Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (17): 3647-3665.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.008

• CLIMATE CHANGE AND MAIZE PRODUCTION IN CHINA • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Yield of Summer Maize and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism After Flowering

LI Ming1(),LI YingChun1,NIU XiaoGuang1,MA Fen1,WEI Na1,HAO XingYu2,DONG LiBing1,2,GUO LiPing1()   

  1. 1Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
    2College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
  • Received:2020-09-10 Accepted:2020-12-18 Online:2021-09-01 Published:2021-09-09
  • Contact: LiPing GUO E-mail:liming3633@163.com;GuoLiping@caas.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】 To provide the theoretical support on the mechanism on the sustainable production of maize under future climate change and give suggestions on associate parameter adjustment for crop models, the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) and nitrogen application on the content and dynamics of different carbon and nitrogen metabolites after flowering of summer maize were studied. 【Method】 Based on the free atmospheric CO2 enrichment (FACE) platform, a field experiment was carried out with Nongda 108, a summer maize variety, as the experimental material. Two nitrogen levels (ZN-zero nitrogen and CN-180 kg N·hm-2) were set under the ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (aCO2) of about (400±15) μmol·mol-1 and high CO2 concentration of (550±20) μmol·mol-1, respectively. The following measurements were monitored in the experiment: the maize yield and its components, accumulation of dry matter, content and dynamics of carbon metabolites, including non-structural carbohydrates (ie. soluble sugar and starch), total carbon and nitrogen metabolites including soluble nitrogen (ie. nitrate nitrogen, free amino acids, and soluble protein), and insoluble nitrogen compounds (ie. cell walls-N, thylakoid-N, and total-N), and the carbon to nitrogen ratio. 【Result】 (1) eCO2 and nitrogen application could promote the accumulation of biomass of summer maize, however the effects on maize yield and yield components were not significant. (2) Under eCO2, the concentration of soluble sugar, one of the components of carbon metabolites, showed significant increase in the functional leaves after the flowering stage, as well as the C/N ration at the late seed-filling stage. (3) Under eCO2, the concentration of essential functional N components did not show obvious variation in the functional leaves after the flowering stage, but the content of some structural nitrogen components were decreased: The content of soluble protein, the functional N component, was not affected by eCO2 in the functional leaves. The concentration of free amino acid, one of the simple N components, only showed increase at the flowering stage and then showed less change at the later growth period compared with that under aCO2. However, the content of cell wall-N and thylakoid-N, the non-soluble N components, were significantly decreased at the late period after flowering stage. (4) Nitrogen fertilizer application could increase the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (soluble sugars) and nitrate-N significantly in functional leaves from tasseling to the later stage of filling, as well as the content of cell wall-N and thylacoid-N. However, the content of soluble protein was not affected in functional leaves without nitrogen application under the medium soil fertility. In comparison, the content of thylakoid-N and cell wall-N showed decrease in the functional leaves in the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer application, implying that nitrogen was usually preferentially supplied for the soluble protein to meet the necessary requirement of crop growth. (5) The interaction function of eCO2 and nitrogen fertilizer showed difference for varied components of the carbon and nitrogen metabolites, usually exhibited at different stages: combination of N application and eCO2 improved the concentration of simple carbon and nitrogen components, such as soluble sugars and nitrate nitrogen in the later stage of maize functional leaves, and increased the C/N ration. The content of cell wall nitrogen could be increased at the early stage of grouting for summer maize. For total nitrogen content in functional leaves, it showed decreased only at the later stage of seed filling grouting, and there was no other impact on the total nitrogen at other stages in summer maize growth period. 【Conclusion】 eCO2 had a certain effect on the biomass increase of summer maize, and the carbon nitrogen ratio of ear to leaf increase significantly in some stages, but had no significant effect on the yield. Under eCO2, the content of unstructured carbohydrates in ear leaves increased, but the total nitrogen and insoluble nitrogen compounds decreased to different degrees after flowering. Therefore, it was important to increase nitrogen application level rationally under the future climate change scenarios in which eCO2 would be one of the characteristics.

Key words: maize(Zea mays L.), elevated CO2 concentration, nitrogen fertilizer, production, carbon and nitrogen metabolism

Fig. 1

Mean value of CO2 concentration in the FACE plot and ambient atmospheric CO2 concentrations during maize growth stage"

Fig. 2

Mean daily temperature and precipitation during maize growth stage (June-September)"

Fig. 3

The above-ground biomass of summer maize under different treatments ZN and CN mean the treatments of no nitrogen and control nitrogen. aCO2 and eCO2 mean the CO2 treatment of control concentration and elevated concentration. V6: 6-leaf stage; V12: 12-leaf stage; VT: Silking stage; R2: 14 days after silking stage; R3: 28 days after silking stage; R6: Physiological maturity. Different lowercase letters indicate a 5% significant difference between different treatments in the same stage. ns means not significant among different treatments at 5% level. The same as below"

Table 1

The yield and associated compositional elements of summer maize under different treatments"

处理 Treatment 穗重 Ear weight (g) 穗粒重 Kernel weight (g) 千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g) 产量 Grain yield (t·hm-2)
ZN-aCO2 185.2±14.7a 129.6±8.2a 264.6±8.3a 8.64±0.55a
ZN-eCO2 184.6±14.4a 129.8±0.3a 264.0±2.8a 8.65±0.02a
CN-aCO2 202.9±6.4a 132.7±0.2a 270.0±0.7a 8.85±0.01a
CN-eCO2 203.9±8.3a 135.6±5.9a 272.0±4.5a 9.04±0.40a
差异显著性
Significance		 CO2 ns ns ns ns
N ns ns ns ns
CO2×N ns ns ns ns

Fig. 4

The concentration of soluble sugar in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage ** indicate significant effects of CO2, nitrogen fertilizer and their interaction during the same growth stage at P<0.01. The same as below"

Fig. 5

The concentration of starch in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 6

The concentration of total carbon in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage * indicate significant effects of CO2, nitrogen fertilizer and their interaction during the same growth stage at P<0.05. The same as below"

Fig. 7

The concentration of nitrate in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 8

The concentration of amino acid in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 9

The content of soluble protein in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 10

The content of cell wall nitrogen in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 11

The content of thylakoid nitrogen in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 12

The concentration of total nitrogen in the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

Fig. 13

The C/N at the functional leaves after flowering during summer maize growth stage"

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