090.13 232.63 857.50 1717.92
F值
F value		 Y 5270.71** 2487.43** 1907.41** 3711.13**
D 67.43** 41.98** 45.40** 31.20**
C 152.82** 58.81** 119.66** 198.39**
Y×D 8.82** 0.12 2.90 0.0001
Y×C 41.17** 27.15** 27.92** 40.95**
D×C 22.23** 13.87** 27.62** 25.96**
Y×D×C 46.40** 15.14** 51.32** 66.76**

Fig. 1

Correlation analysis of starch granule volume distribution with viscosity parameters, starch content and yield SSG: The volume percentage of small starch granules; MSG: The volume percentage of medium starch granules; LSG: The volume percentage of large starch granules; SC: Starch content; GY: Grain yield; PV: Peak viscosity; HV: Hold viscosity; BV: Breakdown viscosity; FV: Final viscosity"

[1]
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