夏季横向交互送风系统对肉牛生理和生产性能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.05.014

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study was conducted to explore the effects of cross-ventilation system on cowshed thermal environment, physiological and biochemical indexes, and production performance of beef cattle under the high temperature and humidity climate in summer of southern China, to evaluate the technical and economic effects of the environment control system for beef cattle heatstroke prevention. 【Method】 One-factor completely randomized design was introduced in this study. Thirty healthy 8-month-old Simmental bulls with similar body weight ((290.05±7.60)kg) were randomly assigned into two adjacent sheds with the same structure. The experimental group was equipped with the cross-ventilation system, and natural ventilation was used in the control group. The experimental period was from June 30 to July 16, 2019, a total of 17 days, in which the pre-test period was the first 3 days, and the formal period was the last 14 days. The wind speed, dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature were measured at 5:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00 every day in the first 7 days of the formal test period. The temperature-humidity index and sensible temperature were calculated. Meanwhile, the rectal temperature and respiratory rate of beef cattle were measured. During the whole formal period, the feeding amount was recorded every day, and the remaining materials were cleaned and weighed at 6 a.m of the next day to calculate the feed intake. From 7:00 to 8:00 in the morning on the first day and the fourteenth day of the formal test period, all cattle were weighed before feeding to calculate the average daily gain, feed weight ratio and other production performance indicators, and the economic benefit was evaluated. Simultaneously, the blood and fecal samples were collected for determination of inorganic ions, biochemical indexes and hormone levels in serum and cortisol levels in feces. 【Result】 The results showed that: (1) in the experimental group, the cross-ventilation system could significantly increase the wind speed in the shed (P < 0.01), thus significantly reduced the sensible temperature, the rectal temperature at 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 22:00, and the respiratory rate of beef cattle at 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, with the increase of ambient temperature, the increase of rectal temperature and respiratory rate in the experimental group decreased by 45% and 42%, respectively. There was no significant difference in dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05). (2) At the end of the experiment, the serum calcium content in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05), while no difference was found concerning the contents of potassium ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion and chloride ion (P > 0.05). The results of serum biochemical indexes showed that the contents of heat stress protein 70, total protein, triglyceride and glucose in bovine of the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed for the contents of serum albumin, globulin and total cholesterol (P > 0.05). The results of hormone levels showed that the levels of cortisol in feces and serum of the cattle in experimental group were significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.05), and triiodothyronine and thyroxine had no significant difference in cattle between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05). (3) The production performance test showed that there was no significant difference in initial body weight and end body weight between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05), while the average daily gain (P < 0.01) and average dry matter intake (P < 0.05) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group, the feed-to-weight ratio of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the profit in the experimental group was increased by 10.68%. 【Conclusion】 The cross-ventilation system could significantly increase the air velocity of the shed, reduce the sensible temperature, improve the metabolism of Simmental cattle, promote the production performance, and increase the economic benefits for beef cattle production in high temperature and humidity environment.

Key words: the cross-ventilation, beef cattle, thermoregulation, physiology and biochemistry indexes, production performance, economic benefit

FANG HaoYuan, YANG Liang, WANG HongZhuang, CAO JinCheng, REN WanPing, WEI ShengJuan, YAN PeiShi. Effects of Cross-Ventilation System on Physiology and Production Performance of Beef Cattle in Summer[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(5): 1025-1036.

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References 37

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项目Items	含量 Content（%）
精料组成 Composition
玉米 Corn	50.0
小麦麸皮 Wheat bran	5.0
豆粕 Soybean meal	9.0
花生粕 Peanut meal	10.0
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal	7.5
玉米干酒糟Corn DDG	12.5
小苏打 NaHCO₃	1.5
石粉 Limestone	1.0
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.5
预混料¹⁾ Premix	1.0
食盐 Salt	1.0
合计 Total	100.0
营养水平²⁾Nutrient levels
增重净能 NEg（MJ/kg）	6.23
干物质 DM	90.27
有机物 OM	81.55
粗蛋白 CP	17.95
粗脂肪 EE	3.61
钙 Ca	1.22
总磷TP	0.55

组别 Groups	干球温度 Dry-bulb temperature (℃)	相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)	风速 Velocity (m/s)	体感温度 Effective temperature (℃)
对照组 Control group	27.91±0.94	80.26±4.53	0.19^A±0.01	25.37^A±0.24
试验组 Treatment group	27.84±0.98	81.11±5.11	1.66^B±0.01	22.07^B±0.45

项目Items	组别Groups	第1天 The 1^st day	第14天 The 14^th day
K⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	4.21±0.17	4.31±0.06
K⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	4.38±0.08	4.67±0.18
Na⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	162.64±3.17	164.39±4.22
Na⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	172.11±5.67	173.85±5.38
Ca²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	2.19a±0.02	2.50bx±0.05
Ca²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	2.19±0.01	2.27y±0.03
Mg²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	1.33±0.01	1.32±0.01
Mg²⁺ (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	1.33±0.01	1.32±0.01
Cl^- (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	95.72±0.19	95.45±0.29
Cl^- (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	96.58±0.37	96.05±0.39

项目Items	组别Groups	第1天 The 1^st day	第14天 The 14^th day
总蛋白TP (g·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	55.06a±1.70	48.83bx±1.11
总蛋白TP (g·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	54.10±2.89	55.48y±1.62
白蛋白ALB (g·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	27.85±1.14	25.05±0.77
白蛋白ALB (g·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	27.81±2.56	25.75±0.59
球蛋白GLB (g·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	27.21±2.10	23.78±1.62
球蛋白GLB (g·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	26.29±4.40	31.08±2.60
总胆固醇T-CHO (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	3.79±0.24	3.34±0.24
总胆固醇T-CHO (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	3.61±0.16	3.29±0.20
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	0.99±0.06	0.97x±0.04
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	1.10a±0.02	1.25by±0.07
葡萄糖Glu (mmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	5.09±0.29	4.96x±0.33
葡萄糖Glu (mmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	5.56±0.36	6.09y±0.46
热应激蛋白70 HSP70 (pg·mL^-1)	对照组 Control group	457.22a±29.41	583.57bx±26.56
热应激蛋白70 HSP70 (pg·mL^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	467.30±21.54	445.20y±19.04

项目Items	组别Groups	第1天 The 1^stday	第14天 The 14^th day
三碘甲腺原氨酸 T₃ (nmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	10.97±0.93	8.24±1.49
三碘甲腺原氨酸 T₃ (nmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	9.45±0.46	8.33±0.97
甲状腺素T₄ (nmol·L^-1)	对照组 Control group	126.31±10.93	101.95±4.99
甲状腺素T₄ (nmol·L^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	123.62±13.27	120.93±7.41
血清皮质醇Serum cortisol (ng·mL^-1)	对照组 Control group	153.01±17.32	175.82x±4.57
血清皮质醇Serum cortisol (ng·mL^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	156.51±9.25	159.33y±5.02
粪便皮质醇Fecal cortisol (ng·g^-1)	对照组 Control group	11.78a±0.66	20.16bx±1.58
粪便皮质醇Fecal cortisol (ng·g^-1)	试验组 Treatment group	13.16±0.99	11.31y±0.94

Effects of Cross-Ventilation System on Physiology and Production Performance of Beef Cattle in Summer

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项目 Items	对照组 Control group	试验组 Treatment group
初始体重 IW (kg)	289.20±10.95	290.90±10.91
结束体重 LW (kg)	309.18±11.20	313.80±10.72
平均日增重 ADG (kg·d^-1)	1.43A±0.02	1.64B±0.01
干物质采食量 DMI (kg·d^-1)	7.70a±0.02	7.84b±0.02
料重比 F/G	5.38a±0.12	4.78b±0.08

	项目 Items		组别 Groups
	项目 Items		对照组Control	试验组Treatment
收益 Economic	平均日增重Average daily weight gain (kg/(头?d))		1.43	1.64
	单价Unit price (元/kg)		30.00	30.00
	增重收入 Income (元/(头?d))		42.90	49.20
成本 Cost	风机投入成本 Cost of funs	用电量 Electricity consumption (kWh/(头?d))	0	1.78
		电价 Electricity price (元/(kWh))	0.53	0.53
		电费 Electric charge (元/(头·d))	0	0.94
		折旧成本 Depreciation (元/(头·d))	0	2.56
		风机成本总计 Total cost of turbine (元/(头·d))	0	3.50
	日粮成本 Cost of diet	日粮消耗量 Daily diet consumption (kg/(头·d))	22.90	23.32
		日粮折合单价 Unit price of diet (元/kg)	0.88	0.88
		日粮成本总计 Total cost of diet (元/(头·d))	20.15	20.52
总成本 Total cost (元/(头·d))			20.15	24.02
毛利润 Gross benefits (元/(头·d))			22.75	25.18
毛利润增值 Gross benefit increment (%)			—	10.68

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