Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (16): 3640-3654.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.012

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Differential Aroma Metabolism and Key Regulatory Genes Identification Between Melting and Stony Hard Peach Flesh Types

YAO ZhenYu1,2(), DUAN WenYi1,2,3(), MENG JunRen2, LI Ang2, CHEN Ming2, YUE ZongSheng2, SUN ShiHang1,2,3, PAN Lei1,2,3, NIU Liang1,3, CUI GuoChao1,3, ZENG WenFang1,2,3()   

  1. 1 The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002
    2 Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009
    3 Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, Henan
  • Received:2026-02-21 Accepted:2026-07-01 Online:2026-08-16 Published:2026-08-17
  • Contact: ZENG WenFang

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Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation patterns of aroma metabolism during fruit development across distinct peach flesh types, and identify key regulatory genes governing cultivar-specific aroma profiles, so as to provide a theoretical basis for flavor improvement in stony hard peaches. 【Method】 The melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei and the stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 were utilized as experimental materials. Seven critical sampling stages were established throughout the fruit development cycle. Volatile compounds were profiled using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to pinpoint core genes significantly associated with key aroma compounds.【Result】 A total of 57 volatile compounds were identified, with significant variation in composition and content across cultivars and developmental stages. The stony hard cultivar Zhongtao 9 exhibited no detectable ethylene production throughout development, maintained high levels of C6 aldehydes (e.g., 2-hexenal) at the mature stage, and showed almost no accumulation of esters and lactones. In contrast, the melting-flesh cultivar Chunmei exhibited a typical ethylene climacteric peak at the S3 to S4 transition, accompanied by a 3.1-3.8 fold increase in ester content and a marked decrease in C6 compounds. Transcriptome analysis identified 2 806 DEGs, with clear separation between the two cultivars at all developmental stages based on clustering analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Correlation analysis identified 16 candidate genes associated with ester/lactone biosynthesis. Among them, BSK2 (Prupe.2G110200) and PpYUC11 (Prupe.6G157400/6G157500) showed strong positive correlations with hexyl acetate and γ-decalactone, respectively.【Conclusion】 Ethylene was a key regulatory factor underlying aroma quality divergence between the two peach flesh types. Impaired ethylene signaling in Zhongtao 9 likely restricted fatty acid metabolism at the C6 aldehyde stage, preventing downstream esterification and lactone biosynthesis. Candidate genes, such as BSK2 and PpYUC11, together with hormone signaling pathways, were identified as potential regulators of aroma formation.

Key words: peach, fruit aroma, flesh type, differentially expressed genes, ethylene

Fig. 1

Cross-section phenotypes of fruits from Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 at seven developmental stages S1-S7 represents 45, 60, 75, 84, 90, 96, and 102 days after flowering, respectively. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Dynamic changes of fruit color parameters of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages"

Fig. 3

Dynamic changes of fruit firmness, ethylene release rate and their correlation analysis of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach"

Fig. 4

Aroma compound types of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages"

Fig. 5

Composition analysis of aroma compound types of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach"

Fig. 6

Stacked column chart of total aroma compound contents of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages"

Fig. 7

Dynamic changes of different categories of aroma compounds in Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach during fruit development"

Fig. 8

PCA plot of fruit metabolome of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages"

Fig. 9

OPLS-DA plots of fruit metabolome in each of Chunmei and Zhongtao 9 peach at different developmental stages"

Fig. 10

Differential gene expression patterns and KEGG enrichment analysis between Chunmei and Zhongtao 9"

Table 1

21 key aroma substances with OAV>1 and their odor thresholds"

香气物质 Aroma substance 气味阈值 Odor thresholds (μg·kg-1) 风味类型 Aroma type
辛醛 Octanal 0.587 醛香 Aldehydic fragrance
癸醛 Decanal 3 醛香 Aldehydic fragrance
1-辛烯-3-醇 1-Octen-3-ol 1.5 泥土香 Scent of soil
1-辛烯-3-酮 1-Octen-3-one 0.003 泥土香 Scent of soil
正壬醛 Nonanal 1.1 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2-辛烯醛 (E)-2-Octenal 3 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2, 4-癸二烯醛 (E, E)-2, 4-Decadienal 0.027 油脂香 Oily fragrance
反式-2, 4-壬二烯醛 (E, E)-2, 4-Nonadienal 0.1 油脂香 Oily fragrance
芳樟醇 Linalool 0.22 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
β-大马士酮 β-Damascenone 0.002 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
二氢-β-紫罗兰酮 Dihydro-β-ionone 1 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
β-紫罗兰酮 β-Ionone 3.5 花香味 Fragrance of flowers
乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 2 果香味 Fruity
乙酸-3-己烯酯 (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 13 果香味 Fruity
2, 3-辛二酮 2, 3-Octanedione 2.52 果香味 Fruity
正己醛 Hexanal 5 草香味 Grassy fragrance
2-己烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal 110 草香味 Grassy fragrance
正己醇 Hexanol 5.6 草香味 Grassy fragrance
顺-3-己烯-1-醇 (Z)-3-Hexenol 3.9 草香味 Grassy fragrance
庚醛 Heptanal 2.8 草香味 Grassy fragrance
γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 1.1 桃香 Peach fragrance

Table 2

Key candidate genes significantly associated with esters and lactones between two peach cultivars"

基因序号
Gene id		 注释信息
Annotation		 挥发物质
Volatiles		 相关性
Correlation		 P值
P value
Prupe.1G007300 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族蛋白 Glutathione S-transferase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.78977232 5.06302E-10
Prupe.8G081800 SAUR样生长素响应蛋白家族（Small Auxin-Upregulated RNA）
SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein family		 γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.781266115 1.02782E-09
Prupe.6G157500 黄素单加氧酶家族蛋白 Flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.77503427 1.69318E-09
Prupe.4G262200 果胶裂解酶样超家族蛋白 Pectin lyase-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.773254369 1.947E-09
Prupe.7G192800 果胶裂解酶样超家族蛋白 Pectin lyase-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.77149158 2.23311E-09
Prupe.6G157400 黄素单加氧酶家族蛋白 Flavin-containing monooxygenase family protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.765521038 3.5216E-09
Prupe.7G247900 泛素样超家族蛋白 Ubiquitin-like superfamily protein γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.765034818 3.65255E-09
Prupe.7G216300 肌醇加氧酶4 myo-inositol oxygenase 4 γ-癸内酯 γ-Decalactone 0.750757713 1.02794E-08
Prupe.2G110200 油菜素甾醇信号激酶2 BR-signaling kinase 2 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.840380176 3.38379E-12
Prupe.6G361600 核糖核酸酶E抑制剂RraA/二甲基甲萘醌甲基转移酶
Ribonuclease E inhibitor RraA/Dimethylmenaquinone methyltransferase		 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.823552189 2.13017E-11
Prupe.8G178000 植物U-盒蛋白15（PUB15） Plant U-Box 15 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.820125425 3.02577E-11
Prupe.1G317500 脂质磷酸磷酸酶2 lipid phosphate phosphatase 2 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.816580973 4.31669E-11
Prupe.3G162800 钙依赖脂质结合蛋白（CaLB结构域）家族蛋白
Calcium-dependent lipid-binding (CaLB domain) family protein		 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.769708345 2.56219E-09
Prupe.4G188000 蛋白激酶家族蛋白 protein kinase family protein 乙酸己酯 Hexyl acetate 0.761710103 4.67746E-09
Prupe.2G107600 七次跨膜MLO家族蛋白（Mildew Locus O）
Seven transmembrane MLO family protein		 乙酸-3-己烯酯(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate 0.791412693 4.40037E-10
Prupe.3G250400 类COBRA蛋白1前体
COBRA-like protein 1 precursor		 乙酸-3-己烯酯
(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate		 0.754508468 7.88601E-09
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