秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】A seven-year location-fixed field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of combining straw returning with chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on wheat yield, grain protein content, aboveground N uptake, soil nitrate-N (NO₃^--N) residue at harvest, and apparent N balance in winter wheat-summer maize rotation region of Shaanxi, so as to provide a reference for yield increase and N utilization.【Method】The experiment was arranged in a split block design with two main treatments and five subplots. The main treatments included maize straw returning to soil (straw returning) and removal straw from field (control), and the subplots included five N application rate, i.e., 0 (N0), 84 kg·hm^-2 (N84), 168 kg·hm^-2 (N168), 252 kg·hm^-2 (N252), and 336 kg·hm^-2 (N336).【Result】For wheat yield, there was no significant difference between straw returning and control. Compared with N0, applying fertilizer N (including N84, N168, N252, and N336) increased grain yield by 18%-29%. However, compared with N168, there was a risk of yield reduction under high N application rate (N336). Straw returning and N application rate had an interactive effect on wheat yield. Compared with the control, the straw retuning increased grain yield by 5%-6% when N application rates were 252 and 336 kg·hm^-2, which was mainly due to the 5%-7% increase in the number of spikes. For grain protein, there was no significant difference between straw returning and control. Compared with N0, applying fertilizer N increased grain protein concentration by 16%-33%. For aboveground N uptake, there was no significant difference between straw returning and control. Compared with N0, applying fertilizer N increased aboveground N uptake by 36%-72%. Straw returning and N application rate had an interactive effect on aboveground N uptake. Compared with the control, the straw retuning increased aboveground N uptake by 5%-8% when N application rates were 252 and 336 kg·hm^-2. Compared with control, the straw returning increased the residual soil nitrate nitrogen by an average of 18%, and the increased nitrate nitrogen content was mainly distributed in the 70-170 cm soil layer. For N168 treatment, soil N was in the state of depletion in control, and soil N depletion was effectively compensated when straws were returned to the field. A further increase in N application rate would greatly increase N surplus, resulting in a larger environmental risks. Compared with control, applying fertilizer N had a greater contribution to N surplus.【Conclusion】Straw returning and applying fertilizer N had the ability to increase wheat yield and aboveground N uptake, while also increased residual NO₃^--N in soil and N surplus. Taking into account wheat yield, soil NO₃^--N residue, and apparent N balance, the strategy of straw returning combined with 168 kg·hm^-2 fertilizer N was beneficial to maintain wheat yield and to protect ecological environment.

Key words: wheat, straw returning, nitrogen application rate, yield component, grain protein concentration, aboveground nitrogen uptake, soil nitrate-nitrogen, soil nitrogen balance

WANG XinYuan,ZHAO SiDa,ZHENG XianFeng,WANG ZhaoHui,HE Gang. Effects of Straw Returning and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Winter Wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(23): 5043-5053.

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项目 Item	籽粒产量 Grain yield	公顷穗数 Number of spike	穗粒数 Grain number of spike	千粒重 Thousand-grain weight	籽粒蛋白质含量 Grain protein	地上部吸氮量 N uptake	硝态氮残留 NO₃^--N residue
年 Year (Y)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
秸秆还田Straw returning (S)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	<0.05
氮肥用量 N rate (N)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Y×S	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×N	<0.01	<0.01	ns	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
S×N	<0.05	<0.05	ns	ns	ns	<0.05	<0.05
Y×S×N	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Effects of Straw Returning and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Winter Wheat

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氮平衡 N balance	项目 Item	秸秆不还田 Control					秸秆还田 Straw returning
氮平衡 N balance	项目 Item	N0	N84	N168	N252	N336	N0	N84	N168	N252	N336
氮输入 N input	种子氮Seed N	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
	化肥氮Fertilizer N	0	84	168	252	336	0	84	168	252	336
	秸秆还田带入氮 Straw N	0	0	0	0	0	29	29	29	29	29
	干湿沉降^1）Dry and wet deposition	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18	18
氮输出 N output	籽粒氮携出 Grain N uptake	104	139	163	157	157	100	136	153	169	159
氮输出 N output	秸秆氮携出 Straw N uptake	34	40	41	41	40	32	38	41	44	42
氮盈余N surplus		-114b	-71b	-13b	78b	162b	-80a	-38a	26a	92a	187a

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