西北地区主要粮食作物种植的水、碳足迹及布局优化

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This paper assessed the carbon footprint and water footprint of major food crops in the northwest region, and established a multi-objective planting structure optimization model based on the carbon footprint and water footprint to adjust the spatial distribution of food crops in each province, so as to provide a theoretical basis for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing water resource management. 【Method】 Based on the planting area, yield, and agricultural inputs of wheat, maize, and rice in the northwest region, the carbon footprint was evaluated using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA); Based on evapotranspiration and effective precipitation, the water footprint was evaluated by Penman-Monteith formula; Multi objective optimization of the layout of three major grain crops in the five northwest provinces was performed based on entropy weight method. 【Result】 The data showed that the carbon footprint and water footprint of wheat, maize and rice in northwest China from 1999 to 2020 showed significant differences in different provinces. In the northwest region, the carbon emissions from the production of three grain crops, wheat, maize and rice showed a distribution pattern of higher levels in the eastern and western regions and lower levels in the central region; the range of carbon footprint per unit production (PCF) was 0.36-0.63, 0.33-0.56, 0.57-0.97 t CO₂-eq·t^-1, respectively; the carbon footprint per unit area (FCF) was (2.46±0.77), (3.21±0.49) and (5.57±0.91) t CO₂-eq·hm^-2, respectively. From 2010 to 2018, the total green water content of wheat, maize and rice in the northwest region showed a steady upward trend, with regions with higher average green water content distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. The total amount of blue water showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2015, and a downward trend from 2015 to 2018. The regions with higher average total blue water were distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, and Xinjiang. Among the three major grain crops in northwest China, maize consumes the least blue water footprint, with an average blue water footprint of 0.45 m³·kg^-1; the blue water footprint consumption of rice was the largest, and the average production blue water footprint was 0.77 m³·kg^-1. The optimization of food crop cultivation structure was performed, based on carbon and water footprints, using the cultivated area of different crops in each province as decision variables, and setting optimization scenarios focusing on reducing carbon emissions (ecological benefits) and increasing green water use (water resource benefits) according to different weights. In Scenario 1, the total carbon emissions decreased by 1.9% and the total green water increased by 5.0%; In scenario 2, the total carbon emissions decreased by 11.8%, while in scenario 3, the total utilization of green water increased by 6.7%. 【Conclusion】 There were significant spatial and temporal differences in carbon emissions and total water volume of the three major food crops in the Northwest Region. In terms of carbon footprint, the average FCF of the three major grain crops in the region shows an increasing trend, and the PCF shows a decreasing trend. In terms of water footprint, the green water footprint of the three major food crops in the region was higher than the national average, with maize having the largest green water footprint and rice having the smallest green water footprint. Under the premise of ensuring food crop security, the planting area of wheat has increased by 6.7%, while the planting area of maize and rice has decreased by 5.8% and 8.0%, respectively. The economic, resource, and ecological benefits have all been improved to a certain extent. In summary, multi-objective optimization could improve the utilization of green water resources, reduce carbon emissions, and alleviate environmental pressure.

Key words: carbon footprint, water footprint, optimization of planting structure, food crops, northwest region

WANG ChuFan, NIU Jun. Water and Carbon Footprint and Layout Optimization of Major Grain Crops in the Northwest China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(6): 1137-1152.

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项目 Item	排放系数 Emission factor	参考文献Reference
氮肥Nitrogenous fertilizer	7.759 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[25]
磷肥Phosphate fertilizer	2.332 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[25]
钾肥Potassic fertilizer	0.66 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[25]
农药 Pesticides	18.08 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[26]
柴油 Diesel fuel	4.63 t CO₂-eq·L^-1	[27]
塑料薄膜 Plastic film	5.18 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[28]
灌溉电力 Irrigation electricity	266.48 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2	[29]
小麦种子 Wheat seeds	1.22 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[30]
玉米种子 Maize seeds	1.16 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[31]
水稻种子 Rice seeds	1.84 t CO₂-eq·t^-1	[32]
氮肥引起农田N₂O直接排放 Direct N₂O emission from N fertilizer	小麦Wheat 0.0105 kg N₂O-N·kg^-1N	[19]
	玉米Maize 0.0105 kg N₂O-N·kg^-1N	[19]
	水稻Rice 0.0042 kg N₂O-N·kg^-1N	[20-21]

省（区） Province	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	水稻 Rice
陕西 Shaanxi	1.27	1.1	0.94
甘肃 Gansu	1.26	1.11	0.84
青海 Qinghai	1.31	1.1	0
宁夏 Ningxia	1.08	1.21	0.99
新疆 Xinjiang	1.36	1.15	0.74

省（区） Province	室内秸秆燃烧率 Domestic straw burning percentage (%)	田间秸秆燃烧率 In-field straw burning percentage (%)	秸秆还田比例 Proportion of straw returning (%)
陕西Shaanxi	10.24	8.4	33.4
甘肃 Gansu	23.1	9.9	6.5
青海 Qinghai	19.6	8.4	7.7
宁夏 Ningxia	11.2	4.8	19.6
新疆 Xinjiang	15	15	47.2

燃烧模式 Burning mode	作物 Crop	CO₂排放系数 CO₂ emission factors (g·kg^-1)	N₂O排放系数 N₂O emission factors (g·kg^-1)	CH₄排放系数 CH₄ emission factors (g·kg^-1)
室内秸秆燃烧 Domestic straw burning	小麦 Wheat	1246.7	1.19	8.3
	玉米 Maize	1491	1.86	3.91
	水稻 Rice	1147.4	1.92	4.8
田间秸秆燃烧 In-field straw burning	小麦 Wheat	1390	3.3	3.4
	玉米 Maize	1350	4.3	4.4
	水稻 Rice	1393	1.42	3.9

作物Crop	K_cb(tab)_ini	K_cb(tab)_mid	K_cb(tab)_end	L_ini	L_dep	L_mid	L_end
小麦 Wheat	0.15	1.1	0.15	0.15	0.25	0.4	0.2
玉米 Maize	0.15	1.15	0.5	0.17	0.28	0.33	0.22
水稻 Rice	1.0	1.15	0.6	0.17	0.18	0.44	0.21

Water and Carbon Footprint and Layout Optimization of Major Grain Crops in the Northwest China

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作物Crop	K_cb_ini	K_cb_mid	K_cb_end	K_c_ini	K_c_dep	K_c_mid	K_c_end
小麦 Wheat	0.15	1.148	0.15	0.43	0.85	1.18	0.83
玉米 Maize	0.15	1.177	0.516	0.33	0.71	1.18	0.92
水稻 Rice	1.0	1.172	0.623	1.16	1.13	1.18	0.94

	作物 Crop	优化前 Before optimization	情景1 Scenario 1	情景2 Scenario 2	情景3 Scenario 3
陕西 Shaanxi	小麦 Wheat	964190	974192	996224	953174
	玉米 Maize	1179440	1297384	943552	1415328
	水稻 Rice	105090	94581	84072	105090
甘肃 Gansu	小麦 Wheat	708720	779592	738268	850464
	玉米 Maize	1000810	850688.5	800648	903143
	水稻 Rice	3390	3051	2712	3220.5
青海 Qinghai	小麦 Wheat	94790	102132	87448	102132
青海 Qinghai	玉米 Maize	21370	23507	17096	25644
宁夏 Ningxia	小麦 Wheat	92920	92920	111504	74336
	玉米 Maize	322730	355003	258184	385920
	水稻 Rice	60820	63861	59135	63861
新疆 Xinjiang	小麦 Wheat	1069020	1175922	1071986	1282824
	玉米 Maize	1051050	840840	840840	852206
	水稻 Rice	47630	38104	38104	38104

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