Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (23): 4969-4983.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.004

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Canopy Population Quality Characteristics of Mechanical Transplanting Hybrid Indica Rice with “Reducing Hills and Stabilizing Basic-Seedlings” in Low-Light Region of Southwest China

TAO YouFeng(),PU ShiLin(),ZHOU Wei,DENG Fei,ZHONG XiaoYuan,QIN Qin,REN WanJun()   

  1. Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming Systems in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan
  • Received:2021-02-19 Accepted:2021-07-05 Online:2021-12-01 Published:2021-12-06
  • Contact: WanJun REN E-mail:894478816@qq.com;1396817400@qq.com;rwjun@126.com

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Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of reducing hills and stabilizing basic-seedlings (RHSB) on population canopy quality characteristics of mechanical transplanting indica hybrid rice were investigated in this study, which could provide theoretical support for the promotion and application of mechanical transplanting technology of hybrid rice in low-light paddy region of Southwest China. 【Method】 A two-factor random block design experiment with different rice varieties (Fyou 498 is a loose plant type, and Yixiangyou 2115 is a compact upper and drooping lower plant type at middle and late stages) and different basic seedlings rate (42×104/hm2 and 63×104/hm2) was conducted to study the effects of different field collocation patterns (conventional field collocation (CFC) and RHSB) on the canopy architecture, photosynthetic characteristics, and microclimate environment (e.g. canopy temperature, humidity, and light transmittances) of mechanical transplanting hybrid rice population in 2016 and 2017. 【Result】(1) Compared with CFC, RHSB with a greater specific leaf weight of the upper three leaves (Fsecond leaf=23.67** and Fthird leaf= 16.91** in 2017) could maintain a similar green leaf area per stem and grain/leaf ratio at heading stage. Compared with CFC, RHSB also led to the 23.84%, 23.53%, and 13.79% significant increase in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of flag leaf at heading stage, respectively. (2) RHSB markedly decreased the canopy convergent index, but increased the canopy amplitude, which increased in light transmittance and ventilation of canopy. RHSB increased the angle of primary tillerings of Fyou 498 at booting stage and heading stage in 2016, but decreased the angle of primary tillerings of Yixiangyou 2115 in 2016 and 2017. (3) Correlation analysis indicated that daily average temperature and diurnal variations of temperature and humidity at booting stage were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the specific leaf weight of the flag leaf and the 2nd leaf at heading stage, but significantly negatively correlated with plant convergent index at heading stage. Furthermore, the daily average temperature and diurnal variations of humidity at booting stage was significantly positively correlated with canopy amplitude at heading stage. Daily average temperature and diurnal variations of temperature at heading stage were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the angle of primary tillering at tilling stage, jointing stage, and 20 d after heading stage. However, the inverse relation was observed by daily average relative humidity. RHSB could optimize the canopy architecture of rice, which contributed to the increase in canopy temperature and diurnal the variations of temperature at booting and heading stages, and increase diurnal the variations of humidity at booting, heading and 20 d after heading stage, but decrease in the relative humidity.【Conclusion】As one of the main technology that improved the mechanization level of rice production in the low-light region of Southwest China, RHSB optimized the population canopy structure and light distribution of mechanical transplanting hybrid rice, which resulted in the increase in the temperature and humidity difference between day and night within the population, and reduced the relative humidity. This contributed to the improvement in the population quality and photosynthetic rate, and contributed to the increase in rice grain yield.

Key words: rice, mechanical transplanting, field collocation pattern, microclimate environment, reducing hills and stabilizing basic-seedlings

Table 1

Experimental design and seedling quality"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 基本苗
Basic seedling		 田间配置
Field collocation
pattern		 栽插规格
Planting specifications (cm×cm)		 穴苗数
Seedlings per
hill		 叶龄
Leaf age		 白根数
White root number per plant
2016 F优498
Fyou498		 LB CFC 30×12 1.5 2.72 9.38
RHSB 30×23 2.9
宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115 CFC 30×12 1.5 2.75 9.77
RHSB 30×23 2.9
2017 宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115 LB CFC 30×12 1.5 2.73 9.50
RHSB 30×23 2.9
HB CFC 30×12 2.3
RHSB 30×23 4.3

Fig. 1

Diagram of different field collocation LB and HB: The basic seedlings was 42×104 and 63×104 seedlings/hm2, respectively; CFC: Conventional field collocation; RHSB: Reducing hills and stabilizing basic-seedlings field collocation. The same as below"

Table 2

Leaf quality of different field collocation patterns at heading stage"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 单茎绿叶面积
Leaf area per stem (cm2/stem)		 粒叶比
Ratio of grain weight to leaf area (mg·cm-2)		 比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm-2)
剑叶 FL 倒二叶 L2 倒三叶 L3
2016 F优498
Fyou498		 CFC 353.70a 16.54a 4.60a 4.66a 4.80a
RHSB 339.10a 17.06a 4.20a 4.39a 4.67a
宜香优2115
Yixiangyou2115		 CFC 339.92a 11.81a 3.37a 3.83a 3.99a
RHSB 384.37a 11.95a 3.35a 3.50a 4.18a
平均值
Mean		 F优498 Fyou498 346.40a 16.80a 4.40a 4.52a 4.74a
宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115 362.15a 11.88b 3.36b 3.66b 4.08b
CFC 346.81a 14.18a 3.98a 4.24a 4.39a
RHSB 361.74a 14.51a 3.77a 3.94a 4.43a
ANOVA 品种 V 1.03 45.24** 13.73* 12.02* 10.28*
配置 C 0.92 0.20 0.56 1.45 0.03
品种×配置V×C 3.62 0.7 0.46 0.02 0.61
2017 LB CFC 331.74a 13.90b 3.62a 4.15b 3.82a
RHSB 322.64a 16.14a 3.90a 4.42a 4.18a
HB CFC 314.67b 14.12a 3.80a 4.26b 4.02b
RHSB 355.36a 13.14a 4.11a 4.60a 4.67a
平均值
Mean		 LB 327.19a 15.02a 3.76a 4.29a 4.00b
HB 335.01a 13.63a 3.71a 4.43a 4.34a
CFC 323.20a 14.01a 3.71a 4.21b 3.92b
RHSB 339.00a 14.64a 4.01a 4.51a 4.43a
ANOVA 基本苗 B 0.75 4.72 1.47 5.47 7.61*
配置C 3.06 0.96 3.66 23.67** 16.91**
基本苗×配置B×C 7.60* 6.32* 0.01 0.33 1.46

Table 3

Effect of field allocation pattern on the angle of primary tillerings at different stages (°)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 分蘖盛期
TS		 拔节期
JS		 孕穗期
BS		 齐穗期
HS		 齐穗20d 20dAHS
2016 F优498
Fyou498		 CFC 8.42a 20.82a 12.01b 7.32b —
RHSB 4.33b 17.57b 13.97a 9.53a —
宜香优2115
Yixiangyou2115		 CFC 5.89a 15.51a 10.26a 7.25a —
RHSB 4.32b 15.04a 10.30a 5.89a —
平均值
Mean		 F优498 Fyou498 6. 37a 19.20a 12.99a 8.43a —
宜香优2115 Yixiangyou2115 5.11b 15.28b 10.28b 6.57b —
CFC 7.16a 18.17a 11.14a 7.29a —
RHSB 4.32b 16.31b 12.14a 7.71a —
ANOVA 品种 V 28.65** 33.41** 25.06** 9.77* —
配置 C 142.82** 7.52* 3.43 0.51 —
品种×配置V×C 28.35** 4.24 3.16 9.01* —
2017 LB CFC 6.72a 19.40a — 13.62a 11.75a
RHSB 5.41b 15.16b — 11.12a 9.88b
HB CFC 5.74a 14.37a — 10.38a 7.87a
RHSB 4.68b 12.47a — 8.90a 8.01a
平均值Mean LB 6.07a 17.28a — 12.37a 10.81a
HB 5.21b 13.42b — 9.64a 7.94b
CFC 6.23a 16.89a — 12.00a 9.81a
RHSB 5.04b 13.82b — 10.01a 8.94b
ANOVA 基本苗 B 8.11* 10.59* — 3.72 137.34**
配置C 15.76** 6.68* — 1.98 12.53*
基本苗×配置B×C 0.18 0.97 — 0.13 16.78**

Fig. 2

Effect of field allocation pattern on plant canopy width and convergent index at different stages *, ** indicate significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. V: Variety; C: Collocation; B: Basic-seedings; V×C: Interaction between variety and collocation; B×C: Interaction between basic-seedings and collocation. ANOVA: F-value. TS: Tilling stage; JS: Jointing stage; BS: Booting stage; HS: Heading stage; 20 d AHS: 20 d after heading stage. The same as below"

Fig. 3

Diurnal variation of canopy temperature under different field allocation patterns in 2017 A: Booting stage; B: Heading stage; C: 20 d after heading stage"

Table 4

Effects of different field allocation patterns on temperature about daily average & diurnal difference of canopy in 2017 (℃)"

处理
Treatment		 日均温Daily average temperature 昼夜温差Diurnal temperature difference
孕穗期BS 齐穗期HS 齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS 孕穗期BS 齐穗期HS 齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS
LB CFC 28.98b 29.42b 24.78a 19.75b 18.08b 5.47a
RHSB 29.81a 30.27a 24.61a 25.73a 25.27a 5.32a
HB CFC 30.19b 30.47a 24.52a 27.13a 24.80a 5.68b
RHSB 30.53a 31.16a 24.66a 28.18a 27.48a 6.17a
平均值
Mean		 LB 29.40b 29.84b 24.70a 22.74b 21.67b 5.40b
HB 30.36a 30.82a 24.59a 27.65a 26.14a 5.93a
CFC 29.59b 29.95b 24.65a 23.44b 21.44b 5.58a
RHSB 30.17a 30.72a 24.64a 26.95a 26.37a 5.75a
ANOVA 基本苗B 153.36** 22.18** 1.01 47.60** 10.42* 14.98**
配置C 56.49** 13.92** 0.02 24.34** 12.75* 1.50
基本苗×配置B×C 9.83* 0.15 2.34 11.92* 2.66 5.41

Fig. 4

Diurnal variation of canopy relative humidity under different field allocation patterns in 2017 A: Booting stage; B: Heading stage; C: 20 d after heading stage"

Table 5

Effects of different field allocation patterns on relative humidity about daily average & diurnal difference of canopy in 2017 (%)"

处理
Treatment		 日均相对湿度Daily average relative humidity 昼夜湿差Diurnal relative humidity difference
孕穗期BS 齐穗期HS 齐穗后20 d 20 dAHS 孕穗期BS 齐穗期HS 齐穗后20 d 20 dAHS
LB CFC 88.22a 90.71a 98.98a 30.07b 23.03b 1.17b
RHSB 81.70b 84.52b 98.37b 40.88a 40.49a 4.71a
HB CFC 81.58a 84.13a 98.71a 39.92b 37.40a 3.08a
RHSB 82.24a 82.06a 98.86a 46.34a 40.76a 2.02b
平均值
Mean		 LB 84.96a 87.62a 98.67a 35.48b 31.76b 2.94a
HB 81.91b 83.10b 98.79a 43.13a 39.08a 2.55a
CFC 84.90a 87.42a 98.84a 35.00b 30.21b 2.12b
RHSB 81.97b 83.29b 98.61b 43.61a 40.63a 3.36a
ANOVA 基本苗B 27.96** 44.69** 2.06 19.56** 7.65* 2.02
配置C 25.78** 37.42** 8.40* 24.81** 15.48** 20.07**
基本苗×配置B×C 38.58** 9.31* 23.04** 1.61 7.09* 69.39**

Fig. 5

Effects of different field allocation patterns on canopy light transmittance rate after heading stage"

Table 6

Photosynthetic characteristics of different field collocation patterns at heading stage in 2017"

处理
Treatment		 净光合速率
Pn (μmol CO2·m2·s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs (μmol H2O·m2·s-1)		 胞间CO2浓度
Ci (μmol CO2·mol-1)		 蒸腾速率
Tr (mmol H2O·m2·s-1)
LB CFC 14.45b 0.46a 301.70a 6.15a
RHSB 16.38a 0.48a 294.51a 6.07a
HB CFC 13.14b 0.23b 281.77a 3.71b
RHSB 17.79a 0.35a 284.41a 5.16a
平均值
Mean		 LB 15.41a 0.47a 298.11a 6.11a
HB 15.47a 0.29b 283.09b 4.44b
CFC 13.80b 0.34b 291.74a 4.93b
RHSB 17.09a 0.42a 289.46a 5.61a
ANOVA 基本苗B 0.01 111.16** 30.65** 169.42**
配置C 38.31** 17.95** 0.70 28.06**
基本苗×配置B×C 6.58* 8.17* 3.28 35.03**

Table 7

Relationship between canopy structure and microclimate environment (n=12)"

处理
Treatment		 日均温度
Daily average temperature		 昼夜温差
Diurnal temperature difference		 日均相对湿度
Daily average relative humidity		 昼夜湿差
Diurnal relative humidity difference
孕穗期
BS		 齐穗期
HS		 齐穗后20 d
20 d AHS		 孕穗期
BS		 齐穗期
HS		 齐穗后20 d
20 d AHS		 孕穗期
BS		 齐穗期
HS		 齐穗后20 d
20 d AHS		 孕穗期
BS		 齐穗期
HS		 齐穗后20 d
20 d AHS
比叶重Specific leaf weight 剑叶FL 0.59* 0.28 -0.16 0.63* 0.47 0.36 -0.56* -0.49 -0.46 0.73** 0.52 0.36
倒二叶L2 0.64* 0.47 0.03 0.61* 0.60* 0.42 -0.57* -0.64* -0.63* 0.68* 0.77** 0.34
倒三叶L3 0.57* 0.61* 0.04 0.54 0.76** 0.33 -0.46 -0.75** -0.63* 0.63* 0.52 0.10
一次分蘖
角度
Primary tillering
angle		 分蘖盛期TS -0.45 -0.86** -0.23 -0.21 -0.70** -0.14 0.30 0.74** 0.38 -0.14 -0.51 -0.15
拔节期JS -0.22 -0.74** 0.07 -0.18 -0.60* 0.21 0.15 0.71** 0.12 -0.07 -0.41 0.08
齐穗期HS -0.51 -0.49 -0.06 -0.51 -0.61* -0.27 0.50 0.64* 0.54 -0.46 -0.58* -0.11
齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS -0.82** -0.60* 0.06 -0.82** -0.74** -0.47 0.79** 0.82** 0.70** -0.70** -0.69** -0.36
冠层幅度Plant canopy width 齐穗期HS 0.57* 0.36 0.18 0.54 0.56* 0.51 -0.54 -0.52 -0.63* 0.63* 0.51 0.48
齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS 0.39 0.47 -0.14 0.51 0.73** 0.01 -0.52 -0.73** -0.28 0.56* 0.69** 0.43
收敛指数Plant convergent index 齐穗期HS -0.61* -0.44 -0.12 -0.58* -0.62* -0.49 0.57* 0.59* 0.62* -0.64* -0.56* -0.49
齐穗后20 d 20 d AHS -0.47 -0.46 0.18 -0.62* -0.76** -0.08 0.62* 0.77** 0.35 -0.66* -0.75** -0.49
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