减氮控水配施生物炭与硝化抑制剂对设施土壤-番茄体系氮素损失的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to clarify the regulatory effects of the reduced nitrogen combined with controlled water, biochar, and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrogen losses within a facility soil-tomato system, so as to provide a scientific basis for efficient nitrogen use and sustainable green development in facility vegetable production.【Method】 A field plot experiment was conducted using facility tomato as the research object, with two irrigation treatments including traditional drip irrigation (TD) and reduced drip irrigation (CD). Based on this, eight nitrogen treatments were designed, including no nitrogen (TDN0, and CDN0), traditional nitrogen (TDN1, and CDN1), reduced nitrogen (TDN2, and CDN2), and reduced nitrogen combined with biochar and dicyandiamide (DCD) (TDN2+BD, and CDN2+BD). During the topdressing period, soil N₂O emission and NH₃ volatilization, NO₃^--N accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil profile, and tomato nitrogen uptake, yield, and fruit quality indicators were systematically monitored to quantitatively evaluate the synergistic regulatory effects of biochar and DCD under reduced nitrogen and controlled water conditions. 【Result】 Nitrogen application significantly increased soil N₂O emissions and NH₃ volatilization, with peak fluxes occurring 2-3 days after topdressing. Nitrogen reduction effectively suppressed gaseous nitrogen losses, and the combined application of biochar and the nitrification inhibitor DCD further enhanced the mitigation effect on N₂O emissions. Although biochar and DCD posed a potential risk of increasing NH₃ volatilization, this adverse effect was substantially alleviated by reduced nitrogen and controlled water conditions. Compared with conventional nitrogen application, nitrogen reduction significantly decreased total gaseous nitrogen losses by 45.7%-56.6% and reduced NO₃^--N accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil profile by 13.7%-16.2%. When biochar and DCD were applied on the basis of nitrogen reduction, total gaseous nitrogen losses further declined by 49.4%-59.0%, while the reduction in NO₃^--N accumulation expanded to 27.4%-30.0%, with a clear suppression of deep leaching. Both irrigation methods enhanced the synergistic mitigation effects of water nitrogen regulation. However, controlled drip irrigation demonstrated superior performance compared with conventional drip irrigation. Under controlled irrigation, the CDN2+BD treatment reduced total nitrogen losses by 30.0% compared with CDN1, with decreasing the net nitrogen loss rate from 3.3% to 2.5%. This treatment also significantly inhibited deep NO₃^--N accumulation and increased NO₃^--N retention in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 27.1%. In addition, biochar and DCD increased the apparent nitrogen use efficiency under controlled irrigation to 28.9%; TDN2+BD and CDN2+BD improved nitrogen use efficiency by 53.0% and 30.2%, respectively, compared with their corresponding nitrogen-reduction treatments (TDN2 and CDN2) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the controlled irrigation with biochar and DCD (CDN2+BD) achieved the highest tomato yield (115.93 t·hm^-2), while significantly enhancing fruit vitamin C content and improving soluble protein, soluble sugar, and total soluble solid levels.【Conclusion】 Reduced nitrogen application combined with controlled water, biochar, and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) significantly decreased gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses, optimized soil nitrogen distribution, and improved nitrogen use efficiency and tomato quality, representing an optimal technical approach for nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement in facility vegetable production.

Key words: reduced nitrogen and controlled water, biochar, nitrification inhibitor, nitrogen losses regulation, facility tomato

LI JinJin, ZHAO YuQing, LIU RuiYi, JI YanZhi, XIE JianZhi, GUO YanJie, ZHANG LiJuan. Effects of Reduced Nitrogen and Controlled Water Combined with Biochar and Nitrification Inhibitor on Nitrogen Losses in a Facility Soil-Tomato System[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(16): 3621-3639.

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土壤层次 Soil layer (cm)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 NH₄OAc-K (mg·kg^-1)	pH (水:土=2.5:1)	粒径组成 Particle size composition (%)			容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)
土壤层次 Soil layer (cm)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 NH₄OAc-K (mg·kg^-1)	pH (水:土=2.5:1)	砂粒 Sand	粉粒 Silt	黏粒 Clay	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)
0-20	1.07	17.49	150.67	27.71	113.65	172.72	7.92	59.99	16.66	23.35	1.21
20-40	0.75	11.78	123.86	29.38	78.16	115.51	8.02	67.91	15.32	16.77	1.25
40-60	0.54	8.79	106.71	25.28	52.05	191.33	8.13	73.89	12.93	13.18	1.35
60-80	0.50	8.91	84.07	20.87	57.44	184.89	8.16	77.57	11.05	11.38	1.46
80-100	0.57	11.70	82.29	13.01	59.61	285.99	8.18	72.03	13.41	14.56	1.45

处理 Treatment	基肥（2022-10-5） Basal fertilizer (October 5, 2022)			追肥Topdressing									总计 Total (kg·hm^-2)			灌水 Irrigation							总计 Total (m³·hm^-2)
				第1次（2023-1-16） First (January 16, 2023)			第2次（2023-3-14） Second (March 14, 2023)			第3次（2023-4-15） Third (April 15, 2023)			总计 Total (kg·hm^-2)			第1次（2022-10-12） First (October 12, 2022)	第2次（2022-10-17） Second (October 17, 2023)	第3次（2023-1-16） Third (January 16, 2023)	第4次（2023-3-14） Forth (March 14, 2023)	第5次（2023-4-15） Fifth (April 15, 2023)	第6次（2023-5-5） Sixth (May 5, 2023)	第7次（2023-6-1） Seventh (June 1, 2023)
	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	第1次（2022-10-12） First (October 12, 2022)	第2次（2022-10-17） Second (October 17, 2023)	第3次（2023-1-16） Third (January 16, 2023)	第4次（2023-3-14） Forth (March 14, 2023)	第5次（2023-4-15） Fifth (April 15, 2023)	第6次（2023-5-5） Sixth (May 5, 2023)	第7次（2023-6-1） Seventh (June 1, 2023)
TDN0	0	194	205	0	30	32	0	52	70	0	52	70	0	328	377	225	360	540	810	900	990	675	4500
TDN1	207	194	205	45	30	32	100	52	70	100	52	70	452	328	377	225	360	540	810	900	990	675	4500
TDN2	145	194	205	32	30	32	70	52	70	70	52	70	317	328	377	225	360	540	810	900	990	675	4500
TDN2+BD	145	194	205	32	30	32	70	52	70	70	52	70	317	328	377	225	360	540	810	900	990	675	4500
CDN0	0	194	205	0	30	32	0	52	70	0	52	70	0	328	377	169	270	405	608	675	743	506	3375
CDN1	207	194	205	45	30	32	100	52	70	100	52	70	452	328	377	169	270	405	608	675	743	506	3375
CDN2	145	194	205	32	30	32	70	52	70	70	52	70	317	328	377	169	270	405	608	675	743	506	3375
CDN2+BD	145	194	205	32	30	32	70	52	70	70	52	70	317	328	377	169	270	405	608	675	743	506	3375

指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F检验 F test	P值 P value
N₂O排放通量 N₂O emission flux	处理 Treatment	7	28456.892	18.73	<0.001
	时间 Time	24	8923.417	35.62	<0.001
	处理×时间Treatment×Time	168	1876.539	7.49	<0.001

指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F检验 F test	P值 P value
N₂O排放通量 N₂O emission flux	灌水 Irrigation	1	519.059	13.579	0.002
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	7079.078	185.199	<0.001
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	51.432	1.346	0.295

指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F值 F value	P值 P value
NH₃挥发速率 NH₃ volatilization rate	处理 Treatment	7	45.327	22.156	<0.001
	时间 Time	41	28.641	48.773	<0.001
	处理×时间Treatment×Time	287	6.892	11.734	<0.001

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen and Controlled Water Combined with Biochar and Nitrification Inhibitor on Nitrogen Losses in a Facility Soil-Tomato System

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指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F检验 F test	P值 P value
NH₃挥发速率 NH₃ volatilization rate	灌水 Irrigation	1	16.609	52.123	<0.001
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	281.212	882.511	<0.001
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	1.687	5.295	0.010

处理 Treatment	N₂O		NH₃		N₂O+NH₃
处理 Treatment	累积排放量 Accumulated emission amount (kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate (%)	累积排放量 Accumulated emission amount (kg·hm^-2)	损失率 Loss rate (%)	总损失量 Total losses (kg·hm^-2)	净损失率 Net loss rate (%)
TDN0	0.25±0.05 e	—	4.47±0.47 d	—	4.72+0.53 e	—
TDN1	2.18±0.14 a	0.79±0.43 a	18.44±1.55 a	5.70±0.79 a	20.62±1.59 a	6.49±0.65 a
TDN2	1.30+0.18 b	0.61±0.33 b	9.90±0.79 b	3.16±0.33 b	11.20±0.63 b	3.77±0.16 b
TDN2+BD	0.96±0.10 c	0.41±0.22 c	9.47±0.33 bc	2.91±0.35b	10.43±0.31 bc	3.32±0.46 bc
CDN0	0.22+0.05 e	—	3.91±0.35 d	—	4.13+0.30 e	—
CDN1	0.97±0.11 c	0.31±0.17 c	11.12±1.57 b	2.94±0.57 b	12.09±1.68 b	3.25±0.73 bc
CDN2	0.80+0.08 c	0.33±0.18 c	8.15±0.73 c	2.46±0.73 b	8.95+0.66 cd	2.79±0.27 bc
CDN2+BD	0.51±0.03 d	0.17±0.09 d	7.95±0.62 c	2.35±0.62 b	8.46±0.65 d	2.52±0.55 d

指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F检验 F test	P值 P value
0-20 cm土层硝态氮累积 Nitrate accumulation in 0-20 cm soil layer	灌水 Irrigation	1	4378.937	31.271	0.000
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	6572.520	46.936	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	1348.067	9.627	0.001
20-40 cm土层硝态氮累积 Nitrate accumulation in 20-40 cm soil layer	灌水 Irrigation	1	59.143	0.233	0.636
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	10214.254	40.263	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	723.765	2.853	0.072
40-60 cm土层硝态氮累积 Nitrate accumulation in 40-60 cm soil layer	灌水 Irrigation	1	583.208	5.595	0.032
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	6778.893	65.039	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	197.226	1.892	0.174
60-80 cm土层硝态氮累积 Nitrate accumulation in 60-80 cm soil layer	灌水 Irrigation	1	515.565	6.455	0.023
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	3586.607	44.908	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	326.159	4.084	0.026
80-100 cm土层硝态氮累积 Nitrate accumulation in 80-100 cm soil layer	灌水 Irrigation	1	163.375	2.795	0.115
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	4002.020	68.474	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	147.159	2.518	0.097

指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F检验 F test	P值 P value
番茄产量 Tomato yield	灌水 Irrigation	1	27.290	0.896	0.359
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	354.798	11.644	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	55.133	1.809	0.189
维生素C含量 Vc content	灌水 Irrigation	1	12.627	1.128	0.305
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	92.285	8.241	0.001
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	6.027	0.538	0.663
可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content	灌水 Irrigation	1	0.127	0.077	0.785
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	2.929	1.774	0.187
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	0.065	0.039	0.989
可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content	灌水 Irrigation	1	28.769	0.016	0.902
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	10434.447	5.710	0.005
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	350.094	0.192	0.900
可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solid content	灌水 Irrigation	1	0.025	0.015	0.905
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	2.161	1.278	0.322
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	0.050	0.030	0.993
可滴定酸含量 Titratable acid content	灌水 Irrigation	1	1.734	1.306	0.271
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	3.149	2.371	0.099
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	0.337	0.254	0.857

指标 Index	因素 Factor	自由度 df	标准差 MS	F检验 F test	P值 P value
根氮素累积 Root N accumulation	灌水 Irrigation	1	0.235	0.162	0.693
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	12.728	8.801	0.001
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	1.311	0.907	0.461
茎氮素累积 Stem N accumulation	灌水 Irrigation	1	15.079	0.533	0.477
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	278.588	9.839	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	3.146	0.111	0.952
叶氮素累积 Leaf N accumulation	灌水 Irrigation	1	0.243	0.010	0.923
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	521.503	20.897	0.000
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	7.411	0.297	0.827
果实氮素累积 Fruit N accumulation	灌水 Irrigation	1	0.086	0.000	0.989
	氮素调控Nitrogen regulation	3	2567.785	5.393	0.007
	灌水×氮素调控 Irrigation×Nitrogen regulation	3	375.604	0.789	0.519

处理 Treatment	总吸收氮量 Total N uptake (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥表观利用率 RE (%)	氮肥农学效率 AE (kg·kg^-1)
TDN0	127.4±3.9c	—	—
TDN1	228.0±7.0a	23.1±1.6ab	33.5±7.8b
TDN2	182.1±4.4b	18.5±2.5b	37.0±8.3ab
TDN2+BD	213.2±9.5ab	28.3±2.5a	49.7±8.5ab
CDN0	121.1±6.3c	—	—
CDN1	209.7±5.8ab	19.6±3.3b	36.4±9.7ab
CDN2	191.6±8.1ab	22.2±4.6ab	43.3±7.1ab
CDN2+BD	212.9±10.1ab	28.9±3.7a	60.7±6.1a

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