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    2025 Vol. 24 No. 8 Previous Issue   

    Special Focus: Innovative Pathways to Sustainable Wheat Production
    Review
    Horticulture
    Plant Protection
    Animal Science · Veterinary Medicine
    Agro-ecosystem & Environment
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    Special Focus: Innovative Pathways to Sustainable Wheat Production
    Editorial – Innovative pathways to sustainable wheat production
    Xiao Wang, Xiangnan Li, Fulai Liu, Dong Jiang
    2025, 24(8): 2885-2887.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.05.026
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a cornerstone of global food security, feeding over a third of the world’s population and functioning as a critical economic crop across diverse agroecological zones (FAO 2022).  However, wheat production faces mounting challenges from climate volatility, resource depletion, and the pressing demand for sustainable intensification.  This special issue presents seven cutting-edge studies that bridge scales from molecular mechanisms to field-level management, offering integrative solutions to enhance wheat’s resilience, productivity, and sustainability.  Structured into three thematic sections, these contributions advance both fundamental understanding and practical applications for the future of wheat cultivation.

     

    I. Stress priming for drought resilience

     

    Drought stress during critical reproductive stages remains a primary constraint to global wheat productivity, often causing significant yield losses and quality deterioration (Simane et al. 1993).  Emerging research on stress priming - where controlled pre-exposure to moderate stress enhances subsequent stress tolerance - has opened promising avenues for crop improvement (Wang et al. 2014; Li et al. 2023).  The current issue presents two pivotal studies that substantially advance the fundamental understanding and practical application of priming technology in wheat systems.  Li et al. (2025a) decode the molecular basis of drought priming, identifying 416 differentially expressed genes and 27 transcription factors governing hormone signaling, osmoprotection, and cuticular wax biosynthesis.  These findings establish the molecular architecture of stress memory in wheat, explaining how priming induces a persistent state of enhanced drought readiness.

    Li et al. (2025b) further demonstrate that priming benefits extend beyond yield protection to safeguard grain quality parameters.  Primed plants maintain starch functionality, preserve protein composition balance, and minimize quality deterioration under stress conditions.

    These discoveries transform priming from a physiological curiosity into a practical field solution, though challenges persist in developing cost-effective delivery systems suitable for diverse farming contexts.

     

    II. Precision agronomy for enhanced resource efficiency

     

    Achieving sustainable yield gains in wheat systems necessitates innovative approaches to optimizing critical resources, particularly nitrogen and water, as current approaches remain key constraints to productivity (Chen et al. 2023).  Recent studies in this issue demonstrate significant advances in precision management strategies that address these challenges while maintaining yield potential.

    Liang et al. (2025) elucidate the role of 24-epibras-sinolide in improving nitrogen use efficiency under limited nitrogen conditions.  Their work reveals how this plant growth regulator fine-tunes fructan metabolism, reducing floret abortion and maintaining yields with less nitrogen input.  This hormonal approach represents a novel pathway to overcome one of the most persistent challenges in wheat production.  Complementing these findings, Guo et al. (2025) present compelling evidence through a 13-year field study that integrated soil–crop management systems can simultaneously boost yields and increase soil organic carbon annually while improving nitrogen recovery efficiency.  Their detailed soil fractionation analysis yields critical insights into the microbial mechanisms underlying these improvements, offering a scientific foundation for sustainable intensification strategies.

    Water scarcity, particularly in semi-arid wheat-growing regions, demands innovative irrigation solutions that maximize efficiency without compromising yield (Wasson et al. 2012).  Che et al. (2025) demonstrate that deficit irrigation can reduce water use by 25%, extending photosynthetic activity and improving yield stability under water stress conditions.  Similarly, Li et al. (2025c) validate the effectiveness of micro-sprinkler irrigation technology, which enhances water productivity through precise synchronization of water delivery with critical growth stages, outperforming conventional flood irrigation methods.  

    These studies illustrate how precision agronomy - whether hormonal regulation, soil health management, or optimized irrigation - can successfully decouple input reduction from yield penalties.  The findings provide actionable insights for reducing the environmental footprint of wheat production while maintaining productivity under increasingly constrained resource availability.

     

    III. Climate adaptation through systems modeling

     

    The impact of climate change on wheat production systems is escalating, manifested through shifting temperature regimes, altered precipitation patterns, and changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Lesk et al. 2021).  Traditional static models of agronomic management are increasingly ineffective under dynamic climate conditions.  Preparing wheat systems for future climates demands immediate attention through adaptive strategies grounded in robust data and predictive modeling.  

    By integrating 10 years of comprehensive field data with robust crop simulation models, Liu et al. (2025) provide critical insights into future yield constraints under projected climate scenarios.  Their analysis reveals two notable findings.  First, growing degree days and solar radiation will emerge as primary yield-limiting factors in many current production regions.  Second, the potential benefits of elevated CO2 concentrations are highly contingent on complementary management interventions.  These results challenge simplistic assumptions about climate change impacts and underscore the need for nuanced, context-specific adaptation strategies.  

    The study’s most valuable contribution lies in its development and validation of a genotype×environment× management (G×E×M) framework for climate adaptation.  This integrated approach transcends conventional breeding or agronomic solutions considered in isolation, emphasizing instead their synergistic interactions.

    This collection exemplifies how multidisciplinary science can reconcile productivity with sustainability.  Integrating discoveries from molecular biology to systems modeling generates the knowledge and tools needed to transform wheat production.  The path forward demands continued innovation coupled with effective translation, ensuring that scientific breakthroughs are transformed into practical solutions for farmers worldwide.  In this era of global change, such integrative approaches will define the future of sustainable agriculture.

    Drought priming enhances wheat grain starch and protein quality under drought stress during grain filling
    Liulong Li, Zhiqiang Mao, Pei Wang, Jian Cai, Qin Zhou, Yingxin Zhong, Dong Jiang, Xiao Wang
    2025, 24(8): 2888-2901.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.05.008
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  
    The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial.  Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, although its effects on grain quality remain elusive.  This study investigated the influence of drought priming on starch and protein levels in grains under drought stress during grain filling.  Our results revealed that drought stress leads to a reduction in the contents of starch and its constituents, while simultaneously increasing glutenin macropolymers and protein fractions.  Notably, drought primed plants under drought stress (PD) exhibited mitigated declines in the contents of starch and its components, leading to improvements in starch swelling power and pasting properties.  In addition, PD resulted in a slight increase in the protein fractions, limiting the overall rise in total protein content compared to drought stress alone.  The results of our study underscore the efficacy of drought priming as a strategy to counteract the negative effects of drought stress on grain quality, particularly by minimizing starch losses and restraining protein content elevation.
    Time-course transcriptomic information reveals the mechanisms of improved drought tolerance by drought priming in wheat
    Qing Li, Zhuangzhuang Sun, Zihan Jing, Xiao Wang, Chuan Zhong, Wenliang Wan, Maguje Masa Malko, Linfeng Xu, Zhaofeng Li, Qin Zhou, Jian Cai, Yingxin Zhong, Mei Huang, Dong Jiang
    2025, 24(8): 2902-2919.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.03.081
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  
    Frequent drought events severely restrict global crop productivity, especially those occurring in the reproductive stages.  Moderate drought priming during the earlier growth stages is a promising strategy for allowing plants to resist recurrent severe drought stress.  However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.  Here, we subjected wheat plants to drought priming during the vegetative growth stage and to severe drought stress at 10 days after anthesis.  We then collected leaf samples at the ends of the drought priming and recovery periods, and at the end of drought stress for transcriptome sequencing in combination with phenotypic and physiological analyses.  The drought-primed wheat plants maintained a lower plant temperature, with higher stomatal openness and photosynthesis, thereby resulting in much lower 1,000-grain weight and grain yield losses under the later drought stress than the non-primed plants.  Interestingly, 416 genes, including 27 transcription factors (e.g., MYB, NAC, HSF), seemed to be closely related to the improved drought tolerance as indicated by the dynamic transcriptome analysis.  Moreover, the candidate genes showed six temporal expression patterns and were significantly enriched in several stress response related pathways, such as plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and wax synthesis.  These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the long-term effects of early drought priming that can effectively improve drought tolerance in wheat, and may provide potential approaches for addressing the challenges of increasing abiotic stresses and securing food safety under global warming scenarios.  
    Brassinosteroids improve the redox state of wheat florets under low-nitrogen stress and alleviate degeneration
    Zimeng Liang, Juan Li, Jingyi Feng, Zhiyuan Li, Vinay Nangia, Fei Mo, Yang Liu
    2025, 24(8): 2920-2939.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.03.035
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Reducing nitrogen application rates can mitigate issues such as environmental degradation and resource wastage.  However, it can also exacerbate problems such as wheat floret degeneration, leading to reduced yields.  Therefore, investigating wheat floret degeneration mechanisms under low-nitrogen stress and identifying mitigation measures are conducive to achieving high yields and sustainable development.  To investigate the physiological mechanism of how low-nitrogen stress affects wheat floret degradation and whether exogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) can alleviate this stress, experiments were designed with treatments of three nitrogen application rates (N0, no nitrogen application; N1, 120 kg ha–1 pure nitrogen; N2, 240 kg ha–1 pure nitrogen) and exogenous spraying (N0CK, no nitrogen with water spraying; N0BR, no nitrogen with 24-epibrassinolide (an active brassinosteroid) spraying; N1, 120 kg ha–1 pure nitrogen with water spraying).  The results indicated that low-nitrogen stress generated a large amount of reactive oxygen species.  Although wheat spikes synthesized flavonoids to combat oxidative stress, their energy metabolism (glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle were inhibited, which kept the reactive oxygen levels elevated within the spike, induced cell death and exacerbated floret degeneration.  Furthermore, brassinosteroids played a role in regulating wheat floret degeneration under low-nitrogen stress.  Exogenous foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted energy metabolism and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle within the spike, which enhanced the energy charge and effectively mitigated a portion of the reactive oxygen induced by low-nitrogen stress, thereby alleviating the floret degeneration caused by low-nitrogen stress.  In summary, low-nitrogen stress disrupts the redox homeostasis of wheat spikes, leading to floret degeneration, while brassinosteroids alleviate floret degeneration by improving the redox state of wheat spikes.  This study provides theoretical support for balancing the contradiction between high yields and sustainable development and will be beneficial for the application of low nitrogen in production.

    Long-term integrated agronomic optimization maximizes soil quality and synergistically improves wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency
    Xinhu Guo, Jinpeng Chu, Yifan Hua, Yuanjie Dong, Feina Zheng, Mingrong He, Xinglong Dai
    2025, 24(8): 2940-2953.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.08.010
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Integrated agronomic optimization (IAO) adopts suitable crop varieties, sowing dates, planting density, and advanced nutrient management to redesign the entire production system according to the local environment, and it can achieve synergistic improvements in crop yields and resource utilization.  However, the intensity and magnitude of the impacts of IAO on soil quality under long-term intensive production and high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) require further clarification.  Based on a 13-year field experiment conducted in Dawenkou, Tai’an, Shadong Province, China, we investigated the effects of four cultivation modes on the grain yield, NUE, and soil aggregate structure, as well as the fraction of organic matter (SOM) and soil quality, reflected by the integrated fertility index (IFI), during the winter wheat maturation periods in 2020–2022.  The four cultivation modes were traditional local farming (T1), farmer-based improvement (T2), increased yield regardless of production cost (T3), and integrated soil–crop system management (T4).  As the IAO modes, T2 and T4 were characterized by denser planting, reduced nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates, and delayed sowing compared to T1 and T3, respectively.  In this long-term experiment, IAO was found to maintain aggregate stability, increase SOM content (by increasing organic carbon and total nitrogen of the light fraction (LF) and the particulate organic matter fraction (POM)), and improve SOM quality (by increasing the proportions of LF and POM and the ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen in SOM).  Compared to T1, the IFI values of T2, T3, and T4 increased by 10.91, 23.38, and 25.55%, and by 17.78, 6.41, and 28.94% in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers, respectively.  The grain yield of T4 was 22.52% higher than that of T1, and reached 95.98% of that in T3.  Furthermore, the NUE of T4 was 35.61% higher than those of T1 and T3.  In conclusion, our results suggest that the IAO mode T4 synergistically increases grain yield and NUE in winter wheat, while maximizing soil quality.

    Mild deficit irrigation delays flag leaf senescence and increases yield in drip-irrigated spring wheat by regulating endogenous hormones
    Ziqiang Che, Shuting Bie, Rongrong Wang, Yilin Ma, Yaoyuan Zhang, Fangfang He, Guiying Jiang
    2025, 24(8): 2954-2973.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.009
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Drought is one of the important stress factors affecting the growth and development processes of wheat in China’s arid zones, which severely limits the yield.  This study examined the impact of deficit irrigation on the flag leaf protection system and yield of drip-irrigated spring wheat during the growth stages in arid zones.  In addition, this study aimed to determine the optimal water supply mode for efficient production under drip irrigation conditions and to provide technical support for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of drip-irrigated wheat.  The experiment was conducted with a split plot design using the water-sensitive variety Xinchun 22 (XC22) and the drought-tolerant variety Xinchun 6 (XC6) as the main plots, while a fully irrigated control (CK, 75–80% FC, where FC is field water holding capacity), mild deficit (T1, 60–65% FC) and moderate deficit (T2, 45–50% FC) at the tillering stage, and mild deficit (J1, 60–65% FC) and moderate deficit (J2, 45–50% FC) at the jointing stage were used as the subplots.  Systematic studies were conducted on the regulatory effects of deficit irrigation during the tillering and jointing stages on protective substances, membrane lipid metabolism, endogenous hormones in the flag leaf, and yield of spring wheat.  Compared with treatments T2 and J2, treatments T1 and J1 were beneficial for increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), the levels of proline (Pro), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and zeatin riboside (ZR), and the ratios IAA/abscisic acid (ABA), ZR/ABA, IAA/ZR, and (IAA+ZR)/ABA, while reducing the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radicals (O2·), malondialdehyde (MDA), phosphatidic acid (PA), free fatty acids (FFA), ABA, phospholipase D (PLD), and lipoxygenase (LOX), alleviating flag leaf senescence, and increasing yield.  Under treatment T1, the SOD, POD, CAT, and Pro levels of flag leaves in XC6 were 11.14, 8.08, 12.98, and 3.66% higher than those of treatment CK, and under treatment J1, they were 6.43, 4.49, 7.36, and 2.50% higher than those of treatment CK.  Under treatment T1 in XC6, the IAA, ZR level of the flag leaf, spike number, grains per spike, 1,000-grain weight and yield were 10.50, 5.79, 3.10, 8.84, 3.78, and 10.52% higher than those of treatment CK, and under treatment J1, they were 5.36, 3.94, 2.40, 3.72, 1.37, and 4.46% higher than those of treatment CK.  Compared with XC22, XC6 was more conducive to the improvement of flag leaf protective substances, IAA, ZR, dry matter weight, yield components and yield.  The correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between IAA and ZR with SOD, POD, CAT, proline, and yield.  IAA and ZR promoted the enhancement of protective enzyme activities, thereby clearing reactive oxygen species to cope with the oxidative stress caused by drought and achieve the effect of delaying senescence.  Principal component analysis showed that yield components and dry matter weight, had direct effects on yield.  Mild deficiency during the tillering stage without water stress in other stages could effectively optimize yield components, not only achieving high yield while increasing protective substances, but also reducing the reactive oxygen species content.  This strategy can be recommended as a water-saving and high-yield production mode for drip irrigation of spring wheat in Xinjiang, China.

    Effects of micro-sprinkler irrigation and topsoil compaction on winter wheat grain yield and water use efficiency in the Huaibei Plain, China
    Jinpeng Li, Siqi Wang, Zhongwei Li, Kaiyi Xing, Xuefeng Tao, Zhimin Wang, Yinghua Zhang, Chunsheng Yao, Jincai Li
    2025, 24(8): 2974-2988.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.02.020
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Increasing the grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat in the Huaibei Plain (HP), China are essential.  However, the effects of micro-sprinkler irrigation and topsoil compaction after wheat seed sowing on the GY and WUE are unclear.  Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the 2021–2023 winter wheat growing seasons with a total six treatments: rain-fed (RF), conventional irrigation (CI) and micro-sprinkler irrigation (MI), as well as topsoil compaction after seed sowing under these three irrigation methods (RFC, CIC, and MIC).  The results in the two years indicated that MI significantly increased GY compared to CI and RF, by averages of 17.9 and 42.1%, respectively.  The increase in GY of MI was due to its significant increases in the number of spikes, kernels per spike, and grain weight.  The chlorophyll concentration in flag leaves of MI after the anthesis stage maintained higher levels than with CI and RF, and was the lowest in RF.  This was due to the dramatically enhanced catalase and peroxidase activities and lower malondialdehyde content under MI.  Compared with RF and CI, MI significantly promoted dry matter remobilization and production after anthesis, as well as its contribution to GY.  In addition, MI significantly boosted root growth, and root activity during the grain-filling stage was remarkably enhanced compared to CI and RF.  In 2021–2022, there was no significant difference in WUE between MI and RF, but the WUE of RF was significantly lower than that of MI in 2022–2023.  However, the WUE in MI was significantly improved compared to CI, and it increased by averages of 15.1 and 17.6% for the two years.  Topsoil compaction significantly increased GY and WUE under rain-fed conditions due to improved spike numbers and dry matter production.  Overall, topsoil compaction is advisable for enhancing GY and WUE in rain-fed conditions, whereas micro-sprinkler irrigation can be adopted to simultaneously achieve high GY and WUE in the HP.

    Optimizing management strategies to enhance wheat productivity in the North China Plain under climate change
    Baohua Liu, Ganqiong Li, Yongen Zhang, Ling Zhang, Dianjun Lu, Peng Yan, Shanchao Yue, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Qingfeng Meng, Xinping Chen
    2025, 24(8): 2989-3003.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.004
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Accurately estimating the wheat yield potential under climate changes is essential for assessing food production capacity.  However, studies based on crop modeling and imperfect management experiment data frequently underestimate the wheat yield potential.  In this study, we evaluated wheat yield potential based on the CERES-Wheat model and a well-managed 10-year (2008–2017) field study in the North China Plain (NCP), and further identified the critical climate and management yield-limiting factors for improving wheat yield potential and closing the wheat yield gap.  Our results revealed that wheat yield potential averaged 10.8 t ha–1 in the recent decade.  The low growing degree days (GDD) in the pre-winter growing season (592°C d) and solar radiation in the whole growth season (3,036 MJ m–2) are the most critical climatic factors limiting wheat yield potential in the current production system.  Nonetheless, wheat yield potential in the NCP is projected to decline during 2040–2059 by 1.8 and 5.1% under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, without considering the elevated CO2 concentration.  However, the positive influence of CO2 fertilization will be sufficient to offset these negative impacts from climatic warming and solar dimming, ultimately leading to an enhancement in wheat yield potential during 2040–2059 by 7.5 and 9.8% compared to the baseline under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively.  To improve the wheat yield potential, we recommend selecting an appropriate planting date (5 October) and planting density (400 plants m–2) that align with light and temperature conditions during the wheat growing season.  In addition, optimizing the timing and rate of water application (three times, 270 mm) and fertilizer use (based on in-season root zone nitrogen management) is crucial for closing the wheat yield gap.  This study underscores the importance of adopting multiple management practices that account for complex climate–crop–soil interconnections to enhance the wheat yield based on a long-term field experiment under the changing climate.


    Review
    Important role and benefits of Azolla plants in the management of agroecosystem services, biodiversity, and sustainable rice production in Southeast Asia
    Siriyaporn Chanapanchai, Wahdan Fitriya, Ida Bagus Made Artadana, Kanyaratt Supaibulwatana
    2025, 24(8): 3004-3023.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.02.027
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Global warming and climate change have made food production through conventional agriculture inefficient, and their effects on livestock and crop cultivation are leading to disruptions in the food supply.  The troubles are severe in regions suffering from improper land management and unsustainable practices.  The Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economic model, designed to reduce and recycle resources by using environmentally friendly procedures, has been developed.  The Azolla plant represents an interesting model for BCG and for enhancing community networks in Southeast Asia (SEA) because it provides multipurpose materials.  Azolla can be used for various applications in agriculture such as biofertilizer and animal feed.  However, our understanding and utilization of Azolla are limited.  Moreover, collaboration among farmers is insufficient to maximize the benefits of Azolla.  In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of the role of Azolla in agriculture.  We review the main properties of Azolla as biofertilizers, especially regarding rice production and the interaction with cyanobacteria.  For livestock, we discuss procedures to use Azolla in animal feed and evaluate the ingredients of the meal.  In addition, we discuss product qualities from livestock treated with Azolla in the diet.  This review also describes Azolla-based farming, which is designed for efficient land use and promotes nutrient cycling.  Hence, we show that the Azolla plant is one of the key factors for farm-based agroecosystem services which can drive sustainable bioresource management in SEA.  Moreover, we also propose the potential development of Azolla to improve its properties as a biofertilizer, a functional feed for animals and humans, and a feedstock for bio-oil production.

    Horticulture
    Genome-wide analysis of the CaYABBY family in pepper and functional identification of CaYABBY5 in the regulation of floral determinacy and fruit morphogenesis
    Ke Fang, Yi Liu, Zhiquan Wang, Xiang Zhang, Xuexiao Zou, Feng Liu, Zhongyi Wang
    2025, 24(8): 3024-3039.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.025
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Pepper fruit is highly favored for its spicy taste, diverse flavors, and significant nutritional benefits.  The proper development of flowers and fruits directly determines the quality of pepper fruit.  The YABBY gene family exhibits diverse functions in growth and development, which is crucial to the identity of flower organs.  However, the specific functions of these genes in pepper remain unclear.  In this study, nine CaYABBY genes were identified and characterized in pepper.  Most CaYABBY genes were highly expressed in reproductive organs, albeit with varying expression patterns.  The CaYABBY5 gene, uniquely expressed in petals and carpels, has been demonstrated to modulate floral organ determinacy and fruit shape through gene silencing in pepper and ectopic expression in tomato.  Protein interaction analysis revealed an interacting protein SEPALLATA3-like protein (SEP3), exhibiting a similar expression profile to CaYABBY5.  These findings suggest that CaYABBY5 may modulate the morphogenesis of floral organs and fruits by interacting with CaSEP3.  This study provided valuable insights into the classification and function of CaYABBY genes in pepper.

    CaBBX9, an interaction partner of autophagy-related protein CaATG8c, negatively regulates the heat tolerance of pepper
    Li Zhang, Yuling Guo, Sitian Wang, Zhenze Wang, Qiaomin Yang, Ying Li, Yue Zhao, Haiyan Li, Lijun Cao, Minghui Lu
    2025, 24(8): 3040-3054.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.022
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    To explore the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy contributes to pepper’s heat tolerance, we previously identified the zinc-finger protein B-BOX 9/CONSTANS-LIKE 13 (CaBBX9/CaCOL13) as an interaction partner of the autophagy related protein (ATG) CaATG8c, a core component in autophagy.  However, the involvement of CaBBX9 in both autophagy and heat tolerance remains unclear.  In this study, we further confirmed the interaction between CaBBX9 and CaATG8c and defined the interaction regions of CaBBX9 as CONSTANS, CONSTANS-Like, and TOC1 (CCT) domain and the fragment region.  The expression of CaBBX9 can be induced by heat treatment.  CaBBX9 is co-localized with CaATG8c in the nucleus and exhibits a transcriptional activity.  When the expression of CaBBX9 is silenced, the heat tolerance of pepper is enhanced, shown by the decrement of MDA content, H2O2 and dead cells accumulation, and relative electrolyte leakage, along with the increment of chlorophyll content and expression level of heat-tolerance-related genes.  Overexpression of CaBBX9 in tomatoes displays the opposite effects.  Taken together, we demonstrate that CaBBX9 negatively regulates the heat tolerance of peppers by exacerbating oxidative damage and inhibiting the expression of heat-related genes.  Our findings provide a new clue for guiding crop breeding for pepper tolerance to heat stress.


    Physiology and transcriptome profiling reveal the drought tolerance of five grape varieties under high temperatures
    Xuehao Zhang, Qiuling Zheng, Yongjiang Hao, Yingying Zhang, Weijie Gu, Zhihao Deng, Penghui Zhou, Yulin Fang, Keqin Chen, Kekun Zhang
    2025, 24(8): 3055-3072.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.11.006
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Evaluating plant stress tolerance and screening key regulatory genes under the combined stresses of high temperature and drought are important for studying plant stress tolerance mechanisms.  In this study, the drought tolerance of five grape varieties was evaluated under high-temperature conditions to screen key genes for further exploration of resistance mechanisms.  By comparing and analysing the morphological characteristics and physiological indicators associated with the response of grapevines to drought stress and integrating them with the membership function to assess the strength of their drought tolerance, the order of drought tolerance was found to be as follows: 420A>110R>Cabernet Sauvignon (CS)>Fercal>188-08.  To further analyse the mechanism of differences in drought tolerance, transcriptomic sequencing was performed on the drought-tolerant cultivar 420A, the drought-sensitive cultivar 188-08 and the control cultivar CS.  The functional analysis of differential metabolic pathways indicated that the differentially expressed genes were enriched mainly in biological process category, that 420A had higher antioxidant activity.  Furthermore, differentially expressed transcription factors were analyzed in five grape varieties.  Genes like VvAGL15, VvLBD41, and VvMYB86 showed close associations with drought tolerance, indicating their potential role in regulating drought tolerance and research significance.

    The miR164a targets CsNAC1 to negatively regulate the cold tolerance of tea plants (Camellia sinensis)
    Siya Li, Lu Cao, Ziwen Zhou, Yaohua Cheng, Xianchen Zhang, Yeyun Li
    2025, 24(8): 3073-3086.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.033
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  


    Cold stress widely impairs the quality and yield of tea plants.  The miR164 family and its target NAC transcription factor have been identified as crucial regulators in response to cold stress.  However, the role of miR164 and CsNAC in cold tolerance in tea plants was little understood.  In our study, the expression level of CsMIR164a was significantly reduced under cold stress and significantly and negatively correlated with that of CsNAC1.  5´ RACE and GUS histochemical assays showed that CsNAC1 was cleaved by CsMIR164a.  The CsMIR164a-silenced tea leaves promoted the expression levels of CsNAC1 and CsCBFs and exhibited greater cold tolerance.  Also, the overexpression of CsNAC1 enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants by promoting the expression levels of AtCBFs.  In contrast, the heterologous overexpression of CsMIR164a in Arabidopsis decreased the expression level of AtNACs and AtCBFs and thus impaired cold tolerance.  Additionally, silencing of CsNAC1 impaired the expression levels of CsCBFs, resulting in greater cold sensitivity in tea leaves.  Our present study demonstrated that the miR164a-CsNAC1 module may play a negative role in the cold tolerance of tea plants via the CsCBF-dependent pathway.


    Plant Protection
    A missense mutation in the Sin3 subunit of Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex bypasses the requirement for FNG1 in wheat scab fungus
    Huaijian Xu, Ruoxuan Jiang, Xianhui Fu, Qinhu Wang, Yutong Shi, Xiaofei Zhao, Cong Jiang, Hang Jiang
    2025, 24(8): 3087-3094.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.01.006
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    The Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex is a multiple-subunit complex that mediates the regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression.  Sin3, the largest subunit of Rpd3 complex, is conserved in a broad range of eukaryotes.  Despite being a molecular scaffold for complex assembly, the functional sites and mechanism of action of Sin3 remain unexplored.  In this study, we functionally characterized a glutamate residue (E810) in FgSin3, the ortholog of yeast Sin3 in Fusarium graminearum (known as wheat scab fungus).  Our findings indicate that E810 was important for the functions of FgSin3 in regulating vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, wheat infection, and DON biosynthesis.  Furthermore, the E810K missense mutation restored the reduced H4 acetylation caused by the deletion of FNG1, the ortholog of the human inhibitor of growth (ING1) gene in Fgraminearum.  Correspondingly, the defects of the fng1 mutant were also partially rescued by the E810K mutation in FgSin3.  Sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis revealed that E810 residue is well-conserved in fungi, animals, and plants.  Based on Alphafold2 structure modeling, E810 localized on the FgRpd3–FgSin3 interface for the formation of a hydrogen bond with FgRpd3.  Mutation of E810 disrupts the hydrogen bond and likely affects the FgRpd3–FgSin3 interaction.  Taken together, E810 of FgSin3 is functionally associated with Fng1 in the regulation of H4 acetylation and related biological processes, probably by affecting the assembly of the Rpd3 complex.  

    The stress regulator FgWhi2 and phosphatase FgPsr1 play crucial roles in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and the response to fungicides in Fusarium graminearum
    Jie Zhang, Han Gao, Fuhao Ren, Zehua Zhou, Huan Wu, Huahua Zhao, Lu Zhang, Mingguo Zhou, Yabing Duan
    2025, 24(8): 3095-3111.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.01.003
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    In yeast, the stress-responsive protein Whi2 interacts with phosphatase Psr1 to form a complex that regulates cell growth, reproduction, infection, and the stress response.  However, the roles of Whi2 and Psr1 in Fusarium graminearum remain unclear.  In this study, we identified homologous genes of WHI2 and PSR1 in Fgraminearum and evaluated their functions by constructing deletion mutants.  By comparing the responses of the mutants to different stressors, we found that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in responding to osmotic, cell wall and cell membrane stresses, while also affecting the sexual and asexual reproduction in Fgraminearum.  Our studies demonstrated that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 regulate the biosynthesis of ergosterol and the transcriptional level of FgCYP51C, which is a CYP51 paralogues unique to Fusarium species.  This study also found that the deoxynivalenol (DON) production of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 deletion mutants was reduced by ≥90% and DON production was positively correlated with the transcriptional levels of FgWHI2 and FgPSR1.  In addition, we observed that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 were involved in regulating the sensitivity of Fgraminearum to chlorothalonil, fluazinam, azoxystrobin, phenamacril, and oligomycin.  This study revealed cross-resistance between chlorothalonil and fluazinam. Meanwhile, chlorothalonil and fluazinam inhibited DON biosynthesis by altering the normal expression of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1.  Interestingly, the subcellular localization of FgWhi2 and FgPsr1 was significantly altered after treatment with chlorothalonil and fluazinam, with increased co-localization.  Collectively, these findings indicate that FgWHI2 and FgPSR1 play crucial roles in stress response mechanisms, reproductive processes, secondary metabolite synthesis, and fungicide sensitivity in Fgraminearum.

    The versatile plant probiotic bacterium Bacillus velezensis SF305 reduces red root rot disease severity in the rubber tree by degrading the mycelia of Ganoderma pseudoferreum
    Min Tu, Zhongfeng Zhu, Xinyang Zhao, Haibin Cai, Yikun Zhang, Yichao Yan, Ke Yin, Zhimin Sha, Yi Zhou, Gongyou Chen, Lifang Zou
    2025, 24(8): 3112-3126.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.09.027
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  


    Natural rubber is an indispensable material of strategic importance that has critical applications in industry and the military.  However, the development of the natural rubber industry is impeded by the red root rot disease of rubber trees caused by Ganoderma pseudoferreum, which is one of the most devastating diseases in the rubber tree growing regions in China.  To combat this disease, we screened the antifungal activity of 223 candidate bacterial strains against Gpseudoferreum, and found that Bacillus velezensis strain SF305 exhibited significant antifungal activity against Gpseudoferreum.  Bacillus velezensis SF305 had a nearly 70% efficacy against the red root rot disease of rubber trees with the therapeutic treatment (Tre), while it exhibited over 90% protection effectiveness with the preventive treatment (Pre).  The underlying biocontrol mechanism revealed that Bvelezensis SF305 could reduce the disease severity of red root rot by degrading the mycelia of Gpseudoferreum.  An antiSMASH analysis revealed that Bvelezensis SF305 contains 15 gene clusters related to secondary metabolite synthesis, 13 of which are conserved in species of Bvelezensis, but surprisingly, Bvelezensis SF305 possesses 2 unique secondary metabolite gene clusters.  One is predicted to synthesize locillomycin, and the other is a novel nonribosomal peptides synthetase (NRPS) gene cluster.  Genomic analysis showed that Bvelezensis SF305 harbors genes involved in motility, chemotaxis, biofilm formation, stress resistance, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and synthesis of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), suggesting its plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) properties.  Bacillus velezensis SF305 can promote plant growth and efficiently antagonize some important phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.  This study indicates that Bvelezensis SF305 is a versatile plant probiotic bacterium.  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a Bvelezensis strain has been reported as a promising biocontrol agent against the red root rot disease of rubber trees.  


    Species-specific evolution of lepidopteran TspC5 tetraspanins associated with dominant resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac
    Chenyang Wang, Yinuo Zhang, Qiming Sun, Lin Li, Fang Guan, Yazhou He, Yidong Wu
    2025, 24(8): 3127-3140.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.09.022
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have proven to be highly effective in managing some key pests.  However, the evolution of resistance by the target pests threatens the sustainability of Bt crops.  The L31S mutation in a tetraspanin encoded by HarmTspC5 (previously known as HaTSPAN1) has been shown to confer dominant resistance to the Bt protein Cry1Ac in Helicoverpa armigera, a globally damaging lepidopteran pest.  However, the broader implications of the L31S mutation in the tetraspanins of other lepidopteran species remain unclear.  The evolutionary analyses in this study indicate that TspC5s have evolved in a species-specific manner among the lepidopteran insects.  To investigate the role of TspC5s in conferring dominant resistance to Cry1Ac, we used the piggyBac-based transformation system to generate four transgenic Harmigera strains that express exogenous TspC5 variants from three phylogenetically close species (Helicoverpa zea, Helicoverpa assulta and Heliothis virescens) and one phylogenetically distant species (Plutella xylostella).  In comparison with the background SCD strain of Harmigera, the transgenic strains expressing HzeaTspC5-L31S, HassTspC5-L31S, or HvirTspC5-L31S exhibited significant resistance to Cry1Ac (10.0-, 21.4-, and 81.1-fold, respectively), whereas the strain expressing PxylTspC5-L27S remained susceptible.  Furthermore, the Cry1Ac resistant phenotypes followed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and were closely linked to the introduced mutant TspC5s.  These findings reveal the conserved role of TspC5s from Helicoverpa and Heliothis species in mediating the dominant resistance to Cry1Ac, and they provide crucial insights for assessing resistance risks related to mutant tetraspanins and devising adaptive resistance management strategies for these major lepidopteran pests.


    Enhanced immune responses of gregarious larvae contribute to successful adult migration in the migratory oriental armyworm
    Hailong Kong, Dong Guo, Lei Zhang, Dianjie Xie, Kenneth Wilson, Xingfu Jiang
    2025, 24(8): 3141-3154.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.02.003
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  


    Migratory insect pests tend to suddenly immigrate into new habitats over a short period to simultaneously lay eggs in clusters, resulting in gregarious larvae that cause severe damage to crops.  These aggregated larvae can adapt well to various natural enemies and pathogens in their new habitats, but how their resistance might be enhanced and its immunological significance remain unknown.  Here, we examined how infection by a pathogen and a parasitic fly affect the immune response and migratory behavior in two phases of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, which differ dramatically in their flight capacity and fecundity.  The gregarious larvae displayed greater resistance than solitary larvae to the challenges of both the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the parasitoid Exorista civilis.  In response to a challenge by Manisopliae, gregarious larvae exhibited more pronounced increases in phenoloxidase (PO) activity and lysozyme activity than solitary larvae.  Furthermore, in addition to the greater PO and lysozyme activities, the levels of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were also greater in challenged gregarious and solitary larvae.  Injection of dopamine (or 5-HT) significantly enhanced PO activity, lysozyme activity, antibacterial activity and larval survival.  Subsequently, there was a significant increase in the flight capacity of adults derived from gregarious larvae challenged by Manisopliae; while no significant variation was observed in the adults from challenged solitary larvae.  The preoviposition period, oviposition period and fecundity were not significantly affected by Manisopliae, regardless of whether the larvae were gregarious or solitary.  These results provide new insights into the relationship between migration and immunity in insects, and their behavior after immunization.


    Differential energy pathways are required for rapid long-term memory formation in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis
    Jinxin Yu, Jiayi He, Xuefeng Zhang, Chuxiao Lin, Shiyan Liu, Xin Gong, Xinnian Zeng, Jiali Liu
    2025, 24(8): 3155-3168.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.015
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  


    To ensure the reliability of learned information, most insects require multiple intervals of experience before storing the information as long-term memory (LTM), and this requirement has been validated in insects from the behavioral to the molecular level.  Recent studies have shown that some insects can form LTM after one-trial experience, although the mechanisms underlying one-trial LTM formation are not well understood.  Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying rapid learning and subsequent preference formation in insects is crucial.  Here we show that the agricultural pest Bactrocera dorsalis can rapidly form LTM, which is dependent on protein synthesis, and that the formation of LTM requires high energy support at the cost of reduced survival.  Furthermore, based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics approach, we found that LTM-related processes are sequentially coupled to two processes for energy generation, the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.  This was further confirmed by blocking these energy generation processes.  Our results provide a theoretical basis for the development of behavioral modulators in oriental fruit flies that target energy generation metabolites, as well as a new perspective on the rapid formation of LTM in insects.


    Animal Science · Veterinary Medicine
    Integrated analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data reveal candidate variants associated with carcass traits in Huaxi cattle
    Yapeng Zhang, Wentao Cai, Qi Zhang, Qian Li, Yahui Wang, Ruiqi Peng, Haiqi Yin, Xin Hu, Zezhao Wang, Bo Zhu, Xue Gao, Yan Chen, Huijiang Gao, Lingyang Xu, Junya Li, Lupei Zha
    2025, 24(8): 3169-3184.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.01.028
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Cattle carcass traits are economically important in the beef industry.  In the present study, we identified 184 significant genes and 822 alternative genes for 7 carcass traits using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 1,566 Huaxi beef cattle.  We then identified 5,860 unique cis-genes and 734 trans-genes in 227 longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) samples to better understand the genetic regulation of gene expression.  Our integration study of the GWAS and cis-eQTL analysis detected 13 variants regulating 12 identical genes, in which one variant was also detected in fine-mapping analysis.  Moreover, using a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), we identified 4 genes (TTC30B, HMGA1, PRKD3 and FXN) that were significantly related to carcass chest depth (CCD), carcass length (CL), carcass weight (CW) and dressing percentage (DP).  This study identified variants and genes that may be useful for understanding the molecular mechanism of carcass traits in beef cattle.

    18S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase METTL5-mediated CDX2 translation regulates porcine early embryo development
    Tengteng Xu, Mengya Zhang, Qiuchen Liu, Xin Wang, Pengfei Luo, Tong Liu, Yelian Yan, Naru Zhou, Yangyang Ma, Tong Yu, Yunsheng Li, Zubing Cao, Yunhai Zhang
    2025, 24(8): 3185-3198.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.10.013
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a key role in mammalian early embryonic development and cell lineage differentiation.  However, the role and mechanisms of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) m6A methyltransferase METTL5 in early embryonic development remain unclear.  Here, we found that 18S rRNA m6A methyltransferase METTL5 plays an important role in porcine early embryonic development.  METTL5 knockdown and overexpression significantly reduced the developmental efficiency of porcine early embryos and impaired cell lineage allocation.  METTL5 knockdown apparently decreased the global translation efficiency in blastocyst, while METTL5 overexpression increased the global translation efficiency.  Furthermore, METTL5 knockdown did not affect the abundance of CDX2 mRNA, but resulted in a significant reduction in CDX2 protein levels.  Moreover, the low developmental efficiency and abnormal lineage distribution of METTL5 knockdown embryos could be rescued by CDX2 overexpression.  Collectively, our results demonstrated that 18S rRNA methyltransferase METTL5 regulates porcine early embryonic development via modulating the translation of CDX2.

    Establishment of goat infection model of the peste des petits ruminants virus isolated in China for vaccine efficacy evaluation
    Xue Wang, Hefeng Chen, Xianfeng Zhang, Zhengshuang Wu, Shuai Zhang, Lei Shuai, Lulu Wang, Weijie Li, Jinliang Wang, Wenxing Liu, Xijun Wang, Zhiyuan Wen, Jinying Ge, Yuntao Guan, Xijun He, Weiye Chen, Zhigao Bu
    2025, 24(8): 3199-3211.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.02.016
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  


    In 2013, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) re-emerged in China and spread to the majority of provinces across the country.  The disease was effectively controlled through a vaccination campaign employing live attenuated vaccines, although sporadic cases still occurred.  However, limited information is currently available regarding the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) endemic in China.  Here, a PPRV strain (HLJ/13) was isolated from a field sample in China using Vero cells expressing goat signalling lymphocyte activation molecule.  Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HLJ/13 belonged to lineage IV.  Subsequent intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation of goats with a dose of 2×106 TCID50 of HLJ/13 resulted in the development of typical clinical symptoms of PPR, including pyrexia, ocular and nasal discharges, stomatitis, and diarrhea.  All infected goats succumbed to the disease by day 8.  To gain further insight, viral loading, pathological examination and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted, elucidating the main targets of HLJ/13 as the respiratory system, digestive tract and lymphoid organs.  Employing the goat infection model established above, the goat poxvirus-vectored PPR vaccine, which was previously developed and could be used as DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine, provided complete protection against the challenge of HLJ/13.  It is important to note that this study represents the first comprehensive report delineating the biology and pathogenicity characterization, and infection model of PPRV isolated in China.   


    Identification and characterization of a plasmid co-harboring blaCTX-M-55 and blaTEM-141 in Escherichia albertii from broiler in China
    Weiqi Guo, Di Wang, Xinyu Wang, Zhiyang Wang, Hong Zhu, Jiangang Hu, Beibei Zhang, Jingjing Qi, Mingxing Tian, Yanqing Bao, Na Li, Wanjiang Zhang, Shaohui Wang
    2025, 24(8): 3212-3221.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.12.038
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    The inappropriate use of cephalosporins lead to the occurrence and global spread of bacteria resistant to these antimicrobials.  In this study, we isolated four Escherichia albertii strains from broilers in eastern China.  The antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic characterization of these Ealbertii isolates were determined.  Our results revealed that these four Ealbertii isolates exhibited resistance to tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, polymyxin B, sulfonamides, quinolones, and other antimicrobials.  Among them, EA04 isolate was multidrug resistant and harbored extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM.  Whole genome sequencing and core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) based on all ST4638 Ealbertii for EA04 inferred highly probable epidemiological links between selected human isolates.  Additionally, the ESBL genes blaTEM-141 and blaCTX-M-55 were coexistent in an approximately 75 kb IncFII plasmid pEA04.2 in EA04.  Comparative analysis indicated that genes blaTEM-141 and blaCTX-M-55 were located in IS15-blaCTX-M-55-wbuC-blaTEM-141-IS26 region, which similar structures were identified in various bacteria.  Furthermore, the plasmid pEA04.2 could be transferable to E. coli EC600 and lead to the resistance to third-generation cephalosporins.  These results suggested that chicken potentially serve as a reservoir for multidrug resistant Ealbertii, which increases the risk of horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance between humans, animals and environment.

    Agro-ecosystem & Environment
    Agricultural land use transition under multidimensional topographical gradients and its impact on ecosystem service interactions
    Sinan Li, Junwei Pu, Xiaodong Deng
    2025, 24(8): 3222-3241.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.02.005
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    Changes in agricultural land use affect ecosystem services and their interactions.  However, the differential influences of agricultural land use transitions under different topographical gradients on ecosystem service interactions remain poorly understood, which limits the integrated management of agricultural systems.  The objectives of this study were to analyze the transitional trends of major agricultural land types across distinct topographical gradients and to probe the differential impacts of these transitions on ecosystem service interactions.  Using Hangzhou of China as the study area, the analysis focused on four major agricultural land use types (arable land, orchard, tea garden, and abandoned land).  The GTWR model was applied to investigate spatiotemporal non-stationarity in the impacts of their transitions on the ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies.  The results showed that during 2010–2020, the agricultural land use pattern in plain areas became more diversified and fragmented, while it shifted towards greater homogeneity and contiguity in hilly and mountainous areas.  Between 2010–2015 and 2015–2020, the dominant output type of agricultural land use transition was arable land.  The dominant input type in plain areas shifted from arable land to orchard, whereas in hilly and mountainous areas, it was orchard and tea garden.  The higher synergy between habitat quality and other ecosystem services primarily occurred in plain areas.  Over time, the higher synergy between carbon sequestration and soil retention predominantly shifted from mountainous areas to plain areas.  A variety of abandoned types across different topographical gradients fostered synergies by reducing the supply capacity of various ecosystem services.  Trade-offs between ecosystem services in hilly and mountainous areas could be alleviated by converting arable land into orchard and tea garden.  These findings highlight the importance of adopting differentiated, dynamic, and systematic measures for agricultural spatial development in implementing ecosystem management across different topographical gradients.

    Biochar application enhances soil quality by improving soil physical structure under particular water and salt conditions in arid region of Northwest China
    Yang Chen, Xuyu Feng, Xiao Zhao, Xinmei Hao, Ling Tong, Sufen Wang, Risheng Ding, Shaozhong Kang
    2025, 24(8): 3242-3263.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.014
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  
    Exploring the suitability of biochar for improving soil quality under different water and salt conditions is important for maintaining soil health and productivity in the arid regions of northwestern China.  We compared the effects of biochar application practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties under different irrigation and water salinity levels in a two-year field experiment in a mulched and drip-irrigated maize field in Gansu Province, China.  Eight treatments in total included the combination of two biochar addition rates of 0 t ha–1 (B0) and 60 t ha–1 (B1), two irrigation levels of full (W1) and deficit irrigation (W2; W2=1/2 W1) and two water salinity levels of fresh water (S0, 0.71 g L–1) and brackish water (S1, 4.00 g L–1).  The minimum dataset method was used to calculate the soil quality index (SQI) under different treatments.  Deficit and brackish water irrigation significantly reduced SQI by 3.80–9.80% through reducing some soil physical, chemical and biological properties.  Biochar application significantly increased the SQI by 6.13 and 10.40% under full irrigation with fresh and brackish water, respectively.  Biochar addition enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Proteobacteria, Patescibacteria) in the soil in all water–salt treatments.  The partial least squares path model showed that biochar application significantly enhanced the SQI mainly by improving soil aggregation and pore structure under particular water–salt conditions.  This research provides an important basis for utilizing biochar to improve soil quality in arid regions of Northwest China under various water–salt conditions.
    Well-facilitated farmland improves nitrogen use efficiency and reduces environmental impacts in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region, China
    Xiaoqing Wang, Wenjiao Shi, Qiangyi Yu, Xiangzheng Deng, Lijun Zuo, Xiaoli Shi, Minglei Wang, Jun Li
    2025, 24(8): 3264-3281.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.02.006
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  

    The well-facilitated farmland projects (WFFPs) involve the typical sustainable intensification of farmland use and play a key role in raising food production in China.  However, whether such WFFPs can enhance the nitrogen (N) use efficiency and reduce environmental impacts is still unclear.  Here, we examined the data from 502 valid questionnaires collected from WFFPs in the major grain-producing area, the Huang-Huai-Hai Region (HHHR) in China, with 429 samples for wheat, 328 for maize, and 122 for rice.  We identified gaps in N use efficiency (NUE) and N losses from the production of the three crops between the sampled WFFPs and counties based on the statistical data.  The results showed that compared to the county-level (wheat, 39.1%; maize, 33.8%; rice, 35.1%), the NUEs for wheat (55.2%), maize (52.1%), and rice (50.2%) in the WFFPs were significantly improved (P<0.05).  In addition, the intensities of ammonia (NH3) volatilization (9.9−12.2 kg N ha–1), N leaching (6.5−16.9 kg N ha–1), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (1.2−1.6 kg N ha–1) from crop production in the sampled WFFPs were significantly lower than the county averages (P<0.05).  Simulations showed that if the N rates are reduced by 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0% for the counties, the NUEs of wheat, maize, and rice in the HHHR will increase by 2.9−6.3, 2.4−5.2, and 2.6−5.7%, respectively.  If the N rate is reduced to the WFFP level in each county, the NUEs of the three crops will increase by 12.9−19.5%, and the N leaching, NH3, and N2O emissions will be reduced by 48.9−56.2, 37.4−42.9, and 46.0−66.5%, respectively.  Our findings highlight that efficient N management practices in sustainable intensive farmland have considerable potential for reducing environmental impacts.


    Letter
    Editing of the APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor confers improvements in seed shattering and quality in rice
    Saisai Xia, He Liu, Ying Liu, Guangheng Zhang, Deyong Ren, Qian Qian
    2025, 24(8): 3282-3286.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.02.022
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  
    Generation of a collection of MYB mutant lines via pooled CRISPR-Cas9 in grape
    Xuena Yu, Yang Hu, Jiasi Han, Liang Zhao, Zhuoshuai Jin, Xiangnan Xu, Jiayue Feng, Yingqiang Wen
    2025, 24(8): 3287-3290.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.038
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect  
    A novel Bocaparvovirus in goats: Genetic features, phylogenetic analysis, and epidemiological implications
    Kegu Ji’e, Falong Yang, Ai Ran, Yang Su, Taichun Gao, Lanmuyi Gou, Shenglin Li, Zihan Xia, Keha-mo Abi
    2025, 24(8): 3291-3296.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.12.006
    Abstract ( )   PDF in ScienceDirect