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Trends in the global commercialization of genetically modified crops in 2023 Xingru Cheng, Haohui Li, Qiaoling Tang, Haiwen Zhang, Tao Liu, Youhua Wang 2024, 23 (12): 3943-3952.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.09.012 Abstract （476）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased food production, improved crop quality, reduced pesticide use, promoted changes in agricultural production methods, and become an important new production strategy for dealing with insect pests and weeds while reducing the cultivated land area.  This article provides a comprehensive examination of the global distribution of GM crops in 2023.  It discusses the internal factors that are driving their adoption, such as the increasing number of GM crops and the growing variety of commodities.  This article also provides information support and application guidance for the new developments in global agricultural science and technology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a system for screening and identification of novel bactericide targets in the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae using Tn-seq and SPR Chaoyue Pang, Ling Jin, Haoyu Zang, Damalk Saint-Claire S. Koklannou, Jiazhi Sun, Jiawei Yang, Yongxing Wang, Liang Xu, Chunyan Gu, Yang Sun, Xing Chen, Yu Chen 2024, 23 (5): 1580-1592.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.043 Abstract （372）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Xanthomonas spp. cause severe bacterial diseases.  However, effective strategies for prevention and management of these diseases are scarce.  Thus, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of control of diseases caused by Xanthomonas.  In this study, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes rice bacterial leaf blight, has been studied as a representative.  A transposon insertion library of Xoo, comprising approximately 200,000 individual insertion mutants, was generated.  Transposon sequencing data indicated that the mariner C9 transposase mapped at 35.7–36.4% of all potential insertion sites, revealing 491 essential genes required for the growth of Xoo in rich media.  The results show that, compared to the functions of essential genes of other bacteria, the functions of some essential genes of Xoo are unknown, 25 genes might be dangerous for the Xanthomonas group, and 3 are specific to Xanthomonas.  High-priority candidates for developing broad-spectrum, Xanthomonas-specific, and environment-friendly bactericides were identified in this study.  In addition, this study revealed the possible targets of dioctyldiethylenetriamine using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS).  The study also provided references for the research of some certain bactericides with unknown anti-bacterial mode of action.  In conclusion, this study urged a better understanding of Xanthomonas, provided meaningful data for the management of bacterial leaf blight, and disclosed selected targets of a novel bactericide. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Consensus linkage map construction and QTL mapping for eight yield-related traits in wheat using BAAFS 90K SNP array Lihua Liu, Pingping Qu, Yue Zhou, Hongbo Li, Yangna Liu, Mingming Zhang, Liping Zhang, Changping Zhao, Shengquan Zhang, Binshuang Pang 2024, 23 (11): 3641-3656.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.07.028 Abstract （309）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Identifying stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield-related traits across populations and environments is crucial for wheat breeding and genetic studies.  Consensus maps also play important roles in wheat genetic and genomic research.  In the present study, a wheat consensus map was constructed using a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from Jinghua 1×Xiaobaidongmai (JX), an F2 population derived from L43×Shanxibaimai (LS) and the BAAFS Wheat 90K SNP array single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array.  A total of 44,503 SNP markers were mapped on the constructed consensus map, and they covered 5,437.92 cM across 21 chromosomes.  The consensus map showed high collinearity with the individual maps and the wheat reference genome IWGSC RefSeq v2.1.  Phenotypic data on eight yield-related traits were collected in the JX population, as well as the F2:3 and F2:4 populations of LS, in six, two and two environments, respectively, and those data were used for QTL analysis.  Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) identified 32 environmentally stable QTLs for the eight yield-related traits.  Among them, four QTLs (QPH.baafs-4B, QKNS.baafs-4B, QTGW.baafs-4B, and QSL.baafs-5A.3) were detected across mapping populations and environments, and nine stable QTLs (qKL.baafs-1D, QPH.baafs-2B, QKNS.baafs-3D, QSL.baafs-3D, QKW.baafs-4B, QPH.baafs-5D, QPH.baafs-6A.1, QSL.baafs-6A, and QSL.baafs-6D) are likely to be new.  The physical region of 17.25–44.91 Mb on chromosome 4B was associated with six yield-related traits, so it is an important region for wheat yield.  The physical region around the dwarfing gene Rht24 contained QTLs for kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), spike length (SL), and thousand-grain weight (TGW), which are either from a pleiotropic effect of Rht24 or closely linked loci.  For the stable QTLs, 254 promising candidate genes were identified.  Among them, TraesCS5A03G1264300, TraesCS1B03G0624000 and TraesCS6A03G0697000 are particularly noteworthy since their homologous genes have similar functions for the corresponding traits.  The constructed consensus map and the identified QTLs along with their candidate genes will facilitate the genetic dissection of wheat yield-related traits and accelerate the development of wheat cultivars with desirable plant morphology and high yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping and identification of QTLs for seed fatty acids in soybean (Glycine max L.) Yiwang Zhong, Xingang Li, Shasha Wang, Sansan Li, Yuhong Zeng, Yanbo Cheng, Qibin Ma, Yanyan Wang, Yuanting Pang, Hai Nian, Ke Wen 2024, 23 (12): 3966-3982.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.09.010 Abstract （289）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil.  The oil content and fatty acid ratio have attracted significant attention due to their impacts on the shelf-life of soybean oil products and consumer health.  In this study, a high-density genetic map derived from Guizao 1 and Brazil 13 was used to analyze the quantitative trait loci of palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), linolenic acid (LNA), and oil content (OC).  A total of 54 stable QTLs were detected in the genetic map linkage analysis, which shared six bin intervals.  Among them, the bin interval on chromosome 13 (bin106–bin118 and bin123–bin125) was found to include stable QTLs in multiple environments that were linked to OA, LA, and LNA.  Eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within these QTL intervals were determined as candidate genes according to the combination of parental resequencing, bioinformatics and RNA sequencing data.  All these results are conducive to breeding soybean with the ideal fatty acid ratio for food, and provide the genetic basis for mining genes related to the fatty acid and oil content traits in soybean. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic analysis and fine mapping of a grain size QTL in the small-grain sterile rice line Zhuo201S Bin Lei, Jiale Shao, Feng Zhang, Jian Wang, Yunhua Xiao, Zhijun Cheng, Wenbang Tang, Jianmin Wan 2024, 23 (7): 2155-2163.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.07.026 Abstract （285）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The development and application of the small-grain rice sterile line Zhuo201S (Z201S) has demonstrated its potential for mechanized hybrid rice seed production, leading to significant cost reductions.  However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the small-grain size characteristic of Z201S remains unclear.  In this study, we conducted a genetic analysis using near-isogenic lines constructed from Z210S, a small-grain rice sterile line, and R2115, a normal-grain variety.  The results revealed that the small-grain trait in Z201S is governed by a single partially dominant gene which also enhances grain number.  Through mapping, we localized the causal gene to the short arm of chromosome 2, within a 113 kb physical region delimited by the molecular markers S2-4-1 and LB63.  Transgenic analysis and gene expression assays indicated LOC_Os02g14760 as the most likely candidate gene, suggesting that the small-grain size trait of Z201S is controlled by a novel locus that has not been previously identified. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the study of waterlogging tolerance in plants Zhengyuan Xu, Lingzhen Ye, Qiufang Shen, Guoping Zhang 2024, 23 (9): 2877-2897.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.12.028 Abstract （280）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Waterlogging is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening crop yields globally.  Under waterlogging stress, plants suffer from oxidative stress, heavy metal toxicity and energy deficiency, leading to metabolic disorders and growth inhibition.  On the other hand, plants have evolved waterlogging-tolerance or adaptive mechanisms, including morphological changes, alternation of respiratory pathways, antioxidant protection and endogenous hormonal regulation.  In this review, recent advances in studies on the effects of waterlogging stress and the mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in plants are presented, and the genetic differences in waterlogging tolerance among plant species or genotypes within a species are illustrated.  We also summarize the identified QTLs and key genes associated with waterlogging tolerance.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological and transcriptome analyses of Chinese cabbage in response to drought stress Lin Chen, Chao Li, Jiahao Zhang, Zongrui Li, Qi Zeng, Qingguo Sun, Xiaowu Wang, Limin Zhao, Lugang Zhang, Baohua Li 2024, 23 (7): 2255-2269.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.03.067 Abstract （271）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Chinese cabbage is an important leafy vegetable crop with high water demand and susceptibility to drought stress.  To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to drought, we performed a transcriptome analysis of drought-tolerant and -sensitive Chinese cabbage genotypes under drought stress, and uncovered core drought-responsive genes and key signaling pathways.  A co-expression network was constructed by a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and candidate hub genes involved in drought tolerance were identified.  Furthermore, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways and their drought responses in Chinese cabbage leaves were systemically explored.  We also found that drought treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and glucosinolate contents significantly.  These results substantially enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying drought responses in Chinese cabbage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a transformation system in close relatives of wheat under the assistance of TaWOX5 Yanan Chang, Junxian Liu, Chang Liu, Huiyun Liu, Huali Tang, Yuliang Qiu, Zhishan Lin, Ke Wang, Yueming Yan, Xingguo Ye 2024, 23 (6): 1839-1849.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.06.021 Abstract （263）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Species closely related to wheat are important genetic resources for agricultural production, functional genomics studies and wheat improvement.  In this study, a wheat gene related to regeneration, TaWOX5, was applied to establish the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems of Triticum monococcum, hexaploid triticale, and rye (Secale cereale L.) using their immature embryos.  Transgenic plants were efficiently generated.  During the transformation process, the Agrobacterium infection efficiency was assessed by histochemical staining for β-glucuronidase (GUS).  Finally, the transgenic nature of regenerated plants was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping for the presence of the GUS and bialaphos resistance (bar) genes, histochemical staining for GUS protein, and the QuickStix strip assay for bar protein.  The transformation efficiency of T. monococcum genotype PI428182 was 94.4%; the efficiencies of four hexaploid triticale genotypes Lin456, ZS3297, ZS1257, and ZS3224 were 52.1, 41.2, 19.4, and 16.0%, respectively; and the transformation efficiency of rye cultivar Lanzhou Heimai was 7.8%.  Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses indicated that the GUS transgenes were integrated into the distal or near centromere (proximal) regions of the chromosomes in transgenic T. monococcum and hexaploid triticale plants.  In the transgenic hexaploid triticale plants, the foreign DNA fragment was randomly integrated into the AABB and RR genomes.  Furthermore, the transgene was almost stably inherited in the next generation by Mendel’s law.  The findings in this study will promote the genetic improvement of the three plant species for grain or forage production and the improvement of cereal species including wheat for functional genomics studies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Karyotype establishment and development of specific molecular markers of Aegilops geniculata Roth based on SLAF-seq  Yongfu Wang, Jianzhong Fan, Hong Zhang, Pingchuan Deng, Tingdong Li, Chunhuan Chen, Wanquan Ji, Yajuan Wang 2024, 23 (12): 3953-3965.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.09.014 Abstract （256）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The constant evolution of pathogens poses a threat to wheat resistance against diseases, endangering food security.  Developing resistant wheat varieties is the most practical approach for circumventing this problem.  As a close relative of wheat, Aegilops geniculata, particularly accession SY159, has evolved numerous beneficial traits that could be applied to improve wheat.  In this study, we established the karyotype of SY159 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the oligonucleotide probes Oligo-pTa535 and Oligo-pSc119.2 and a complete set of wheat–Ae. geniculata accession TA2899 addition lines as a reference.  Using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, 400 specific markers were established for detecting the SY159 chromosomes with efficiencies reaching 81.5%.  The SY159-specific markers were used to classify the different homologous groups of SY159 against the wheat–Ae. geniculata addition lines.  We used these specific markers on the 7Mg chromosome after classification, and successfully confirmed their suitability for studying the different chromosomes of SY159.  This study provides a foundation for accelerating the application of SY159 in genetic breeding programs designed to improve wheat.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association study of grain micronutrient concentrations in bread wheat Yongchao Hao, Fanmei Kong, Lili Wang, Yu Zhao, Mengyao Li, Naixiu Che, Shuang Li, Min Wang, Ming Hao, Xiaocun Zhang, Yan Zhao 2024, 23 (5): 1468-1480.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.06.030 Abstract （251）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food crop worldwide.  The genetic dissection of important nutrient traits is essential for the biofortification of wheat to meet the nutritional needs of the world’s growing population.  Here, 45,298 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 55K chip arrays were used to genotype a panel of 768 wheat cultivars, and a total of 154 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for eight traits under three environments by genome-wide association study (GWAS).  Three QTLs (qMn-3B.1, qFe-3B.4, and qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6) detected repeatedly under different environments or traits were subjected to subsequent analyses based on linkage disequilibrium decay and the P-values of significant SNPs.  Significant SNPs in the three QTL regions formed six haplotypes for qMn-3B.1, three haplotypes for qFe-3B.4, and three haplotypes for qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6.  Phenotypic analysis revealed significant differences among haplotypes.  These results indicated that the concentrations of several nutrient elements have been modified during the domestication of landraces to modern wheat.  Based on the QTL regions, we identified 15 high-confidence genes, eight of which were stably expressed in different tissues and/or developmental stages.  TraesCS3B02G046100 in qMn-3B.1 and TraesCS3B02G199500 in qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6 were both inferred to interact with metal ions according to the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis.  TraesCS3B02G199000, which belongs to qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6, was determined to be a member of the WRKY gene family.  Overall, this study provides several reliable QTLs that may significantly affect the concentrations of nutrient elements in wheat grain, and this information will facilitate the breeding of wheat cultivars with improved grain properties. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The auxin transporter OsAUX1 regulates tillering in rice (Oryza sativa) Luqi Jia, Yongdong Dai, Ziwei Peng, Zhibo Cui, Xuefei Zhang, Yangyang Li, Weijiang Tian, Guanghua He, Yun Li, Xianchun Sang 2024, 23 (5): 1454-1467.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.05.041 Abstract （246）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Tillering is an important agronomic trait of rice (Oryza sativa) that affects the number of effective panicles, thereby affecting yields.  The phytohormone auxin plays a key role in tillering.  Here we identified the high tillering and semi-dwarf 1 (htsd1) mutant with auxin-deficiency root characteristics, such as shortened lateral roots, reduced lateral root density, and enlarged root angles.  htsd1 showed reduced sensitivity to auxin, but the external application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) inhibited its tillering.  We identified the mutated gene in htsd1 as AUXIN1 (OsAUX1, LOC_Os01g63770), which encodes an auxin influx transporter.  The promoter sequence of OsAUX1 contains many SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) binding sites, and we demonstrated that SPL7 binds to the OsAUX1 promoter.  TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 (OsTB1), a key gene that negatively regulates tillering, was significantly downregulated in htsd1.  Tillering was enhanced in the OsTB1 knockout mutant, and the external application of IAA inhibited tiller elongation in this mutant.  Overexpressing OsTB1 restored the multi-tiller phenotype of htsd1.  These results suggest that SPL7 directly binds to the OsAUX1 promoter and regulates tillering in rice by altering OsTB1 expression to modulate auxin signaling. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimizing nitrogen management can improve stem lodging resistance and stabilize the grain yield of japonica rice in rice–crayfish coculture systems Qiang Xu, Jingyong Li, Hui Gao, Xinyi Yang, Zhi Dou, Xiaochun Yuan, Weiyan Gao, Hongcheng Zhang 2024, 23 (12): 3983-3997.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.02.002 Abstract （242）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Nitrogen (N) significantly affects rice yield and lodging resistance.  Previous studies have primarily investigated the impact of N management on rice lodging in conventional rice monoculture (RM); however, few studies have performed such investigations in rice–crayfish coculture (RC).  We hypothesized that RC would increase rice lodging risk and that optimizing N application practices would improve rice lodging resistance without affecting food security.  We conducted a two-factor (rice farming mode and N management practice) field experiment from 2021 to 2022 to test our hypothesis.  The rice farming modes included RM and RC, and the N management practices included no nitrogen fertilizer, conventional N application, and optimized N treatment.  The rice yield and lodging resistance characteristics, such as morphology, mechanical and chemical characteristics, anatomic structure, and gene expression levels, were analyzed and compared among the treatments.  Under the same N application practice, RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1–24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6–45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM.  In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, center of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5%, respectively, compared with those in the conventional N application practice.  Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively.  Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode.  Furthermore, optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis, thereby promoting lower internodes on the rice stem and enhancing lodging resistance.  Optimized N application in RC significantly reduced the lodging index by 1.8–19.5% and stabilized the rice yield (>8,570 kg ha–1 on average).  This study systematically analyzed and compared the differences in lodging characteristics between RM and RC.  The findings will aid in the development of more efficient practices for RC that will reduce N fertilizer application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The development of a porcine 50K SNP panel using genotyping by target sequencing and its application Zipeng Zhang, Siyuan Xing, Ao Qiu, Ning Zhang, Wenwen Wang, Changsong Qian, Jia’nan Zhang, Chuduan Wang, Qin Zhang, Xiangdong Ding 2025, 24 (5): 1930-1943.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.07.033 Abstract （234）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) integrates the advantages of silicon-based technology (high stability and reliability) and genotyping by sequencing (high flexibility and cost-effectiveness).  However, GBTS panels are not currently available in pigs.  In this study, based on GBTS technology, we first developed a 50K panel, including 52,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in pigs, designated GBTS50K.  A total of 6,032 individuals of Large White, Landrace, and Duroc pigs from 10 breeding farms were used to assess the newly developed GBTS50K.  Our results showed that GBTS50K obtained a high genotyping ability, the SNP and individual call rates of GBTS50K were 0.997–0.998, and the average consistency rate and genotyping correlation coefficient were 0.997 and 0.993, respectively, in replicate samples.  We also evaluated the efficiencies of GBTS50K in the application of population genetic structure analysis, selection signature detection, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genotyped imputation, genetic selection (GS), etc.  The results indicate that GBTS50K is plausible and powerful in genetic analysis and molecular breeding.  For example, GBTS50K could gain higher accuracies than the current popular GGP-Porcine bead chip in genomic selection on 2 important traits of backfat thickness at 100 kg and days to 100 kg in pigs.  Particularly, due to the multiple SNPs (mSNPs), GBTS50K generated 100K qualified SNPs without increasing genotyping cost, and our results showed that the haplotype-based method can further improve the accuracies of genomic selection on growth and reproduction traits by 2 to 6%.  Our study showed that GBTS50K could be a powerful tool for underlying genetic architecture and molecular breeding in pigs, and it is also helpful for developing SNP panels for other farm animals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterogeneous population distribution enhances resistance to wheat lodging by optimizing the light environment Yibo Hu, Feng Qin, Zhen Wu, Xiaoqin Wang, Xiaolong Ren, Zhikuan Jia, Zhenlin Wang, Xiaoguang Chen, Tie Cai 2024, 23 (7): 2211-2226.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.07.006 Abstract （231）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Lodging is still the key factor that limits continuous increases in wheat yields today, because the mechanical strength of culms is reduced due to low-light stress in populations under high-yield cultivation.  The mechanical properties of the culm are mainly determined by lignin, which is affected by the light environment.  However, little is known about whether the light environment can be sufficiently improved by changing the population distribution to inhibit culm lodging.  Therefore, in this study, we used the wheat cultivar “Xinong 979” to establish a low-density homogeneous distribution treatment (LD), high-density homogeneous distribution treatment (HD), and high-density heterogeneous distribution treatment (HD-h) to study the regulatory effects and mechanism responsible for differences in the lodging resistance of wheat culms under different population distributions.  Compared with LD, HD significantly reduced the light transmittance in the middle and basal layers of the canopy, the net photosynthetic rate in the middle and lower leaves of plants, the accumulation of lignin in the culm, and the breaking resistance of the culm, and thus the lodging index values increased significantly, with lodging rates of 67.5% in 2020–2021 and 59.3% in 2021–2022.  Under HD-h, the light transmittance and other indicators in the middle and basal canopy layers were significantly higher than those under HD, and the lodging index decreased to the point that no lodging occurred.  Compared with LD, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-Lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in the lignin synthesis pathway were significantly reduced in the culms under HD during the critical period for culm formation, and the relative expression levels of TaPAL, Ta4CL, TaCOMT, and TaCAD were significantly downregulated.  However, the activities of lignin synthesis-related enzymes and their gene expression levels were significantly increased under HD-h compared with HD.  A partial least squares path modeling analysis found significant positive effects between the canopy light environment, the photosynthetic capacity of the middle and lower leaves of plants, lignin synthesis and accumulation, and lodging resistance in the culms.  Thus, under conventional high-density planting, the risk of wheat lodging was significantly higher.  Accordingly, the canopy light environment can be optimized by changing the heterogeneity of the population distribution to improve the photosynthetic capacity of the middle and lower leaves of plants, promote lignin accumulation in the culm, and enhance lodging resistance in wheat.  These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanism responsible for the lower mechanical strength of the culm under high-yield wheat cultivation, and a theoretical basis and for developing technical measures to enhance lodging resistance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A novel secreted protein FgHrip1 from Fusarium graminearum triggers immune responses in plants Zhenchao Fu, Huiqian Zhuang, Vincent Ninkuu, Jianpei Yan, Guangyue Li, Xiufen Yang, Hongmei Zeng 2024, 23 (11): 3774-3787.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.08.009 Abstract （227）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Fusarium graminearum, the primary pathogenic fungus responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, secretes abundant chemical compounds that interact with host plants.  In this study, a secreted protein FgHrip1, isolated from the culture filtrate of F. graminearum, was found to induce typical cell death in tobacco.  The FgHrip1 gene was then cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.  Further bioassay analysis showed that the recombinant FgHrip1 induced early defense induction events, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, callose deposition, and up-regulation of defense-related genes in tobacco.  Furthermore, FgHrip1 significantly enhanced immunity in tobacco seedlings against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (Pst. 6605) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).  FgHrip1-treated wheat spikes also exhibited defense-related transcript accumulation and developed immunity against FHB infection.  Whereas the expression of FgHrip1 was induced during the infection process, the deletion of the gene impaired the virulence of F. graminearum.  Our results suggest that FgHrip1 triggers immunity and induces disease resistance in tobacco and wheat, thereby providing new insight into strategy for biocontrol of FHB. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of water and nitrogen rate on grain-filling characteristics under high-low seedbed cultivation in winter wheat Junming Liu, Zhuanyun Si, Shuang Li, Lifeng Wu, Yingying Zhang, Xiaolei Wu, Hui Cao, Yang Gao, Aiwang Duan 2024, 23 (12): 4018-4031.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.12.002 Abstract （223）      PDF in ScienceDirect       A high-efficiency mode of high-low seedbed cultivation (HLSC) has been listed as the main agricultural technology to increase land utilization ratio and grain yield in Shandong Province, China.  However, limited information is available on the optimized water and nitrogen management for yield formation, especially the grain-filling process, under HLSC mode.  A three-year field experiment with four nitrogen rates and three irrigation rates of HLSC was conducted to reveal the response of grain-filling parameters, grain weight percentage of spike weight (GPS), spike moisture content (SMC), and winter wheat yield to water and nitrogen rates.  The four nitrogen rates were N1 (360 kg ha–1 pure N), N2 (300 kg ha–1 pure N), N3 (240 kg ha–1 pure N), and N4 (180 kg ha–1 pure N), respectively, and the three irrigation quotas were W1 (120 mm), W2 (90 mm), and W3 (60 mm), respectively.  Results showed that the determinate growth function generally performed well in simulating the temporal dynamics of grain weight (0.989<R2<0.999, where R2 is the determination coefficient).  The occurrence time of maximum filling rate (Tmax) and active grain-filling period (AGP) increased with the increase in the water or nitrogen rate, whereas the average grain-filling rate (Gmean) had a decreasing trend.  The final 1,000-grain weight (FTGW) increased and then decreased with the increase in the nitrogen rates and increased with the increase in the irrigation rates.  The GPS and SMC had a highly significant quadratic polynomial relationship with grain weight and days after anthesis.  Nitrogen, irrigation, and year significantly affected the Tmax, AGP, Gmean, and FTGW.  Particularly, the AGP and FTGW were insignificantly different between high seedbed (HLSC-H) and low seedbed (HLSC-L) across the water and nitrogen levels.  Moreover, the moderate water and nitrogen supply was more beneficial for grain yield, as well as for spike number and grain number per hectare.  The principal component analysis indicated that combining 240–300 kg N ha–1 and 90–120 mm irrigation quota could improve grain-filling efficiency and yield for the HLSC-cultivated winter wheat.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic transcriptome profiles and novel markers in bovine spermatogenesis revealed by single-cell sequencing Yuan Gao, Fuxia Bai, Qi Zhang, Xiaoya An, Zhaofei Wang, Chuzhao Lei, Ruihua Dang 2024, 23 (7): 2362-2378.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.036 Abstract （214）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Testicular development is an important biological process in male and requires interaction between the male germ cells and somatic cells. However, the mechanisms of testicular development in livestock, particularly in cattle, are poorly understood. Furthermore, cellular heterogeneity hinders the profiling of different cell types at different developmental stages. In this study, we first performed a single-cell transcriptomic study of the bovine testis development during puberty by using 10× genomics single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). By collecting the scRNA-seq data from 11,083 cells from prepubertal and pubertal bovine testes, a high-resolution scRNA-seq atlas was described, identifying 9 somatic and 13 spermatogenic clusters. We also distinguished several stage-specific marker genes for bovine germ cells and somatic cells, such as GRAF2 and MORC1 for SSC (spermatogonial stem cells), HJURP and TCF19 for differentiating spermatogonia, ARSE for immature Sertoli, CLEC12B for mature Sertoli, LOC112441470 for Leydig. In conclusion, we have examined the transcription levels and constructed the single-cell developmental maps of germ cells and somatic cells during testicular development in Angus cattle. The datasets provided new insights into spermatogenesis and testicular somatic cell development in cattle. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dietary manganese supplementation inhibits abdominal fat deposition possibly by regulating gene expression and enzyme activity involved in lipid metabolism in the abdominal fat of broilers Xiaoyan Cui, Ke Yang, Weiyun Zhang, Liyang Zhang, Ding Li, Wei Wu, Yun Hu, Tingting Li, Xugang Luo 2024, 23 (12): 4161-4171.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.08.004 Abstract （213）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Excessive abdominal fat deposition seriously restricts the production efficiency of broilers.  Several studies found that dietary supplemental manganese (Mn) could effectively reduce the abdominal fat deposition of broilers, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.  The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the inorganic or organic Mn on abdominal fat deposition, and enzyme activity and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in the abdominal fat of male or female broilers.  A total of 420 1-d-old AA broilers (half males and half females) were randomly allotted by body weight and gender to 1 of 6 treatments with 10 replicates cages of 7 chicks per cage in a completely randomized design involving a 3 (dietary Mn addition)×2 (gender) factorial arrangement.  Male or female broilers were fed with the Mn-unsupplemented basal diets containing 17.52 mg Mn kg–1 (d 1–21) and 15.62 mg Mn kg–1 (d 22–42) by analysis or the basal diets supplemented with 110 mg Mn kg–1 (d 1–21) and 80 mg Mn kg–1 (d 22–42) as either the Mn sulfate or the Mn proteinate with moderate chelation strength (Mn-Prot M) for 42 d.  The results showed that the interaction between dietary Mn addition and gender had no impact (P>0.05) on any of the measured parameters; abdominal fat percentage of broilers was decreased (P<0.003) by Mn addition; Mn addition increased (P<0.004) adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) activity, while Mn-Prot M decreased (P<0.002) the fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in the abdominal fat of broilers compared to the control; Mn addition decreased (P<0.009) diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) mRNA expression level and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA and protein expression levels, but up-regulated (P<0.05) the ATGL mRNA and protein expression levels in the abdominal fat of broilers.  It was concluded that dietary supplementation with Mn inhibited the abdominal fat deposition of broilers possibly via decreasing the expression of PPARγ and DGAT2 as well as increasing the expression and activity of ATGL in the abdominal fat of broilers, and Mn-Prot M was more effective in inhibiting the FAS acitivity. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by regulating starch metabolism Yuguang Zang, Gaozhao Wu, Qiangqiang Li, Yiwen Xu, Mingming Xue, Xingyu Chen, Haiyan Wei, Weiyang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Lijun Liu, Zhiqin Wang, Junfei Gu, Jianchang Yang 2024, 23 (5): 1507-1522.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.05.012 Abstract （210）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets.  Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling.  Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered (WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (AWMD).  Compared with the WW treatment, the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (StSase) and starch branching enzyme (SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment.  After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction (SSs) were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD.  During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction (SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.  However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures.  The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime.  We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Natural variation in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B OsCOX5B regulates seed vigor by altering energy production in rice Chengwei Huang, Zhijuan Ji, Qianqian Huang, Liling Peng, Wenwen Li, Dandan Wang, Zepeng Wu, Jia Zhao, Yongqi He, Zhoufei Wang 2024, 23 (9): 2898-2910.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.06.018 Abstract （208）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.  Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice, including germination index (GI) and germination potential (GP), using a genome-wide association study approach.  One major quantitative trait locus, qGI6/qGP6, was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.  The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B (OsCOX5B) was validated for qGI6/qGP6.  The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type (WT).  Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.  The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.  The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.  Thus, we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics