Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (23): 4855-4865.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.011

• SPECIAL FOCUS: FERTILIZER REDUCTIONISM IN WHEAT PRODUCTION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Potential Analysis of Organic Fertilizer Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer in Spring Wheat Regions of China

JIA LiGuo1(),SHI XiaoHua1,SUYALA Qiqige2,QIN YongLin1,YU Jing1,CHEN Yang2,FAN MingShou1()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019
    2College of Grassland and Resource Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011
  • Received:2020-06-05 Accepted:2020-08-19 Online:2020-12-01 Published:2020-12-09
  • Contact: MingShou FAN E-mail:nndjialiguo@163.com;fmswh@126.com

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Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify the major problems of nutrition management in spring wheat production and to raise the suitable way on the organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different provinces and regions of China, so as to provide reference for Zero Growth Action of Chemical Fertilizers and sustainable development in spring wheat production regions. 【Method】A total of 2 166 survey data were collected from farmer interview and related literature retrieval, based on which the major problems were analyzed in different spring wheat regions of China. The data in 2018 of major livestock numbers, planting area and yield of spring wheat were downloaded from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The nutritional contents of livestock manure, wheat straw and green manure plants were checked from published literatures, then the potential of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer in different spring wheat regions was qualified. Comprehensive considered the climate, soils and the status of organic resources, the suitable ways of organic fertilizer substitution were suggested in different spring wheat regions. 【Result】Overuse of chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer but the deficiency of potassium and organic fertilizer dressing was the major problem of nutrition management in spring wheat. Especially, it was especially serious on nitrogen overuse in western Inner Mongolia and Ningxia irrigated spring wheat. The number of large livestock and sheep in spring wheat region was accounted for about 1/3 and 1/2 of that in China, respectively. The nutrient amount of N, P2O5 and K2O from livestock manure was 238.6×10 4, 57.6×10 4and 141.0×10 4t per year respectively, accordingly the potential of organic fertilizer from livestock manure substitution for chemical fertilizer was 78.2%, 48.1% and 43.1% for spring wheat, respectively. The total amount of straw returning to farmland in spring wheat region was 410.2×10 4t per year. Available N, P2O5 and K2O in straw was 11.4, 2.5 and 31.9 kg·hm -2 returning to farmland, accordingly in-season potential of organic fertilizer from wheat straw substitution for chemical fertilizer was 4.9%, 3.3% and 22.7%, respectively for spring wheat. Green manure plants returning to farmland was enough for meeting the nutrient requirement of spring wheat if the nutrients could release to soil completely. 【Conclusion】Based on the problems of overuse and unreasonable application of chemical fertilizer in spring wheat in China, three ways of organic fertilizer substitution including livestock manure, straw returning and green manure can be selected for resolving. By application of livestock manure the substitution potential for chemical fertilizer was 78.2%, 48.1% and 43.1%, respectively. The in-season substitution potential of organic fertilizer was 4.9%, 3.3% and 22.7%, respectively. Green manure, as organic fertilizer substitution, was sufficient for nutrient requirement of spring wheat if the nutrients could release to soil completely. The suitable way of organic fertilizer substitution should consider local resource, input and technology comprehensively.

Key words: spring wheat, organic fertilizer substitution, straw returning, green manure

Table 1

Yield and fertilization rates of spring wheat in different regions of China"

灌溉模式
Irrigation mode		 地区
Region		 产量
Yield
(kg·hm-2)		 施氮量
Nitrogen rates
(N) (kg·hm-2)		 施磷量
Phosphorus rate
(P2O5) (kg·hm-2)		 施钾量
Potassium rate
(K2O) (kg·hm-2)		 总养分量
Total fertilizer
Rate (kg·hm-2)		 样本量
Numbers of
sample
漫灌
Flood irrigation		 内蒙古西部WI 5711 340.4 255.4 7.5 603.3 94
宁夏 NX 4578 357.0 182.7 33.4 573.1 328
新疆 XJ 5655 237.8 143.7 9.3 390.8 81
滴灌
Drip irrigation		 新疆 XJ 6465 211.1 189.5 21.2 421.8 46
旱作
Rainfed		 甘肃 GS 3910 193.4 122.6 20.6 336.6 1365
青海 QH 4870 159.0 140.0 27.0 326.0 217
内蒙古东部EI 2935 80.2 90.0 15.0 185.2 35

Table 2

Partial Factor Productivity (PFP) of chemical fertilizer in different spring wheat regions of China (kg·kg-1)"

灌溉模式 Irrigation mode 地区 Region 氮肥偏生产力 PFPN 磷肥偏生产力 PFPP 钾肥偏生产力 PFPK
漫灌
Flood irrigation		 内蒙古西部 WI 16.7 22.3 760.2
宁夏 NX 12.8 25.0 137.0
新疆 XJ 23.7 39.3 608.0
滴灌 Drip irrigation 新疆 XJ 30.6 34.1 304.9
旱作
Rainfed		 甘肃 GS 20.2 31.8 189.8
青海 QH 30.6 34.7 180.3
内蒙古东部 EI 36.6 32.6 195.6

Table 3

Numbers of major livestock in different spring wheat regions of China (×104)"

地区
Region		 大牲畜
Large livestock		 牛
Cattle		 马
Horse		 驴
Donkey		 骡
Mule		 骆驼
Camel		 羊
Sheep
内蒙古 IM 778.7 616.2 63.8 72.8 8.6 17.3 6001.0
黑龙江 HLJ 476.2 456.5 13.4 5.2 1.0 0.0 772.7
甘肃 GS 504.6 440.4 11.7 34.5 15.0 3.0 1885.9
青海 QH 527.6 514.3 11.6 0.4 0.1 1.1 1336.1
宁夏 NX 128.9 124.6 0.1 3.9 0.2 0.0 534.2
新疆 XJ 557.3 457.2 73.0 14.8 0.0 12.4 4159.7
总计 Total 2973.3 2609.2 173.6 131.6 24.9 33.8 14689.6
全国 Country 9525.5 8915.3 347.3 253.3 75.8 33.8 29713.5
春麦区占比
Percentage of spring wheat region（%）		 31.2 29.2 49.9 51.9 32.8 100.0 49.4

Table 4

Manure excretion and its nutrient contents of livestock in different spring wheat regions of China (fresh based, ×104 t·a-1)"

地区 Region 粪排泄量 Manure excretion N累积量 Nitrogen amount P2O5累积量 P2O5 amount K2O累积量 K2O amount
内蒙古 IM 12402.6 80.6 19.1 47.1
黑龙江 HLJ 5392.9 24.8 6.2 15.1
甘肃 GS 6435.6 34.9 8.6 20.9
青海 QH 6438.8 31.8 7.8 19.0
宁夏 NX 1744.3 9.5 2.3 5.6
新疆 XJ 8866.6 56.8 13.4 33.0
总计 Total 41280.9 238.6 57.6 141.0

Table 5

Available manure nutrient of livestock in different spring wheat regions of China"

地区
Region		 春小麦种植面积1)
Planting area of spring wheat
(×104 hm2)		 春小麦占粮食作物
种植面积的比例
Area percentage of spring wheat in grain crops (%)		 可用于春小麦的牲畜粪养分量（万吨/年）
Available manure nutrient in spring wheat
(×104 t·a-1)		 单位面积春小麦牲畜粪养分供应量
Available manure nutrient per unit area in spring wheat (kg·hm-2)
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
内蒙古 IM 67.3 9.9 8.0 1.9 4.6 118.7 28.2 69.4
新疆 XJ 40.8 18.3 4.5 1.1 2.7 111.7 28.1 68.3
甘肃 GS 19.7 7.4 2.6 0.6 1.5 132.2 32.6 79.3
青海 QH 11.2 39.9 12.7 3.1 7.6 1131.6 279.5 677.4
黑龙江 HLJ 10.1 0.7 0.1 0.02 0.04 6.7 1.6 3.9
宁夏 NX 6.5 8.9 5.0 1.2 2.9 772.4 182.7 449.2
总计 Total 149.3 5.7 13.6 3.2 8.0 91.2 22.0 53.9

Table 6

Crop straw and its nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in different spring wheat regions of China"

地区
Region		 产量
Yield (×104 t)		 秸秆量
Straw weight (×104 t)		 秸秆N量
Nitrogen amount in straw (×104 t)		 秸秆P2O5量
P2O5 amount in straw (×104 t)		 秸秆K2O量
K2O amount in straw (×104 t)
内蒙古 IM 202.2 222.5 1.2 0.2 2.5
新疆 XJ 203.6 224.0 1.2 0.2 2.6
甘肃 GS 108.5 119.3 0.6 0.1 1.3
青海 QH 42.6 46.9 0.2 0.04 0.5
黑龙江 HLJ 36.1 39.8 0.2 0.04 0.4
宁夏 NX 29.1 32.0 0.2 0.03 0.3
总计 Total 622.5 684.7 3.7 0.6 7.9

Table 7

Amount of the straw and its nutrient returning to farmland in different spring wheat regions of China"

地区
Region
 秸秆直接还田量
Direct straw returning
(×104 t)		 秸秆燃烧还田量
Straw returning after burning
(×104 t)		 还田总量
Total amount of straw returning
(×104 t)		 单位面积还田量Straw returning per unit area
(kg·hm-2)		 秸秆还田氮量Nitrogen from straw returning
(kg N·hm-2)		 秸秆还田磷量Phosphorus from straw returning
(kg P2O5·hm-2)		 秸秆还田钾量Potassium from straw returning
(kg K2O·hm-2)
内蒙古 IM 102.4 30.9 133.3 1977.9 8.2 1.8 22.9
新疆 XJ 103.1 31.1 134.2 3289.5 13.6 3.0 38.2
甘肃 GS 54.9 16.6 71.5 3622.9 15.0 3.3 42.0
青海 QH 21.6 6.5 28.1 2499.6 10.4 2.2 29.0
黑龙江 HLJ 18.3 5.5 23.8 2341.7 9.7 2.1 27.2
宁夏 NX 14.8 4.5 19.2 2915.6 12.1 2.6 33.8
总计 Total 315.0 95.2 410.2
平均 Mean 2746.3 11.4 2.5 31.9

Table 8

Potential of chemical fertilizer substitution under straw returning of spring wheat in different regions of China"

地区
Region		 氮肥可替代量
Amount of Nitrogen substitution
(t)		 磷肥可替代量
Amount of phosphorus substitution
(t)		 钾肥可替代量
Amount of potassium substitution
(t)		 氮肥可替代量
Nitrogen substitution per unit area
(kg·hm-2)		 磷肥可替代量
Phosphorus substitution per unit area (kg·hm-2)		 钾肥可替代量
Potassium substitution per unit area
(kg·hm-2)
内蒙古 IM 2769.77 743.87 13768.47 4.11 1.10 20.43
新疆 XJ 2788.93 749.02 13863.76 6.84 1.84 33.98
甘肃 GS 1486.14 399.13 7387.56 7.53 2.02 37.42
青海 QH 583.83 156.80 2902.21 5.19 1.40 25.82
黑龙江 HLJ 495.38 133.04 2462.52 4.87 1.31 24.19
宁夏 NX 399.26 107.23 1984.72 6.06 1.63 30.12
总计 Total 8523.31 2289.09 42369.25
平均 Mean 5.71 1.53 28.37

Table 9

Green manure plants and their nutrient content in different spring wheat regions of China (fresh weight, %)"

类型 Type 氮 Nitrogen (N) 磷 Phosphorus (P2O5) 钾 Potassium (K2O) 参考文献 Reference
箭筈豌豆Vicia sativa 0.50 0.13 0.24 [18]
毛苕子Vicia villosa 0.55 0.15 0.27 [18]
草木樨 Melilotus suaveolens 0.64 0.16 0.39 [18]
沙打旺 Astragalus adsurgens 0.68 0.18 0.75 [18]
小冠花 Coronilla varia 0.66 0.15 1.22 [18]
田菁 Sesbania cannabina 0.51 0.14 0.18 [18]
饲用油菜 Brassica campestris 0.55 0.18 0.95 [20]
黑麦草 Lolium perenne 0.34 0.09 0.37 [19]
紫花苜蓿 Medicsgo sativa 0.48 0.09 0.48 [18]

Table 10

Biomass and its nutrient contents of some major green manure in different spring wheat regions of China"

类型
Type		 生物量
Biomass
(Fresh weight, t·hm-2)		 氮还田量
Nitrogen returning per unit area (kg·hm-2)		 磷还田量
Phosphorus returning per
unit area (kg·hm-2)		 钾还田量
Potassium returning
per unit area (kg·hm-2)
箭筈豌豆 Vicia sativa 22.5-30 112.5-150 29.3-39 54-72
毛苕子 Vicia villosa 15-37.5 82.5-206.2 22.5-56.3 40.5-101.3
草木樨 Melilotus suaveolens 19.5-37.5 124.8-240 31.2-60 76.1-146.3
沙打旺 Astragalus adsurgens 30-60 204-408 54-108 225-450
小冠花 Coronilla varia 30-60 198-396 45-90 366-732
田菁 Sesbania cannabina 22.5-30 114.75-153 31.5-42 40.5-54
饲用油菜 Brassica campestris 45-75 246.6-411 82.8-138 425.7-709.5
黑麦草 Lolium perenne 45-60 153-204 40.5-54 166.5-222
紫花苜蓿 Medicsgo sativa 30-60 144-288 27-54 144-288
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