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First record of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Chinese mainland CHEN Si-qi, ZHAO Yi, LU Yong-yue, RAN Hao, XU Yi-juan 2022, 21 (6): 1825-1829.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(22)63903-0 Abstract （1202）      PDF in ScienceDirect       In January 2022, we received ant specimens collected from three field colonies from Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China.  They were identified as the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, through morphological and molecular analyses.  Wasmannia auropunctata is listed as one of the 100 most dangerous invasive species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and has spread from its native range in South America to every continent except Antarctica.  DNA analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in nine specimens of W. auropunctata found that they had a close genetic relationship with specimens from Argentina.  This study represents the first formal record of the establishment of W. auropunctata outdoor in Chinese mainland.  However, the invasion stage and occurrence degree of W. auropunctata in China are not clear to date.  The implementation of quarantine measures, investigation of the occurrence and distribution, and development of monitoring and control strategies are needed to actively respond to the threat posed by this highly invasive ant. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine (H5-Re13, H5-Re14, and H7-Re4 strains) in chickens, ducks, and geese against newly detected H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9 viruses ZENG Xian-ying, HE Xin-wen, MENG Fei, MA Qi, WANG Yan, BAO Hong-mei, LIU Yan-jing, DENG Guo-hua, SHI Jian-zhong, LI Yan-bing, TIAN Guo-bin, CHEN Hua-lan 2022, 21 (7): 2086-2094.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(22)63904-2 Abstract （761）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Some H5 viruses isolated in poultry or wild birds between 2020 and 2021 were found to be antigenically different from the vaccine strains (H5-Re11 and H5-Re12) used in China.  In this study, we generated three new recombinant vaccine seed viruses by using reverse genetics and used them for vaccine production.  The vaccine strain H5-Re13 contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of an H5N6 virus that bears the clade 2.3.4.4h HA gene, H5-Re14 contains the HA and NA genes of an H5N8 virus that bears the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene, and H7-Re4 contains the HA and NA genes of H7N9 virus detected in 2021.  We evaluated the protective efficacy of the novel H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine in chickens, ducks, and geese.  The inactivated vaccine was immunogenic and induced substantial antibody responses in the birds tested.  Three weeks after vaccination, chickens were challenged with five different viruses detected in 2020 and 2021: three viruses (an H5N1 virus, an H5N6 virus, and an H5N8 virus) bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene, an H5N6 virus bearing the clade 2.3.4.4h HA gene, and an H7N9 virus.  All of the control birds shed high titers of virus and died within 4 days post-challenge, whereas the vaccinated chickens were completely protected from these viruses.  Similar protective efficacy against H5 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4h or 2.3.4.4b HA gene was observed in ducks and geese.  Our study indicates that the newly updated H5/H7 vaccine can provide solid protection against the H5 and H7N9 viruses that are currently circulating in nature.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Herbicidal activity and biochemical characteristics of the botanical drupacine against Amaranthus retroflexus L. YU Hua-long, TIAN Ci, SHEN Rong-yan, ZHAO Han, YANG Juan, DONG Jin-gao, ZHANG Li-hui, MA Shu-jie 2023, 22 (5): 1434-1444.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.120 Abstract （686）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Botanical herbicide has been a hot topic in the research and development of novel pesticides.  The herbicidal activity and biochemical characteristics of the botanical compound drupacine were studied by evaluating its effects on seed germination, seedling growth, morphological and physiological characteristics of Amaranthus retroflexus.  Drupacine inhibited seed germination and seedling growth, and had a median inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 38.99 mg L−1 against A. retroflexus root.  The α-amylase activity and soluble sugar content in treated plants were significantly lower than that of the control.  The expression of α-amylase gene was dosage-dependently inhibited compared to the untreated control.  This suggested that inhibition of α-amylase activity was a mode of action on seed germination.  The root hairs were significantly decreased and part of the root cap fell off after treatment with drupacine.  The ultrastructure observation showed that cell damage of root tips increased with the treatment time.  Drupacine also increased the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.  Peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly enhanced in the treatment compared to the control.  These findings indicated that the physiological and biochemical reaction changes leading to morphological and membrane injuries were the main effects of drupacine on the inhibition of seedling growth.  Drupacine can be developed as a botanical herbicide.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yield penalty of maize (Zea mays L.) under heat stress in different growth stages: A review LI Teng, ZHANG Xue-peng, LIU Qing, LIU Jin, CHEN Yuan-quan, SUI Peng 2022, 21 (9): 2465-2476.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.013 Abstract （632）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Maize (Zea mays L.) can exhibit yield penalties as a result of unfavorable changes to growing conditions.  The main threat to current and future global maize production is heat stress.  Maize may suffer from heat stress in all of the growth stages, either continuously or separately.  In order to manage the impact of climate driven heat stress on the different growth stages of maize, there is an urgent need to understand the similarities and differences in how heat stress affects maize growth and yield in the different growth stages.  For the purposes of this review, the maize growth cycle was divided into seven growth stages, namely the germination and seedling stage, early ear expansion stage, late vegetative growth stage before flowering, flowering stage, lag phase, effective grain-filling stage, and late grain-filling stage.  The main focus of this review is on the yield penalty and the potential physiological changes caused by heat stress in these seven different stages.  The commonalities and differences in heat stress related impacts on various physiological processes in the different growth stages are also compared and discussed.  Finally, a framework is proposed to describe the main influences on yield components in different stages, which can serve as a useful guide for identifying management interventions to mitigate heat stress related declines in maize yield. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analyses and identifications of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling mesocotyl elongation in rice ZHANG Xi-juan, LAI Yong-cai, MENG Ying, TANG Ao, DONG Wen-jun, LIU You-hong, LIU Kai, WANG Li-zhi, YANG Xian-li, WANG Wen-long, DING Guo-hua, JIANG Hui, REN Yang, JIANG Shu-kun 2023, 22 (2): 325-340.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.080 Abstract （599）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Rice direct seeding has the significant potential to save labor and water, conserve environmental resources, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions tremendously.  Therefore, rice direct seeding is becoming the major cultivation technology applied to rice production in many countries.  Identifying and utilizing genes controlling mesocotyl elongation is an effective approach to accelerate breeding procedures and meet the requirements for direct-seeded rice (DSR) production.  This study used a permanent mapping population with 144 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and 2 828 bin-markers to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with mesocotyl length in 2019 and 2020.  The mesocotyl lengths of the rice RILs and their parents, Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and Shennong 265 (SN265), were measured in a growth chamber at 30°C in a dark environment.  A total of 16 QTLs for mesocotyl length were identified on chromosomes 1(2), 2(4), 3(2), 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11(2), and 12.  Seven of these QTLs, including qML1a, qML1b, qML2d, qML3a, qML3b, qML5, and qML11b, were reproducibly detected in both years via the interval mapping method.  The major QTL, qML3a, was reidentified in two years via the composite interval mapping method.  A total of 10 to 413 annotated genes for each QTL were identified in their smallest genetic intervals of 37.69 kb to 2.78 Mb, respectively.  Thirteen predicted genes within a relatively small genetic interval (88.18 kb) of the major mesocotyl elongation QTL, qML3a, were more thoroughly analyzed.  Finally, the coding DNA sequence variations among SN265, LTH, and Nipponbare indicated that the LOC_Os03g50550 gene was the strongest candidate gene for the qML3a QTL controlling the mesocotyl elongation.  This LOC_Os03g50550 gene encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase.  Relative gene expression analysis using qRT-RCR further revealed that the expression levels of the LOC_Os03g50550 gene in the mesocotyl of LTH were significantly lower than in the mesocotyl of SN265.  In conclusion, these results further strengthen our knowledge about rice’s genetic mechanisms of mesocotyl elongation.  This investigation’s discoveries will help to accelerate breeding programs for new DSR variety development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Creating large EMS populations for functional genomics and breeding in wheat Wenqiang Wang, Xizhen Guan, Yong Gan, Guojun Liu, Chunhao Zou, Weikang Wang, Jifa Zhang, Huifei Zhang, Qunqun Hao, Fei Ni, Jiajie Wu, Lynn Epstein, Daolin Fu 2024, 23 (2): 484-493.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.05.039 Abstract （592）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Wheat germplasm is a fundamental resource for basic research, applied studies, and wheat breeding, which can be enriched normally by several paths, such as collecting natural lines, accumulating breeding lines, and introducing mutagenesis materials.  Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is an alkylating agent that can effectively introduce genetic variations in a wide variety of plant species.  In this study, we created a million-scale EMS population (MEP) that started with the Chinese wheat cultivars ‘Luyan 128’, ‘Jimai 38’, ‘Jimai 44’, and ‘Shannong 30’.  In the M1 generation, the MEP had numerous phenotypical variations, such as >3,000 chlorophyll-deficient mutants, 2,519 compact spikes, and 1,692 male sterile spikes.  There were also rare mutations, including 30 independent tillers each with double heads.  Some M1 variations of chlorophyll-deficiency and compact spikes were inheritable, appearing in the M2 or M3 generations.  To advance the entire MEP to higher generations, we adopted a single-seed descendent (SSD) approach.  All other seed composites of M2 were used to screen other agronomically important traits, such as the tolerance to herbicide quizalofop-P-methyl.  The MEP is available for collaborative projects, and provides a valuable toolbox for wheat genetics and breeding for sustainable agriculture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Border effects of the main and ratoon crops in rice ratooning system ZHENG Chang, WANG Yue-chao, XU Wen-ba, YANG De-sheng, YANG Guo-dong, YANG Chen, HUANG Jian-liang, PENG Shao-bing 2023, 22 (1): 80-91.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.048 Abstract （537）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The border effect (BE) is widely observed in crop field experiments, and it has been extensively studied in many crops.  However, only limited attention has been paid to the BE of ratoon rice.  We conducted field experiments on ratoon rice in Qichun County, Hubei Province, Central China in 2018 and 2019 to compare the BE in the main and ratoon crops, and to quantify the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.  The BE of two hybrid varieties was measured for the outermost, second outermost, and third outermost rows in each plot of both crops.  To determine the contribution of BE between the two crops, portions of hills in the outermost and second outermost rows were uprooted during the harvest of the main crop so that the second and third outermost rows then became the outermost rows in the ratoon crop.  Overall, the BE on grain yield was greater in the main crop than in the ratoon crop.  In the main crop, the BE on grain yield was 98.3% in the outermost row, which was explained by the BE on panicles m–2, spikelets/panicle, spikelets m–2, and total dry weight.  In the ratoon crop, the BE on grain yield was reduced to 60.9 and 27.6% with and without the contribution of the BE in the main crop, respectively.  Consequently, 55.1% of the BE on grain yield in the ratoon crop was contributed from the main crop.  High stubble dry weight and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation at the harvest of the main crop were responsible for the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.  Our results suggest that increases in stubble dry weight and NSC accumulation at the harvest of the main crop could be important strategies for developing high-yielding cropping practices in the rice ratooning system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification, evolution, expression and protein interaction analysis of genes encoding B-box zinc-finger proteins in maize XU Xiao-hui, LI Wen-lan, YANG Shu-ke, ZHU Xiang-zhen, SUN Hong-wei, LI Fan, LU Xing-bo, CUI Jin-jie 2023, 22 (2): 371-388.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.091 Abstract （526）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The B-box (BBX) family of proteins consists of zinc-finger transcription factors with one or two highly conserved B-box motifs at their N-termini.  BBX proteins play crucial roles in various aspects of plant growth and development, including seedling photomorphogenesis, shade avoidance, flowering time, and biotic and abiotic stress responses.  Previous studies have identified many different BBXs from several plant species, although the BBX family members in maize are largely unknown.  Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of maize BBX (ZmBBX) expression and interaction networks would therefore provide valuable information for understanding their functions.  In this study, 36 maize BBXs in three major clades were identified.  The ZmBBXs within a given clade were found to share similar domains, motifs, and genomic structures.  Gene duplication analyses revealed that the expansion of BBX proteins in maize has mainly occurred by segmental duplication.  The expression levels of ZmBBXs were analyzed in various organs and tissues, and under different abiotic stress conditions.  Protein–protein interaction networks of ZmBBXs were established using bioinformatic tools and verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays.  Our findings can facilitate a greater understanding of the complexity of the ZmBBX family and provide novel clues for unravelling ZmBBX protein functions Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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OsNPF3.1, a nitrate, abscisic acid and gibberellin transporter gene, is essential for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency Junnan Hang, Bowen Wu, Diyang Qiu, Guo Yang, Zhongming Fang, Mingyong Zhang 2024, 23 (4): 1087-1104.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.024 Abstract （510）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4–8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1 (NRT1)/peptide transporter family (NPF), but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone transport and rice growth and development remains unknown.  In this study, we described OsNPF3.1 as an essential nitrate and phytohormone transporter gene for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE).  OsNPF3.1 possesses four major haplotypes of its promoter sequence in 517 cultivars, and its expression is positively associated with tiller number.  Its expression was higher in the basal part, culm, and leaf blade than in other parts of the plant, and was strongly induced by nitrate, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin 3 (GA3) in the root and shoot of rice.  Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsNPF3.1 is a pH-dependent low-affinity nitrate transporter, with rice protoplast uptake assays showing it to be an ABA and GA3 transporter.  OsNPF3.1 overexpression significantly promoted ABA accumulation in the roots and GA accumulation in the basal part of the plant which inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and rice tillering, especially at high nitrate concentrations.  The NUtE of OsNPF3.1-overexpressing plants was enhanced under low and medium nitrate concentrations, whereas the NUtE of OsNPF3.1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) plants was increased under high nitrate concentrations.  The results indicate that OsNPF3.1 transports nitrate and phytohormones in different rice tissues under different nitrate concentrations.  The altered OsNPF3.1 expression improves NUtE in the OsNPF3.1-overexpressing and CRISPR lines at low and high nitrate concentrations, respectively. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The miR164-TaNAC14 module regulates root development and abiotic-stress tolerance in wheat seedlings CHI Qing, DU Lin-ying, MA Wen, NIU Ruo-yu, WU Bao-wei, GUO Li-jian, MA Meng, LIU Xiang-li, ZHAO Hui-xian 2023, 22 (4): 981-998.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.016 Abstract （497）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Previous studies have revealed the miR164 family and the miR164-targeted NAC transcription factor genes in rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis that play versatile roles in developmental processes and stress responses.  In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we found nine genetic loci of tae-miR164 (tae-MIR164 a to i) producing two mature sequences that down-regulate the expression of three newly identified target genes of TaNACs (TaNAC1, TaNAC11, and TaNAC14) by the cleavage of the respective mRNAs.  Overexpression of tae-miR164 or one of its target genes (TaNAC14) demonstrated that the miR164-TaNAC14 module greatly affects root growth and development and stress (drought and salinity) tolerance in wheat seedlings, and TaNAC14 promotes root growth and development in wheat seedlings and enhances drought tolerance, while tae-miR164 inhibits root development and reduces drought and salinity tolerance by down-regulating the expression of TaNAC14.  These findings identify the miR164-TaNAC14 module as well as other tae-miR164-regulated genes which can serve as new genetic resources for stress-resistance wheat breeding. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Less hairy leaf 1, an RNaseH-like protein, regulates trichome formation in rice through auxin CHEN Hong-yan, ZHU Zhu, WANG Xiao-wen, LI Yang-yang, HU Dan-ling, ZHANG Xue-fei, JIA Lu-qi, CUI Zhi-bo, SANG Xian-chun 2023, 22 (1): 31-40.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.101 Abstract （494）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The trichomes of rice leaves are formed by the differentiation and development of epidermal cells.  Plant trichomes play an important role in stress resistance and protection against direct ultraviolet irradiation.  However, the development of rice trichomes remains poorly understood.  In this study, we conducted ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)-mediated mutagenesis on the wild-type (WT) indica rice ‘Xida 1B’.  Phenotypic analysis led to the screening of a mutant that is defective in trichome development, designated lhl1 (less hairy leaf 1).  We performed map-based cloning and localized the mutated gene to the 70-kb interval between the molecular markers V-9 and V-10 on chromosome 2.  The locus LOC_Os02g25230 was identified as the candidate gene by sequencing.  We constructed RNA interference (LHL1-RNAi) and overexpression lines (LHL1-OE) to verity the candidate gene.  The leaves of the LHL1-RNAi lines showed the same trichome developmental defects as the lhl1 mutant, whereas the trichome morphology on the leaf surface of the LHL1-OE lines was similar to that of the WT, although the number of trichomes was significantly higher.  Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the expression levels of auxin-related genes and positive regulators of trichome development in the lhl1 mutant were down-regulated compared with the WT.  Hormone response analysis revealed that LHL1 expression was affected by auxin.  The results indicate that the influence of LHL1 on trichome development in rice leaves may be associated with an auxin pathway. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans: From molecular interactions to integrated management strategies DONG Suo-meng, ZHOU Shao-qun 2022, 21 (12): 3456-3466.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.060 Abstract （488）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Over 170 years after the infamous Irish Potato Famine, potato late blight (PLB) caused by Phytophthora infestans remains the single most devastating disease of global potato production, causing up to 10 billion USD in yield loss and management costs.  Through decades of research, growers and agronomists in the field as well as laboratory scientists have made significant progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis process of this critical pathosystem and effective management strategies to control PLB.  Yet, the need to feed an ever-increasing global population under changing climate demands continued improvement in efficient and sustainable PLB management schemes that can be implemented across a broad economic spectrum.  In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the molecular interaction between P. infestans and its host plants, highlight the current integrated pest management strategy to control PLB on local and continental scales, and discuss the potential of further improvement of sustainable PLB control through genetic enhancement of crop resistance and emerging crop protection technologies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orthologue is a key regulator of male sex determination in Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) FAN Zi-zhen, MA Qin, MA Si-ya, CAO Feng-qin, YAN Ri-hui, LIN Xian-wu 2023, 22 (2): 505-513.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.007 Abstract （486）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The initiation of sex differentiation in insects is regulated by primary sex determination signals.  In the Medfly Ceratitis capitata and other Tephritids, Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) is the master gene for male sex determination.  However, the primary signal in Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), a very destructive Tephritid pest across the world, remains ambiguous.  In this study, we have isolated and characterized the Medfly MoY homolog in Z. cucurbitae, ZcMoY.  ZcMOY protein shows high sequence conservation to its homologs in Bactrocera species.  ZcMoY transcription begins and peaks at very early embryonic stages and then becomes undetectable except the testes and heads of day 1 male adults.  Silencing ZcMoY in early embryos by RNAi causes abnormal external genitalia and interior reproductive organs, giving rise to intersexes and feminization of XY individuals.  The expression pattern and knockdown phenotypes of ZcMoY indicate that ZcMoY plays a key role in regulating sex determination of Z. cucurbitae males.  Our findings will help the understanding of sex determination in Z. cucurbitae and facilitate the development of genetic sexing strains in its biological control. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae CHEN Juan-ni, WU Lin-tong, SONG Kun, ZHU Yun-song, DING Wei 2022, 21 (11): 3245-3262.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.086 Abstract （486）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trends in the global commercialization of genetically modified crops in 2023 Xingru Cheng, Haohui Li, Qiaoling Tang, Haiwen Zhang, Tao Liu, Youhua Wang 2024, 23 (12): 3943-3952.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.09.012 Abstract （476）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased food production, improved crop quality, reduced pesticide use, promoted changes in agricultural production methods, and become an important new production strategy for dealing with insect pests and weeds while reducing the cultivated land area.  This article provides a comprehensive examination of the global distribution of GM crops in 2023.  It discusses the internal factors that are driving their adoption, such as the increasing number of GM crops and the growing variety of commodities.  This article also provides information support and application guidance for the new developments in global agricultural science and technology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates ZHOU Qun, YUAN Rui, ZHANG Wei-yang, GU Jun-fei, LIU Li-jun, ZHANG Hao, WANG Zhi-qin, YANG Jian-chang 2023, 22 (1): 63-79.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.076 Abstract （471）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice (IJHR) is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.  Rational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.  However, the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.  The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.  Three rice cultivars currently used in rice production, an IJHR cultivar Yongyou 2640 (YY2640), a japonica cultivar Lianjing 7 (LJ-7) and an indica cultivar Yangdao 6 (YD-6), were grown in the field with six N rates (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg ha–1) in 2018 and 2019.  The results showed that with the increase in N application rates, the grain yield of each test cultivar increased at first and then decreased, and the highest grain yield was at the N rate of 400 kg ha–1 for YY2640, with a grain yield of 13.4 t ha–1, and at 300 kg ha–1 for LJ-7 and YD-6, with grain yields of 9.4–10.6 t ha–1.  The grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of YY2640 were higher than those of LJ-7 or YD-6 at the same N rate, especially at the higher N rates.  When compared with LJ-7 or YD-6, YY2640 exhibited better physiological traits, including greater root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate, higher cytokinin content in the roots and leaves, and more remobilization of assimilates from the stem to the grain during grain filling.  The results suggest that IJHR could attain both higher grain yield and higher NUE than inbred rice at either low or high N application rates.  Improved shoot and root traits of the IJHR contribute to its higher grain yield and NUE, and a higher content of cytokinins in the IJHR plants plays a vital role in their responses to N application rates and also benefits other physiological processes.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mitochondrial dynamics caused by QoIs and SDHIs fungicides depended on FgDnm1 in Fusarium graminearum KANG Jin-bo, ZHANG Jie, LIU Yin-kai, SONG Ji-chang, OU Jian-lin, TAO Xian, ZHOU Ming-guo, DUAN Ya-bing 2023, 22 (2): 481-494.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.118 Abstract （436）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease on small grain cereal crops, because it reduces yield and quality and causes the mycotoxin contamination to the grain.  Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are large GTPase superfamily members, which are typically involved in the budding and division of vesicles in eukaryotic cells, but their roles in Fusarium spp. remain unexplored.  Here, we found that FgDnm1, a DRP and homolog to Dnm1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contributes to the normal fungal growth, sexual reproduction and sensitivity to fungicides.  In addition, we found FgDnm1 co-localizes with mitochondria and is involved in toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production.  Several quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) cause fragmentated morphology of mitochondria.  Importantly, the deletion of FgDnm1 displays filamentous mitochondria and blocks the mitochondrial fragmentation induced by QoIs and SDHIs.  Taken together, our studies uncover the effect of mitochondrial dynamics in fungal normal growth and how such events link to fungicides sensitivity and toxisome formation.  Thus, we concluded that altered mitochondrial morphology induced by QoIs and SDHIs depends on FgDnm1. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a role in phosphorus depletion in organic manure amended high fertility soil HUO Wei-ge, CHAI Xiao-fen, WANG Xi-he, William David BATCHELOR, Arjun KAFLE, FENG Gu 2022, 21 (10): 3051-3066.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.045 Abstract （431）      PDF in ScienceDirect       The species richness and propagule number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are high in intensively-managed agricultural soils.  Past research has shown that AMF improve crop phosphorus (P) uptake under low soil P conditions, however it is unclear if AMF play a role in high Olsen-P soils.  In this study, we investigated whether native fungal benefits exist under high P input field conditions in-situ and contribute to P utilization.  We installed in-grow tubes which were sealed with different membrane pore sizes (30 or 0.45 µm) to allow or prevent AMF hyphae access to the hyphal compartment and prevent cotton roots from penetrating the chamber.  We used the depletion of soil available P (Olsen-P) in the hyphae accessed compartment to indicate P uptake by the native AMF community.  Our results showed that the native AMF mediated P depletion and microbial biomass P (MBP) turnover and caused the largest Olsen-P depletion ratio and MBP turnover ratio in the high P treatments (Olsen-P: 78.29 mg kg–1).  The cotton roots in each fertilization regime were colonized by a unique AMF community and Glomus and Paraglomus were the dominant genera, implying the long-term fertilization regimes domesticated the AMF community.  We conclude that native AMF caused the P depletion and P turnover even under high soil Olsen-P conditions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Dy10 on wheat dough properties and end-use quality WANG Yan, GUO Zhen-ru, CHEN Qing, LI Yang, ZHAO Kan, WAN Yong-fang, Malcolm J. HAWKESFORD, JIANG Yun-feng, KONG Li, PU Zhi-en, DENG Mei, JIANG Qian-tao, LAN Xiu-jin, WANG Ji-rui, CHEN Guo-yue, MA Jian, ZHENG You-liang, WEI Yu-ming, QI Peng-fei 2023, 22 (6): 1609-1617.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.041 Abstract （423）      PDF in ScienceDirect       High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) are the most critical grain storage proteins that determine the unique processing qualities of wheat. Although it is a part of the superior HMW-GS pair (Dx5+Dy10), the contribution of the Dy10 subunit to wheat processing quality remains unclear. In this study, we elucidated the effect of Dy10 on wheat processing quality by generating and analyzing a deletion mutant (with the Dy10-null allele), and by elucidating the changes to wheat flour following the incorporation of purified Dy10. The Dy10-null allele was transcribed normally, but the Dy10 subunit was lacking. These findings implied that the Dy10-null allele reduced the glutenin:gliadin ratio and negatively affected dough strength (i.e., Zeleny sedimentation value, gluten index, and dough development and stability times) and the bread-making quality; however, it positively affected the biscuit-making quality. The incorporation of various amounts of purified Dy10 into wheat flour had a detrimental effect on biscuit-making quality. The results of this study demonstrate that the Dy10 subunit is essential for maintaining wheat dough strength. Furthermore, the Dy10-null allele may be exploited by soft wheat breeding programs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-omics-driven development of alternative crops for natural rubber production YANG Ning, YANG Dan-dan, YU Xu-chen, XU Cao 2023, 22 (4): 959-971.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.03.007 Abstract （423）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Natural rubber (NR) is an irreplaceable biopolymer of economic and strategic importance owing to its unique physical and chemical properties.  The Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.) is currently the exclusive commercial source of NR, and it is primarily grown in plantations restricted to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia.  However, current Pará rubber production barely meets the sharply increasing global industrial demand for rubber.  Petroleum-based synthetic rubber (SR) has been used to supplement the shortage of NR but its industrial performance is not comparable to that of NR.  Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new productive rubber crops with broader environmental adaptability.  This review summarizes the current research progress on alternative rubber-producing plants, including horticultural plants (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin and Lactuca L. species), woody plants (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.), and other plant species with potential for NR production.  With an emphasis on the molecular basis of NR biosynthesis revealed by a multi-omics approach, we highlight new integrative strategies and biotechnologies for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis with a broader scope, which may accelerate the breeding and improvement of new rubber crops.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics