Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (6): 1117-1136.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.008

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Assessment of Application Efficacy for Agro-Forestry Absorbent Polymers and Their Environmental Risks

WANG XiaoBin(), YAN Xiang(), LI XiuYing(), SUN ZhaoKai, TU Cheng   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2023-04-21 Accepted:2023-07-04 Online:2024-03-25 Published:2024-03-25
  • Contact: YAN Xiang, LI XiuYing

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Abstract:

Since the performing of Seventh Five-Year (1986-1990) National Scientific and Technological Projects in China, when the national dryland farming research projects started, the super-absorbent polymers for agriculture and forestry (SAP-AF), as one of the technical products for drought-resistance and water-retention in agriculture and forestry, have been given concerned. A Chinese agricultural standard of Agro-forestry absorbent polymer (NY 886) was issued in 2004, and then revised three times in 2010, 2016 and 2022, respectively. However, so far there is still no relevant standard or regulation on experiment and assessment for the SAP-AF application efficacy, thus greatly affecting its promotion and application. Based on the literature review on the relevant research and application status of the SAP-AF for more than 30 years (1990-2023), this paper focused on the research about the effects of the SAP-AF application on soil water retention, crop water use, and crop yield, as well as environmental impact. The results showed as follows. (1) The SAP-AF products could enhance the ability to soil water storage and retention (especially for sandy soils), and be beneficial to protecting crop seedlings against drought, water-saving, and yield-increasing, as well as water use efficiency (WUE)-improving in dry-farming areas. (2) The assessment indicators (mainly including soil water storage, crop water consumption, crop yield, and WUE) were proposed to be applicable to evaluate the experiments for the SAP-AF product application efficacy. (3) According to the phenomenon that the SAP-AF application for crops in some regions could not always show a significant effect on yield increase, or sometimes had a negative return, it was proposed that SAP-AF application should formulate corresponding technical regulations, and determine the appropriate product types, and their application methods and dosage for crops. (4) The environmental safety of the SAP-AF products (mainly in the form of polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid (PAM or PAA)-based materials) mainly involved the biodegradability of the PAM or PAA-based materials and the biological toxicity induced by the residual monomers (acrylamide or acrylic acid (AM or AA)) in the products. The residual AM or AA monomer content detected in the PAM or PAA-related products on the market were partly at the risk of exceeding the allowable limits (accounting for about 22%-100% of the total, referred to as the standard limits for some similar products). The review also indicated that some natural polymer materials such as such as starch grafted based polymer materials would be the replaycement of the SAP-AF in the future. The results of this study provided the reference for the formulation of evaluation standards or regulations for SAP-AF product application efficacy. It was suggested that relevant departments should strengthen the detection of residual monomer and its limit requirements for PAM or PAA-based SAP-AF products, and quantify the biodegradability index of products, in order to provide protection for the environmental safety of agricultural and forestry water protection agent products. It was suggested to strengthen the detection of residual AM or AA monomers, and research on the environmental safety threshold of residual monomers for such PAM or PAA-based SAP-AF products; but also need to further explore the relationship between the product biodegradability indicators in the soils and the safety of soil ecological environment, in order to ensure the product environmental safety.

Key words: agro-forestry absorbent polymer, soil water content, crop water consumption, water use efficiency, environmental safety risk

Table 1

Assessment indicators on the application efficacy of super absorbent polymer (SAP) for agriculture and forestry (2006- 2019)"

试验地点/土壤质地
Sites/Soil texture		 年降水量/灌溉量
Annual rainfall/ Irrigation (mm)		 作物
Crop		 保水剂类型
SAP type		 保水剂用量
SAP rate
(kg·hm-2)		 土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 耗水量
ET
(mm)		 作物产量
Crop yield
(kg·hm-2)		 水分利用效率
WUE
(kg·hm-2·mm-1)		 增产率
Yield ±%		 WUE增幅
WUE±%
新疆阿克苏干旱区/砂壤土[9]
Arid regions in Aksu, Xinjiang/Sandy loam[9]		 45/300 棉花Cotton SAP 15 0-140 299.2 2783 9.3 9.0 9.4
30 0-140 299.4 2875 9.6 12.6 12.9
45 0-140 298.9 2929 9.8 14.8 15.3
0 0-140 300.2 2552 8.5
45/390 15 0-140 390.6 2734 7.0 5.2 4.5
30 0-140 389.6 2883 7.4 11.0 10.4
45 0-140 389.5 2960 7.6 13.9 13.4
0 0-140 387.8 2598 6.7
45/480 15 0-140 481.8 2891 6.0 2.5 1.7
30 0-140 479.4 2924 6.1 3.7 3.4
45 0-140 482.0 2988 6.2 6.0 5.1
0 0-140 477.8 2819 5.9
新疆库尔勒市干旱区/砂质土[10]
Arid desert regions in Korla city, Xinjiang/ Sandy soil[10]		 70/435 棉花Cotton γ-PGA a) 20 0-100 565.7 4126 7.3 5.1 8.0
40 0-100 570.9 4558 8.0 16.1 18.2
80 0-100 571.6 4683 8.2 19.3 21.2
160 0-100 593.2 4204 7.1 7.1 4.9
0 0-100 580.8 3924 6.8
70/413 棉花Cotton γ-PGA a) 20 0-100 586.6 3931 6.70 4.1 7.3
40 0-100 610.5 4446 7.28 17.7 16.6
80 0-100 585.2 4376 7.48 15.9 19.8
160 0-100 603.9 4120 6.82 9.1 9.3
0 0-100 604.9 3777 6.24
甘肃民勤县干旱沙漠区/黏壤土[12]
Arid desert regions in Minqin county, Gansu/ Clay loam[12]		 110/474 春玉米Spring maize SAP 5 0-100 575.0 15241 26.5 6.7 8.6
15 0-100 564.8 15539 27.5 8.8 12.7
25 0-100 550.9 18333 33.3 28.4 36.4
0 0-100 585.2 14280 24.4
内蒙古河套灌区干旱区/壤质灌淤土[15]
Arid regions in Hetao irrigation area, Inner Mongolia /Irrigation- silted loam[15]		 142.7/100 番茄Tomato AM-AA(Na) b) 30 0-80 260.3 71400 274.3 3.5 -0.2
37.5 0-80 260.4 74400 285.7 7.8 3.9
45 0-80 262.4 76600 292.0 11.0 6.2
52 0-80 263.1 76100 289.3 10.3 5.2
0 0-80 250.9 69000 275.0
内蒙古和林县半干旱区/砂壤土[18]
Semi-arid regions in Helin county, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia/Sandy loam[18]		 395.4/60 玉米Maize PAAM-Atta c) 45 0-40 511.7 11185 21.9 14.7 13.0
0 0-40 504.4 9754 19.3
45 0-40 531.6 10121 19.0 8.4 3.9
0 0-40 509.8 9339 18.3
内蒙古清水河县半干旱区/砂壤土[19]
Semi-arid regions in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia/Sandy loam[19]		 365/0 玉米Maize PAA(K) d) 75 0-100 269.5 5369 19.9 19.9 25.4
PAM e) 75 0-100 272.8 5157 18.9 15.2 19.0
0 0-100 281.8 4476 15.9
宁夏海原县干旱半干旱区/粉砂壤土[20]
Arid semi-arid regions in Haiyuan county, Ningxia/Silty loam[20]		 280-450/0 谷子Millet SAP 拌种
Seed-mixed		 0-200 346.2 2595 7.50 4.3 4.2
0 0-200 345.7 2487 7.19
拌种
Seed-mixed		 0-200 350.5 4725 13.5 8.1 7.2
0 0-200 347.4 4370 12.6
拌种
Seed-mixed		 0-200 289.9 4248 14.7 9.3 6.2
0 0-200 281.7 3888 13.8
宁夏中部同心县半干旱区/粉砂壤土[21]
Arid Semi-arid regions in Tongxin county, Ningxia/Silty loam[21]		 349.3/0 玉米Maize SAP 10 0-100 301.2 2950 9.80 7.1 6.9
20 0-100 309.0 3685 11.9 33.7 30.1
30 0-100 299.9 3221 10.7 16.9 17.2
40 0-100 292.5 2566 8.8 -6.9 -4.3
0 0-100 300.7 2756 9.16
西藏拉萨河谷区高原半干旱区/砂壤土[23]
Semi-arid Plateau in Lhasa Valley, Tibet/ Sandy loam[23]		 428.9/180 青稞Hulless barley Starch-AA f) 30 0-60 382.0 5252 13.7 7.2 14.6
Starch-AA f) 30 0-60 380.8 5568 14.6 13.6 21.9
PAA g) 30 0-60 378.0 4925 13.0 0.5 8.6
PAA g) 30 0-60 381.3 5303 13.9 8.2 16.0
0 0-60 408.7 4901 12.0
陕西安塞黄土高原半干旱区/粉砂质壤土[36]
Semi-arid Loess Plateau in Ansai county, Shaanxi /Silty loam[36]		 438/0 玉米Maize PAA/PAM-
Atta h)		 45/撒施
Spread		 0-200 422.6 8068 19.1 6.7 12.2
45/沟施
Furrow		 0-200 391.2 8938 22.9 18.2 34.3
45/穴施
Hole		 0-200 390.8 9004 23.0 19.1 35.4
PAM e) 45/撒施
Spread		 0-200 422.2 7975 18.9 5.5 11.0
45/沟施
Furrow		 0-200 393.4 8926 22.7 18.1 33.3
45/穴施
Hole		 0-200 393.4 8840 22.5 16.9 32.0
0 0-200 444.2 7559 17.0
河南禹州半湿润区/壤土[40]
Semi-humid regions in Yuzhou county, Henan/Loam[40]		 674.9/0 冬小麦/郑麦9694 Winter wheat/ Zhengmai 9694 PAM e) 30 0-100 228.2 3851 16.9 14.8 16.6
60 0-100 211.3 5056 23.9 50.7 65.3
90 0-100 214.1 4429 20.7 32.0 43.0
0 0-100 231.8 3354 14.5
冬小麦/矮抗58 Winter wheat /Aikang 58 PAM e) 30 0-100 207.1 3868 18.7 19.3 33.8
60 0-100 221.0 4622 20.9 42.5 49.8
90 0-100 205.1 4029 19.6 24.2 40.7
0 0-100 232.3 3243 14.0
河南郑州半湿润偏旱区/砂质土[41]
Semi-humid regions in Zhengzhou, Henan/ Sandy soil[41]		 537/47 冬小麦Winter wheat SAP 45 0-60 391.8 4251 10.8 2.9 4.0
0 0-60 396.0 4132 10.4
537/70 45 0-60 408.9 5052 12.4 12.4 15.1
0 0-60 418.7 4496 10.7
537/93 45 0-60 432.1 5888 13.6 15.8 18.3
0 0-60 441.3 5085 11.5
537/117 45 0-60 450.2 5719 12.7 2.2 5.1
0 0-60 462.6 5594 12.1
河南新乡半干旱区/黏壤土[42]
Semi-arid regions in Xinxiang, Henan/Clay loam[42]		 481/180 冬小麦Winter wheat PAA(Na) i) 30 0-100 362.6 6772 18.7 2.4 9.5
60 0-100 360.7 6789 18.8 2.7 10.3
Starch-
AA(Na) j)		 30 0-100 371.9 6695 18.0 1.3 5.5
60 0-100 365.8 6792 18.6 2.7 8.8
Starch-AA f) 30 0-100 364.5 6794 18.6 2.8 9.3
60 0-100 364.1 6850 18.8 3.6 10.3
PAM e) 30 0-100 359.0 6824 19.0 3.2 11.4
60 0-100 356.3 6940 19.5 5.0 14.2
AM-
Minerals k)		 30 0-100 352.1 7096 20.2 7.3 18.1
60 0-100 343.7 7130 20.7 7.9 21.6
0 0-100 387.5 6611 17.1

Table 2

Content of residual acrylamide or acrylic acid (AM or AA) monomers in polyacrylamide or polyacrylate (PAM or PAA)- based products, and relevant standard limits for residual AM or AA in the products"

PAM或PAA相关产品及其标准
PAM or PAA-based product and relevant standard		 Residual AM
(%)		 Residual AA
(%)		 超标
Over-limit (%)
PAM高聚物For polymers[96] 0.10-1.25 100
PAM水处理剂For water treatment chemicals[97] 0.003-0.074 22.2
PAM水处理剂For water treatment chemicals[98] 0.0028-0.44 58.3
PAM食品添加剂For food additive[99] 0-0.43
PAM絮凝剂For flocculants[81] 0.0034-0.1005 62.5
PAA型高吸水树脂For super absorbent resins[100] 0.0031-0.4213
PAA水处理剂For water treatment chemicals[101] 0.97-1.23 100
PAA型卫生用高吸收性树脂For absorbent hygiene resins[102] 0.0614-0.2460 60
PAA型高吸水树脂For superabsorbent polymers[74] 0.039-0.7940
PAA树脂For acrylic resins 0-1.9486 7.7
《水处理剂 阴离子和非离子型聚丙烯酰胺》：GB 17514—2017
Water Treatment Chemicals—Anionic and Non-Ionic Polyacrylamide: GB 17514—2017[89]		 ≤0.025
《纸尿裤和卫生巾用高吸收性树脂》：GB 22875—2018
Super-Absorbent Polymer for Sanity Towel and Diapers: GB 22875—2018[92]		 ≤0.08-0.1

Table 3

Degradation products from acrylic acid (AA)-based polymers detected in cropland soils in China"

采样地点
Site		 土壤
Soil		 主要微塑料聚合物类型
Microplastic polymer type		 AA类聚合物
AA-based polymer (%)
中国杭州湾沿海平原[115]
Coastal plain of Hangzhou Bay, China[115]		 采集60个土样（水稻、玉米或高粱田）
60 soil samples were collected from farmlands (including rice, corn or sorghum fields)		 确定了10个聚合物类型（包括3种共聚物），其中包括AA类聚合物
A total of 10 polymer types were identified (which included three co-polymers), in which AA-type polymer was included
中国上海郊区[116]
Suburb of Shanghai, China[116]		 土样采自12个样地的4类土（潮土、
黄棕壤土、水稻土和滨海盐土）
Soil samples were collected from 12 plot soils (including fluvo-aquic soil, yellow- brown loam soil, paddy soil, and coastal saline soil)		 主要包括PP、PE、AA、PET和PA等5种聚合物类型（分别占比40.50%、35.44%、15.19%、6.33%和2.53%）
The polymer types identified included PP, PE, AA, PET and PA (accounting for 40.50%, 35.44%, 15.19%, 6.33% and 2.53% of the total, respectively)		 15.19
中国陕西长武[117]
Changwu in Shaanxi, China[117]		 黄土高原典型小流域耕地土壤
Soil samples were collected from croplands in a typical small watershed of the Loess Plateau		 以PET、PU、ALK、AA和PP等5种聚合物类型为主（分别占比25.56%、30.46%、8.48%、5.83%和5.43%）
The polymer types identified included PET, PU, ALK, AA and PP (accounting for 25.56%, 30.46%, 8.48%, 5.83% and 5.43% of the total, respectively)		 5.83
中国[118]
China[118]		 21个省的30片大型农田土壤
Soil samples were collected from 30 farmlands in 21 provinces		 主要包括PP、PE、PES、PAA、PA、PVC和PS等7种聚合物类型（分别占比65.96%、18.29%、12.66%、2.82%、0.13%、0.08%和0.05%）
The polymer types identified included PP, PE, PES, PAA, PA, PVC and PS (accounting for 65.96%, 18.29%, 12.66%, 2.82%, 0.13%, 0.08% and 0.05% of the total, respectively)		 2.82
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