水稻生长过程中籽粒水分状态和横向弛豫特性分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.004

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】This paper is mainly to observe the changes of moisture state of grains during the growth process of rice after heading by LF-NMR, and investigate the effects of accumulation of starch and protein on the moisture state of kernels, which provides reference for formation regularity of rice qualities.【Method】The spikes of “Yueguang” organic rice were sampled at intervals for 63 days after heading (DAH), The 100-grain weight, hardness, moisture content, starch content and protein content were measured, separately, which were used to compare the changes of whole qualities of grains at different growth periods of rice after heading. The transverse relaxation parameters determined by LF-NMR were adopted to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the moisture dynamics of grains. What’s more, the internal relationships between the formation process of rice qualities and moisture state of grains were discussed.【Result】Both the 100-grain weight and starch content for “Yueguang” organic rice increased most quickly within 7-14 DAH, and they were highly significantly and positively correlated with each other (P＜0.01). Hardness was highly significantly and positively correlated with starch content and protein content, respectively (P＜0.01), and negatively correlated with moisture content (P＜0.01). Within 7-56 DAH, moisture content exponentially declined from 57.16% to 22.39%. With showing an S-shaped growth curve, starch content increased to 50.47 g/100g wet-basis within 42 DAH. Protein content linearly increased to the peak value of 6.56 g/100g wet-basis within 7-49 DAH. On the whole, the whole qualities of rice grains had been formed within 49 DAH. The inversion spectrum of LF-NMR data showed that part of water in the grains moved towards the direction of high mobility within 7 DAH. Within 7-21 DAH, when inversion curves of LF-NMR data gradually moved towards the left, T_2b peak representing for “bound water" with least mobility occurred, followed by the differentiation phenomenon of T₂₂ peak representing for capillary water. Four kinds of transverse relaxation times including T_2b, T₂₁, T₂₂ and T₂₃, gradually decreased with growth periods, which indicated that whole proton degree of freedom in the kernels dropped obviously. The peak ratio of “bound water” was more than peak ratio summation of capillary water and free water at 21 DAH. The moisture content and transverse relaxation parameters (T_2b, T₂₁, T₂₂, T₂₃, A_2b, A₂₂ and A₂₃) of grains varied with growth periods highly significantly (P＜0.01), which were also highly significantly (P＜0.01) related to the accumulation of starch and protein. With endosperm cells filled with starch granules, most of water molecules in the grains were mainly surrounded by starch granules and formed hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic groups of starch, which resulted in the migration of moisture state towards the direction of “bound water”. According to principal component analysis of transverse relaxation signals, there were significant differences among the moisture state of rice grains for different growth periods within 42 DAH, followed by keeping steady.【Conclusion】It was found that during the grain-filling process of rice, the moisture state of grains was significantly related to the accumulation of starch and protein. The ratio of “bound water” gradually increased, and the ratios of capillary water and free water significantly decreased in the grains. LF-NMR can be adopted to effectively analyze the whole moisture dynamic changes of grains at different growth periods of rice after heading.

Key words: rice, starch accumulation of grains, moisture state, nuclear magnetic resonance, transverse relaxation characteristics, principal component analysis

SHAO XiaoLong, WANG Nan, SHI XiaoZhuan, SHEN Fei, SONG Wei, ZHANG Qiang. Analysis of Moisture State and Transverse Relaxation Characteristics of Grains During the Growth Process of Rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(2): 240-249.

References

[1] Zhang H, Li H W, Yuan L M, Wang Z Q, Yang J C, Zhang J H. Post-anthesis alternate wetting and moderate soil drying enhances activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in inferior spikelets of rice. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2012, 63(1): 215-227.

[2] Shao G C, Deng S, Liu N, Yu S N, Wang M H, She D L. Effects of controlled irrigation and drainage on growth, grain yield and water use in paddy rice. European Journal of Agronomy, 2014, 53: 1-9.

[3] Borisjuk L, Rolletschek H, Neuberger T. Surveying the plant’s world by magnetic resonance imaging. The Plant Journal, 2012, 70(1): 129-146.

[4] 李栋梁, 李小刚, 顾蕴洁, 王忠. 不同类型水稻品种胚乳发育的研究. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(19): 3757-3768.

Li D L, Li X G, Gu Y J, Wang Z. Investigation of endosperm cell development of different rice varieties. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(19): 3757-3768. (in Chinese)

[5] 孙金才, 杨泽敏. 灌浆期淀粉合成酶动态与米质的相关性分析. 中国农学通报, 2008, 24(7): 32-38.

Sun J C, Yang Z M. Studies on correlation of rice quality and enzyme activity in grain filling period. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(7): 32-38. (in Chinese)

[6] 马启林, 李阳生, 田小海, 鄢圣之, 雷慰慈, 中田升. 高温胁迫对水稻贮藏蛋白质的组成和积累形态的影响. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(2): 714-718.

Ma Q L, Li Y S, Tian X H, Yan S Z, Lei W C, Zhong T S. Influence of high temperature stress on composition and accumulation configuration of storage protein in rice. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(2): 714-718. (in Chinese)

[7] 王贺正, 马均, 李旭毅, 张荣萍. 水分胁迫对水稻籽粒灌浆及淀粉合成有关酶活性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(5): 1550-1558.

Wang H Z, Ma J, Li X Y, Zhang R P. Effects of water stress on grain filling and activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in rice. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(5): 1550-1558. (in Chinese)

[8] 要世瑾, 杜光源, 牟红梅, 栾翔宇, 马鸿雁, 刘嘉男, 刘梦达, 齐笑, 何建强. 基于核磁共振技术检测小麦植株水分分布和变化规律. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(24): 177-186.

Yao S J, Du G Y, Mou H M, Luan X Y, Ma H Y, Liu J N, Liu M D, Qi X, He J Q. Detection of water distribution and dynamics in body of winter wheat based on nuclear magnetic resonance. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(24): 177-186. (in Chinese)

[9] 宋平, 徐静, 马贺男, 王成, 杨涛, 高鹤. 用低场核磁共振检测水稻浸种过程中种子水分的相态及分布特征. 农业工程学报, 2016, 32(6): 204-210.

Song P, Xu J, Ma H N, Wang C, Yang T, Gao H. Moisture phase state and distribution characteristics of seed during rice seed soaking process by low field nuclear magnetic resonance. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(6): 204-210. (in Chinese)

[10] Shao X L, Li Y F. Application of low-field NMR to analyze water characteristics and predict unfrozen water in blanched sweet corn. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2013, 6: 1593-1599.

[11] Ruan R R, Chen P L, Almaer S. Nondestructive analysis of sweet corn maturity using NMR. HortScience, 1999, 34(2): 319-321.

[12] Musse M, Quellec S, Cambert M, Devaux M F, Lahaye M, Mariette F. Monitoring the postharvest ripening of tomato fruit using quantitative MRI and NMR relaxometry. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2009, 53(1): 22-35.

[13] Horigane A K, Takahashib H, Maruyamac S, Ohtsuboa K, Yoshidaa M. Water penetration into rice grains during soaking observed by gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cereal Science, 2006, 44(3): 307-316.

[14] Hwang S S, Cheng Y C, Chang C, Lur H S, Lin T T. Magnetic resonance imaging and analyses of tempering processes in rice kernels. Journal of Cereal Science, 2009, 50(1): 36-42.

[15] Seefeldt H F, van den Berg F, Köckenberger W, Engelsenb S B, Wollenwebera B. Water mobility in the endosperm of high beta-glucan barley mutants as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging, 2007, 25(3): 425-432.

[16] 邵小龙, 宋伟, 李云飞. 粮油食品低场核磁共振检测技术研究进展. 中国粮油学报, 2013, 28(7): 114-118.

Shao X L, Song W, Li Y F. Research process of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) detection technology in grain and oil food. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2013, 28(7): 114-118. (in Chinese)

[17] 王海莲, 万向元, 胡培松, 翟虎渠, 万建民. 稻米脂肪含量近红外光谱分析技术研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38(8): 1540-1546.

Wang H L, Wan X Y, Hu P S, Zhai H Q, Wan J M. Quantitative analysis of fat content in brown rice by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2005, 38(8): 1540-1546. (in Chinese)

[18] Marcone M F, Wang S N, Albabish W, Nie S P, Somnarain D, Hill A. Diverse food-based applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. Food Research International, 2013, 51(2): 729-747.

[19] Yang P F, Li X J, Wang X Q, Chen H, Chen F, Shen S H. Proteomic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds during germination. Proteomics, 2007, 7(18): 3358-3368.

[20] Rathjen J R, Strounina E V, Mares D J. Water movement into dormant and non-dormant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2009, 60(6): 1619-1631.

[21] 金正勋, 杨静, 钱春荣, 刘海英, 金学泳, 秋太权. 灌浆成熟期温度对水稻籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性及品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2005, 19(4): 377-380.

Jin Z X, Yang J, Qian C R, Liu H Y, Jin X Y, Qiu T Q. Effects of temperature during grain filling period on activities of key enzymes for starch synthesis and rice grain quality. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2005, 19(4): 377-380. (in Chinese)

[22] Ishimaru T, Horigane A K, Ida M, Iwasawa N, San-oh Y A, Nakazono M, Nishizawa N K, Masumura T, Kondo M, Yoshida M. Formation of grain chalkiness and changes in water distribution in developing rice caryopses grown under high-temperature stress. Journal of Cereal Science, 2009, 50(2): 166-174.

[23] Tanaka K, Onishi R, Miyazaki M, Ishibashi Y, Yuasa T, Inoue M. Changes in NMR relaxation of rice grains, kernel quality and physicochemical properties in response to a high temperature after flowering in heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive rice cultivars. Plant Production Science, 2009, 12(2): 185-192.

[24] Castro C, Gazza L, Ciccoritti R, Pogna N, Rossi C O, Manetti C. Development of wheat kernels with contrasting endosperm

texture characteristics as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and time domain-nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Cereal Science, 2010, 52(2): 303-309.

[25] Krishnan P, Chopra U K, Verma A P S, Joshi D K, Chand I. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation characterisation of water status of developing grains of maize (Zea mays L.) grown at different nitrogen levels. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2014, 117(4): 512-518.

[26] Kasai M, Lewis A R, Ayabe S, Hatae K, Fyfe C A. Quantitative NMR imaging study of the cooking of japonica and indica rice. Food Research International, 2007, 40(8): 1020-1029.

[27] 陈银基, 蒋伟鑫, 曹俊, 戴炳业, 董文. 温湿度动态变化过程中不同含水量稻谷的储运特性. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(1): 163-175.

Chen Y J, Jiang W X, Cao J, Dai B Y, Dong W. Storage and transportation characteristic of different moisture paddy rice dealt with dynamic temperature and humidity. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(1): 163-175. (in Chinese)

[28] Thompson J F, Mutters R G. Effect of weather and rice moisture at harvest on milling quality of California medium-grain rice. Transactions of the ASABE, 2006, 49(2): 435-440.

[29] 徐兴凤, 钟业俊, 夏文, 刘成梅, 刘伟, 左艳娜, 艾亦旻. 不同采收期籼米外观与米饭食味品质的相关性分析. 食品科学, 2013, 34(23): 147-150.

Xu X F, Zhong Y J, Xia W, Liu C M, Liu W, Zuo Y N, Ai Y M. Correlational analysis between appearance and eating quality of indica rice harvested at different times. Food Science, 2013, 34(23): 147-150. (in Chinese)

[30] Fang G H, Goh J Y, Tay M, Lau H F, Li S F Y. Characterization of oils and fats by ¹H NMR and GC/MS fingerprinting: classification, prediction and detection of adulteration. Food chemistry, 2013, 138(2): 1461-1469.

[31] Monakhova Y B, Rutledge D N, Roßmann A, Waiblinger H U, Mahler M, Ilse M, Kuballa T, Lachenmeier D W. Determination of rice type by ¹H NMR spectroscopy in combination with different chemometric tools. Journal of Chemometrics, 2014, 28(2): 83-92.

[32] Li T, Tu C H, Rui X, Gao Y W, Li W, Wang K, Xiao Y. Study of water dynamics in the soaking, steaming, and solid-state fermentation of glutinous rice by LF-NMR: A novel monitoring approach. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015, 63(12): 3261-3270.

Related Articles 15

[1]	PENG TingShen, LU JiuYan, WU MeiLin, YAN YuXin, LIU HongZhou, NAN WenBin, QIN XiaoJian, LI Ming, GONG JunYi, LIANG YongShu. QTL Analysis of Yield-Related Traits in Both Huangnuo2^# and Changbai7^# of Perennial Chinese Rice [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(7): 1361-1379.
[2]	CUI JieHao, ZHANG Meng, WANG Qin, YU JiaYan, LIN Kun, LI ShangZe, LAN Heng, GENG YanQiu, ZHANG Qiang, GUO LiYing, SHAO XiWen. Evaluation of Lodging Resistance and Its Physiological Mechanisms in Japonica Rice Resources [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(7): 1420-1438.
[3]	YUAN HaoLiang, NIE Jun, LI Peng, LU YanHong, LIAO YuLin, XU ChangXu, LI ZhongYi, CAO WeiDong, ZHANG JiangLin. Effects of Co-Utilization of Chinese Milk Vetch and Rice Straw on Soil Phosphorus Composition and Phosphorus Activation of Paddy Field in Southern China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(7): 1480-1491.
[4]	XU YangHaoJun, CHEN LiMing, YANG ShiQi, TANG YiFan, TAN XueMing, ZENG YongJun, PAN XiaoHua, ZENG YanHua. Effects of Long-Term Different Straw Returning Methods on Soil Organic Carbon, Nutrients and Aggregate Formation in Different Soil Layers of Double Cropping Rice Field [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(7): 1492-1506.
[5]	LI XingYu, HUANG Rong, XIAN YiMing, TIAN JiaoJiao, MA XiaoJin, YANG QiaoXi, LI Bing, WANG ChangQuan. Characteristics of Organic Carbon Fractions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Different Size Aggregates in Rice Field Soils in Response to Long-Term Fertilization [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(6): 1255-1271.
[6]	MA ZhaoHui, QUAN ChengZhe, CHENG HaiTao, YANG KanJie, LI XinRui, LÜ WenYan. The Breeding Goals and Strategies of Northeast Japonica Rice Under the Background of Zhongke Fa No.5 [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(5): 927-936.
[7]	ZHANG WeiJian, YAN ShengJi, SHANG ZiYin, TANG ZhiWei, WU LiuGe, LI JiaRui, CHEN HaoTian, DENG AiXing, ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Xin, ZHENG ChengYan, SONG ZhenWei. Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields: Not Entirely Attributable to Rice Cultivation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(4): 824-833.
[8]	CHEN Min, JIAO ZiLan, QIAO ChengBin, XU Hao, ZHANG Bi, MA DongHua, KONG WeiRu, WANG JingWen, SONG JiaWei, LUO ChengKe, LI PeiFu, TIAN Lei. Morpho-Physiological Responses and Adaptive Strategies of Rice Germplasm Accessions from Different Subspecies Under Salt Stress [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(4): 705-722.
[9]	GUO FuCheng, TANG HaiJiang, HAO XinYi, MA GuoLin, YANG JiuJu, HUANG LinFeng, TIAN Lei, WANG Bin, LUO ChengKe. Effects of Different Irrigation Methods on Water-Salt Transport, Rice Yield, and Water Use Efficiency in Saline Soil in Ningxia [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(4): 750-764.
[10]	LUO Wei, YU Hong, YUAN LiXin, WANG LingLing, ZHAO JinPeng, YIN Wei, WANG MingTian, WANG RuLin. Change of Geographic Distributions of Ratoon Rice in Sichuan- Chongqing Under Global Climate Change [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(4): 765-780.
[11]	ZHU Shu, GUO ZhiPeng, SUN Ying. Functional Analysis of Rice Target of Rapamycin OsTOR in Regulating Root Elongation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(3): 475-485.
[12]	LÜ WenYan, CHENG HaiTao, MA ZhaoHui, TIAN ShuHua. Discussion on Hybridization Breeding Technology and Strategy of Rice in the New Era of Breeding [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 233-238.
[13]	LIAO TingLu, SHI YaFei, XIAO DongHao, SHE YangMengFei, GUO FuCheng, YANG JiuJu, TANG HaiJiang, LUO ChengKe. The Effect of Exogenous Nitroprusside on Sugar Metabolism in Rice Seedlings Under Alkaline Stress [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 265-277.
[14]	LIU TianSheng, LIU GengYuan, ZHAO AnQi, YANG Xu, CAI MingXue, YANG AiWen, LOU MingXuan, LI MuKai, WANG Han, ZHANG YaLing. Pathogenic Population of Rice Bakanae Disease in Heilongjiang Province [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 305-321.
[15]	WANG ZhongNi, LEI Yue, LI JiaLi, GONG YanLong, ZHU SuSong. Functions of ABC Transporter OsARG1 in Rice Heading Date Regulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(1): 1-16.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Analysis of Moisture State and Transverse Relaxation Characteristics of Grains During the Growth Process of Rice

RichHTML

PDF